.     _;        .  uumriLCU  r\nu  rciv»f  iv       K-I^  01 

f^    ?! JASPER  GOODYKOUNT2 


Science  and  Ar-t  are  *wm  sis-ters 

_?^ 


Sample  Book 


NOT  TO  BE  TAKEN   FROM 
THIS  OFFICE 


.  THE  HICKS-JUDD  GO, 


LIBRARY 

OF  THK 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

OF" 


Accession  No. 


.    Clots  No. 


With  Compliments  of  the  Author. 


CALEINTD  AFt. 

PSESESVE  FOE  FUTUBE  REFEBENCE. 


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COPYRIGHT,  187«,  BY  FREDERICK  WJL  LITTGES,  SEW  YORK. 


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EXPLAXATION.— To  find  the  Calendar  or  tablet  C-f  anj-  month,  refer  to 
its  year,  and  the  figure  in  a  line  with  that  year,  and  under  the  month 
wanted,  indicates  the  tablet  as  numbered  by  its  first  Sunday. 

Months  of  31  dajrs  lettered  A.    Months  of  30  days  lettered  B.   . 

February  has  28  days,  except  where  underlined,  then  29  days,  represent- 
ing leap-years.  THIS  CALENDAR  REPEATS  ITSELF  EVERY  400  YEARS. 


\3RA 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 


UNIVERSITY 


GOODYKOONTZ'S 


COMPILED  AND  PEN-WRITTEN  BY 
JASPER  GOODYKOONTZ 


Published    by  J. GOODYKOONTZ,    Neuu  YoPk. 
Price  50  Cents. — Trade  supplied  by  the  American  News  Co..  New  York,  or  the  Bancroft  Co.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 


INDEX. 


Album  Writers'  Department     ........  T.  /  .  P.  ."  7  ........................    ........  24 

American  Wars  and  Battles  .........................................            ...  32 

Annual  Temperature,  Mean  ............................................  .......  22 

Average  Annual  Rainfall  .......           ............................................  22 

Biographical  Dictionary    ......................................    ................  78 

Business  Arithmetic  ..................................    ..........................  34 

Business  Correspondence  .................    ....................................  30 

Business  Time  Tables  ............................................................  14 

Cemetery  ,  In  the  ...........................  ....................................  26 

Circumnavigators  of  Globe    ....................................................  80 

Comparative  Distances  of  Planets  ...............................................  1  1 

Comparative  Sizes  of  Planets       .  ...............................................  n 

Comparative  Size  of  Sun  as  seen  from  Planets     .........................    .....  1  1 

Compound  Interest  Tables  .'  ...................................................  16 

Declination  of  Sun  ............................................................  i  o 

Dictionary  of  Business  Arithmetic  ...............................................  34 

Distances,  Table  of  ........  .  ...................................................  22 

Easter  Sunday  Table  for  600  years.  .............................................  8 

Eclipses  ................................................  -  .....................  it 

Equinoxes   ....................................................................  1  1 

Epacts  for  30  i  years  ................................................    ............  23 

Epitaphs,  Classified  list  of  .................................................    .....  27 

Eras  Compared  ...................    ............................................  '  ;  8 

Fixed  Festivals   ....................  .........  ...................................  8 

Fractional  Multiplication  Table  .  .  ............     ...................................  20 

Geography  of  the  Heavens  .....................................................  86 

Holidays   .....................................................................  8 

Interest  Table,  Instantaneous       .................................................  18 

Jewish  Calendar  ............................................................  ......  12 

Local  Time  Chart  ............................  .    .  .    ............  ...................  9 

Lumber  Measure,  Instantaneous  Method  ...............................    ..........  28 

Map  of  World  .................................................................  9 

Mensuration  .....................................................................  46 

Mohammedan  Calendar  .........................................................  13 

Months,  History  of  .........................................  .  .  ...................  3 

Movable  Festivals  ........................................  :.'  .-..•'  ...................  8 

Notes  on  Calendar  ........................................  ;.  ....................  7 

Notes  on  Eras  .....  ..................................  ....  ....................  8 

Perpetual  Calendar  ................................  .  .............................  4 

Perpetual  Moonlight  Chart  .....................................................  23 

Perpetual  Sunset  and  Sunrise  Table  ..............................................  10 

Phases  of  Moon   ......................................  .........................  IT,  23 

Pilgrim  Fathers  ....................  ,  ............................................  80 

Planets  .....  ................................................  v  .  ..................  n 

Seasons,  Theory  of  ..........................................  \,  ..................  1  1 

Signs  of  the  Zodiac  .............................................................  10 

Solar  System   ..................................................................  n 

Sun,  Slow  or  Fast  ..................  ..........  .....................  ...............  10 

Sunset  and  Sunrise  .............................................................  10 

Tides,  Theory  of  .....  .  ..........................................................  II 

Twilight  Table  .................................................................  21 

Velocities,  Table  of  ..............................................................  88 

Weather  Wisdom  ..........................................................    .....  21 

Weights  and  Measures,  Dictionary  of  ............................................  58 


&OCIDYKCIJONTZ' 
PERPfiTUAiSCALENDAR 


REFEffENCElMANUAL! 


nuary  is  named  from  th«  Roman  Jims,  who  was 
he  Porter  of  heaven.  He  presided  over  the  beginning  or 
pening  of  everything, hence, the  first  month  of  the 
ear  was  named  after  him.  January  was  added  to  the 
si  of  Trt<mths  by  Numa  Poinpilius,  672  B.C.  Among  the 
omans,on  the  first  of  this  •month  all  enmities  were 
uspended,  presents  were  exchanged,  officers  were 
talledj  etc.  Thus  ancrCTt'wistheoriynofNewYen'sfteseiils 


Febnismj  is  derived  from  Febnid,\ht  Roman  festival 
of  general  expiation  and  lustration,  which  wascelebra- 
•ed  during  the  latter  part  of  this  month.  It  was  add- 
:d  to  the  list  of  -months  bij  Numas672  B.C.  Everij 
ourth  -year  February  has  29  daus  instead  of  28, 
ind  such  years  are  called  "bissextile  or'leapyerrs'. 
TI  this  month  the  lupercalia  were  held  among  the 
tomans.  It  is  the  moTilh  of  haws  tin  Upper  Egypt. 


March  is, named  from  MATS,  the  Roman  god 
of  war.  It  was  the  first  month  iri  the  early  calen- 
dar, and  the  legal  u.ear  began  with  March25th 
until  the  change  from  Old  to  New  Style  in  the  year 
752.  The  value  of  March  weather  is  expressed 
n  the  sauings,ffA  peck  of  March  dust  is  worth 
i  king's  Tinsom."  "March  comes  in  like  a  lion, 
and  goes  out  like  a  lamb'.' Harvest  month  in  India 


The  derivation  of  April  is  unknown,  ijet  there 
is  a  traditional  etumologu,  orrmia  aper/t,"\l  opens 
every  thing',' as  spring  and  the  buds  generally  open 
in  this  month.  All-Fools'  Dau  (April  1)  is  traced 
through  every  country  of  Europe  to  the  Hindoos, 
and  even  farther  back-to  the  mistake  of  Noah  in 
sending  the  dove  out  of  the  ark  before  the  water  had 
abated,  on  the  Hebrew  first  daij  of  the  month. 


MIL)  is  probably  derived  from  Ate/a,  a  feminine  di- 
vinity worshipped  at  Rome,  to  whom  sacrifices  were 
offered  on  the  first  day  of  May.  The  custom  of  ob- 
serving May-day, or  the  first  day  of  May,  with  floral 
arid  festive  ceremonies,  is  older  than  the  Middle  Ages. 


The  May-Pole  was  once  general  in  England,  the  young  peo- 
ple going  out  before  sunrise  to  gather  flowers  to  adorn  it. 


June  has  commonly  been  traced  to  .///w^  worship- 
ped at  Rome  as  the  queen  of  heaven.  The  connection 
s  found  in  the  fact  trial  the  month  of  June  was 
considered  the  most  favorable  period  for  marry  ing, 
and  Juno  was  believed  to  preside  over  marriage. 
The  summer  solstice  occurs  in  this  month, and 
in  the  north  temperate  zone  ills  the  most  pleas- 
ant month  of  the  year.  Harvest  month  in  South  U.S. 


July  derives  its  -name  from  JuJ/usCaesar,  who 
was  born  on  the  12th  of  the  month.  It  was  original- 
ly called  Quinliti:,hom  its  having  been  the fiflh  month 
hi  the_original  Latin  year,  which  began  with  March. 
This  is  the  month  of  "dog  days"  reckoned  as  com- 
mencing on  the  3d,and  ending  on  the  llth  of 
August,  during  which  period  the  extreme  heat  of 
summer  prevails.  Harvest  monlh  in  mortcowth« inN-Wmi 


August  owes  its  -name  \oAuguslusdesir,  who 
followed  his  illustrious  predecessor  by  appropriating  a 
month  to  himself.  In  the  original  Latin  year  it  was 
called  Sext/7/s,  from  its  being  the  sixth  month.  It  orig- 
inally contained  30days,  but  to  gratify  the  vanity 
of  Augustus,  one  day  was  taken  from  February  and 
added  to  August, so  as  to  make  his  month  equal  in 
extent  and  dignity  tothe  month  of  JuliusCaesar-July. 


eptember  is  so  called  from  the  Latin  Septem, sev- 
en, because  it  was  the  7lh  month  of  the  Roman  year. 
This  is  the  harvest  month  throughout  large  areas  of 
the  globe.  Harvest  moon  is  the  full  moon  nearest 
the  autumnal  equinox  (Sept.  21),  so  called  because  it 
enables  farmers  to  prolong  the  day's  work  during 
the  autumnal  harvest;  especially  favortblein  the  north. 


October  was  the  eighth  month  of  the  Roman 
calendar,  which  has  given  rise  to  the  following: 
"October  has  its  name  from  octo,  eight; 
Though  'tis  the  truth,  perhaps  'tis  well  to  state, 
Such  sixes  and  such  sevens  the  months  were  knockedlo 
That  ten  became  translated  into  octo." 
The  changing  of  the  forests  to  the  gorgeous  and 
many-colored  hues  of  autumn  is  characteristic  of  October, 


November  was  formerly  the  ninth  month,  now. 
the  eleventh.  From  wovem,  nine.  This  month  is  re- 
deemed almost  every  year  from  its  cold  and  bluster- 
ing character,  by  the  delightful  weather  known  as 
Indian  Summer,  when  for  days  or  weeks  the  sun 
pours  its  rays  mildly  through  a  haze,  rendering  the 
air  soft  and  genial.  This  month  is  also  noted  for 


its  time-honored  festival  known  as  Thanksgiving. 


December  is  derived  from  </ecem,len,  as 
it  was  formerly  the  tenth  rnonfh.  The  longest 
nighfs  and  shortest  days  occur  during   this 
month,  the  winter  solstice  falling  on  the.  21st. 
As  the  month  of  the  Christmas  holidays,  which  con- 
tinue from  Oecem. 24  to  Jan. 2,  its  cold  winds 
and  gloormj  atmosphere  are  enlivened  with  the  joy- 
ousness  and  charity  of  the  greatest  festival  in  the  year. 


The  Year  is  the  period  of  lime  in  which  the 
earth  performs  a  revolution  in  its  orbit  around 
the  sun.  It  consists  of  365  days  5  hours48min- 
utes,  and  46  seconds  of  mean  solar  time.  The  Day 
is  the  interval  of  time  which  elapses  between  two 
consecutive  returns  of  the  same  terrestrial  merid- 
ian to  the  sun.  The  Week  is  a  period  of  seven  days, 
having  no  reference  to  the  celestial  motions-a  cirv 
cumstance  to  which  it  owes  its  unalterable  uniformity. 


NOTK.— The  first  complete  edition  of  this  Manual  will  be  issued  in  a  volume  of  about  500  pages. 


A  CALENDAR  FOR  ^SS 


eo  us    te/erence  cale-n  d  ar    ^TOW    w  h  i  c  ,. 
the  cowplete  and   correct  calertdar  /or  any    year,  cither  old  or.  new  stwle, 
before  or  a/ter  Christ,  way  be  i-nsfantly    /outid. 


COPYRIGHT,  1892  AND  1893,  BT  JASPER  GOODYKOONTZ. 


TURIES. 


OBSEF^TIOCfS  AJID  E\/\HPl£S. 


Ex  a  triples. 

I. -Find  the  calendar  for  1894 .-Look 
in  the  column  of  centuries  to*  1 800;  at 
its  right  is  B,  directing  to  B  at  the  top 
of  the  second  double  column;  at  the 
right  of  94  in  this  column  is  2,<liTCCt- 
i-M9  to  Cale-ndar  Nw-wbe-ra,  which  is 
the  COT-TCC*  calcnda-r  for  1894. 


To  /i-nd  the  calendar  (or  any  year, 
look  i-n  the  colimm  o(  centuries  at*he 
le/t  iot  the  required  century,  at  fche 
ri^ht  o/  which  is  the  Century  tetter 
(of  New  Style  (si2iceSeDt.3,l752),a-nd 
at  the  le/t,*he  Ce-ntu.r^Te7I?fToTOId 
Style. These  letters  direct  to  corre- 
sponding letters  at  the  tops  a(  the 
double  colHitins,  in  which  are  ^ive-n 
the  years  of  the  centuries.  A*  the 
right  o(  each  year  in  the  double  col- 
umns is  the  Calendar  Nu-mber,direct- 
ing  to  the  corresponding  number  o( 
the  calendars  which  follow.  All  the 
years  o(  1800  are  given  in  the  second 
double  column  under  B;  all  the  years 
o/  1900,  in  the  third  double  coluTtiti.etc. 


.-On  what  day  was  Washington 
inaugurated  President,  April  30,1189? 
At  the  right  o/  1700  (in  century  column) 
is  A-,  under  A  in  the  first  double  col- 
umn,at  the  right  o(  89  is  5;  in  cal- 
endar number  5  April  30th  is  Thursday. 
3.— On  what  day  did  Columbus  dis- 
cover America,  October  12.  1492?— At 
the  left  of  1400  (Old  Style)  is  A;  wider 
A  at  tHe  n'ahtof  92  is  I  A;  in  calendar 
number  IA  the  13th  of  October  is  F-riday. 


4-.-un  what  day  was  Christ  born, 
Aptil  5th  of  the  year  4  B.C.  ?-The  (tears 
B.C.bei^  reckoned  backward.it  is  nec«»- 
sary  to  take  the  year  of  the  century  frotn 
100,  and  use  the  ccntitry  letter  of  the  pre 
ced 


e  column  at  the  right  of  96  is  2  A:  i-n 
calendar  number  2  A  the  Oth  of  April 
is  Friday. 

5.  -Assuming  that  time  has  been  reck- 
bned  according  to  the  present  sy  stern,  On 
what  day  did  Noah's  deluge  begin,  Oeo.  1, 
^  '     *    *~ 


NOTES  ON  THE  CALENDAR. 

%  he  century  letters,  at  the  right  of  the  col 
umn  of  centuries,  are  given  both  A.O. 
and  B.C.  in  New  Sti/le  in  order  to  rep-  of 
resent  regular  succession  of  time  from 
the  advent  of  man  on  the  earth,4004  known 


B.C.,  until  the  present, 


e  ear, 
and  ill  f 


To  fird  the  century  letter  for  in-y 
centim/  beijond  those  given  in  the  col-  -not 
utnn  of  centuries,  it  is  onl-y  necessary  to  remen 
I  ber  that  every  centesimal  leap-  -year  (every  centes 
rmal  -year  divisible  by  4-00)  has  D  for  its  centu- 
ry letter;  then  the  next  century,  A;  then  B  a-nd 


u,  and  so  on  forever;  thus,  8400  has  D:  8500,  A: 
8600,  B;  8700,  C;  8800,0;  etc. 

If  it  be  desirable  to  use  the  Old  Stule  cenlur-y 
letters  beuond  those  given  at  the  left  of  the  column 
centimes,  repeat  them  in  the  same  order  as  given 
There  are  two  methods  of  reckoning  the  years  B.C. 
.jwn   as  the^Aslronomers'  Method^'  and  the'thro- 
nologers'  Method."  The  former  method  is  used  in 
this  Calendar,  as  it  represents  regular  succession 
of  years  from  B.C.  to  A. D.,  while  the  latter  does 
•not.  The  difference  between  the  two  methods 
way  be  seen  from  the  following  illustration: 

0.c.    \  j.a. 

5432  I  0  I  2345=Astronomers'Mcthod. 
54321   12345     ^Chronologer;'  Method. 


The  years  B.C.  and  A.D.  aw  reckoned  from  t  he  I 
>oint  0 (0-year)  the  same  :;t!:e  decrees  on  the 
scale  of  a  thermometer  are  reckoned  above  and  [ 
elow  O(O-degree). 

There  have  been  two  dc'cc'-s  in  IVrpetual  Cal-| 
ndars  that  have  heretofore  rendered  I  hern 
mpracticable  for  9enerul  use;  viz.,  The  lia-l 
ility  to  find  the  incorrect  date,  aiid  the  tinw| 
required  to  point  out  ar.y  given  date. 
Should  any  one  feel  dispsed  to  discredit  the  i 
racy  of  this  calendar,  if  he  will  furnish  proof] 
jf  such,  he  will  be  amply  rewarded  for  his 
rouble. 

The  calendar  for  any  year  may  be  four 
n  the  limit  of  six  seconds. 


ERAS  COMPARED. 

NOTES  ON  THE  ERAS. 

MOVABLE  FESTIVALS. 

FIXED  FESTIVALS,  HOLIDAYS. 

^.•^ 

UJ 

LU-g 

LLJ 

UJ 

s= 

The  Christian  era  commenced 

To  fi-nd  the  day  of  the  month 

JANUARY   1,  New  Year's  and  Cir- 

11 

Si 

|| 

end. 

Ij 

TIERS-  NEW  ST 

on  Saturday  (Old  Style),  January 
1st  of  the  year     A.D.  The  first 
Julian  Period  commenced  Jan- 
uary 1,4713  B.C.,  and  ends  Jan- 
uary 1,3268  A.D.  ,  it  consist- 

upon which  any  of  the  follow- 
no  festivals  occurs  for  any  alv- 
ert  yea-r,  select  the  date  of  tas- 
ter for  the  required  year  from 
the  table  below,  then  select  the 

cumcision;  6.  Epiphany. 
FEBRUARY  2,  Purification;|4,St. 
Valentine's  Oay;M,WasH  nototfs  | 
Birthday;  24,St.  Matthias'  Day. 
MARCH  17,  St.  Patrick's  Day;  25, 

m 

LLJ 

z.— 

|| 

SI 

s 

ing  of  7980  years.  It  is  used  to 
av/oid  anibiouities  in  chromloo- 
ical  dates.  The  Mundane  era 
commenced  with  October 

calendar  for  the  ^iven  year  from 
the  Perpetual  Calendar. 
Septuaoesitna  9th  5  un.be  fore  Edtter. 
Seyaoesiwa    8th    ».      »»       •« 

Annunciation,  or  Lady  Day. 
APRIL  23.  St.  George's  Day;  25, 
S».  Mark's  Day. 
MAY  I,S*.  Philip's  and  St.James'l 

CO   <=> 

CD 

^3  ^ 

C3 

CJ 

cj> 

4-004  B.C.  The  Jewish  era 

Day;  30,  Memorial  Day. 

1524 
1424 

7061 
6361 

7304 
7204 

8013 
7913 

3300 
3200 

A 
D 

commenced  with  October 
3761  B.C.  The  era  of  th  a 

ShroveTues.    7th  Toes.  >»        n 
Ash  Wed.       7th  Wed.  <>       » 

JUNE  II.  St.  Barnabas'  Dag;  24, 
St.  John  Baptist's  Day;  29,  St.  | 

1324 
1224 

6861 
6761 

7104 
7004 

7813 
7713 

3100 
3000 

i 

Declaration  of  Independence 
commenced  July  4,1776  A.D. 

F  TstSnn.iti  lent  6tH  Sun.   »i        t< 
Second     >  »       5th    »  »      »  •        •  < 

Peter's  Day. 
JULY  4,1-ndependence  DaytfS, 

1  124 
1024 
924 

6661 
6561 
6461 

6904 
6804 
6704 

7613 
7513 
7413 

2900 
2800 
2700 

A 
D 
C 

The  Moria-mttieda-H  era 

commenced  on  Friday,  July 
16,  622  A.D.  Its  centuries  can- 

Third     «'      4th   >•.      »»       •< 
Fourth    »  .      3rd    »  »      »  >        t  » 
Fifth      »  »      Snd   »»      <  »       »» 

St.  James'  Day. 
AUGUST  24,  St.  Bartholomew's  Day. 
SEPTEMBER,  first  Monday,  La- 

824 

6361 

6604 

7313 

2600 

8 

not  be  shown  with  those  at 

Palm  Sunday    1st    >»      t>       »« 

bor  Day:  21,  St.  Matthew's  Day; 

724 
624 

524 

6261 
6161 
6061 

6504 
6404 
6304 

7213 
71  13 
7013 

2500 
2400 
2300 

A 
D 

C 

the  left,  owiny  to  its  differ- 
ent length.  See  Mohammedan 
Ca/e?*/arefsewbere  in  this  book. 

C-ood  Friday     let  Friday*  >        i  •> 
Maandu  Thur.    1st  Thur.  n       » 
EASTER  SUN  DAY,  see  Table. 

R9,  Michael-mas. 
OCTOBER  18,  St.  Luke's  Day; 
28,  St.  Simon's  and  St.  Judes' 

424 

5961 

6204 

6913 

Co  |O 

2200 

B 

To  find  the  year  of  the  century 

Low  Sunday    1st  Sun.  after  Faster. 

Day;  31,  Halloween. 
NOVEMBER    1   All  Saints'  Day  ' 

3  24 
224 

5861 
5761 

3  1  04 
6004 

DO  lo 

6713 

2.  1  OC 
2000 

A 
0 

spending  to  any  9  iven  year  of  the 

Ascension  Day  6th  Thur.  i  t       i  » 

first  Tuesday  after,  /irst  Mon- 

1 24 

5661 

5904 

6613 

1900 

c 

Christian  era,  add  the  year  of 

Whit-  Sun.  or 

day,  General  Election  Dau;  last 

24 

5561 

5804 

6513 

1800 

B 

the  century  to  the  num  ber 

Pentecost    7th  Sun.  >  »       11 

Thursday,  Thanksyivi-Hg  Day; 

5461 

5704 

6413 

1700 

A 

of  the  other  century  /ound 

Trinity  Sun.  8th    >»      *»       »' 

30,  Sf  .  A  ndrew's  Day. 

5361 

5604 

6313 

I60C 

D 

opposite  to  the  Christian  cen- 

Corpus Christ!  9th  Thur.  »  »       11 

DECEMBER  6,  St.  Nicholas' 

A'MERICA 

5261 
5161 
5061 

5504 
5404 

5304 

6213 
61  13 
6013 

1300 

C 
B 
A 

tury.  Thus,  the  gear  of  the 
Jewish  era  correspond  in  9 
to  1894  of  the  Christiancra 

First  Sun.inAdv't  4-th  Sun.bef.CKristtnas. 
Second     »>       3rd    »  i      n       n 
Third      >«       2nd    it      i>        » 

Day;  21,  Si.  Thomas'  Dau; 
25,  Christinas  Dag  ;  U6, 
St.Stephen's  Dag;  27,  St. 

4961 

5204 

5913 

1200 

D 

is  55  61  (the  Jewish  number 

Fourth    11        1st    "      »•       " 

John  Evanaelise1sDau;28,ln- 

4861 

El  04 

1  00 

C 

opposite  to  1800)  +94  =5655. 

CHRISTMAS,  December  25.(Not»ovablc). 

nocents'  Day. 

W»H 

4761 
4661 
4561 
446! 

5004 
4904 
4804 
4704 

57  13 
5613 

1000 
900 

iaoe 

A700 

B 

A 
0 
C 

EASTER  SUNDAY  TABLE  FOR  600  YEARS. 

Previous  *o  1752  *he  da*es  arc  cow  pitted  /row  *he  Old  S*yle.  As  Easter 

4361 
4261 

4604 
4504 

3313 
5213 

600 

.  500 

B 
A 

can  occur  only  in  March  and  April,  March  is  indicated  by  M  and  April  by  A. 

t$j!( 

4161 
4061 

4404 
4304 

51  13 
5013 

i!400 
$300 

D 
C 

1500  A    19 

1600  M  23 

1700  M  si 

1800  A  13 

1900  A  is  (2000  A  23 

3961 

4204 

4913 

B 

1    A   II 

51  M  29 

1    A    12, 

51   M  3C 

1    A  20 

51    A     7 

1   A     5 

51   A  20 

1    A     7 

51  M  251  1   A  15 

51  A   a 

3861 

41  04 

4813 

3l  00 

A 

2  M27 

52  A   17 

2  A    4 

52  A   \i 

2  A     5 

52  M  29 

2  A   18 

52  A  II 

2  M  30 

52  A  13    2  M  3 

52  A  21 

3761 

4*13 

CQ    A       o 

3     A    1^ 

53  A   1  1 

3  M  2£ 

53  A  7.3 

3  A   1  ( 

53  M  %'t 

3  A   13 

53  A     Si  3  A  20 

53  A     6 

CHRIST 

3661 

3904 

4613 

™l  00 

C 

3    A  1  6 
4   A     7 

Do  A     A 
54  M  25 

A   X^ 
4  A     8 

54  M  0.1 

4  A  16 

54  A    14 

4  A 

54  A    If 

4  A     J 

54  A  18    4  A   1 

54  M  29 

3561 

3804 

4513 

r200 

B 

5  M  23 

55  A    14 

5  M  31 

55  A    IJ 

5  A     8 

55  M  30 

5  A   14 

55  A     8 

5  A  23 

55  A   10    5  M  27 

55  A  18 

3461 

3704 

4413 

gs  oo 

A 

6  A   12 

56  A     5 

6  A  20 

5S  A     6 

6  M  24 

56  A    18 

6  A     6 

56  M  23 

6  A  IS 

56  A     1     6  A  16 

56  A    2 

SOMATB 

3361 

3604 

4313 

1400 

D 

7  A     4 

57  A   18 

7  A     5 

57  M  X 

7  A   13 

57  A   10 

7  M  25 

57  A  12 

7  M  31 

57  A  21     7  A     i 

57  A  22 

t'.V.E! 

3261 

3504 

4213 

Y500 

C 

8  A  23 

58  A   10 

8  M  27 

58  A   1 

8    A     4 

58  M  26 

8  A  17 

58  A    4 

8  A   19 

58  A     6    8  M  2S 

58  A  14 

•      ... 

3404 

41  13 

600 

B 

9   A     8 

59  M  2ff 

9  A   16 

59  A     3 

9    A  24 

59  A   15 

9  A     2 

59  A  24 

9  A   II 

59  M  29    9  A  12 

59M30 

ROME 

3061 

3304 

4013 

J/700 

A 

10  M  31 

60  A   14 

10  A     8 

60  A  2' 

10    A     9 

60  A     6 

10  A  22 

60  A     8 

10  M  27 

60  A  17  10  A    4 

60  A  18 

FOUNDED 

2961 

3204 

3913 

T800 

D 

1  1   A  20 

61   A     6 

1  1   M  24 

61    A   )' 

1  1    A     1 

61  M  22 

II    A    14 

61  M  31 

II    A  16 

61   A     2  II    A  24 

61   A  10 

ntt? 

2861 

31  04 

3813 

900 

C 

HAM 

62  M  29 

12  A   12 

62  M  3C 

!2  A  20 

62  A   II 

12  M  29 

62  A  20 

12  A     7 

62  A  22  12.  A     8 

62.  M  26 

m 

2761 
2661 

3004 
2904 

3713 
3613 

1000 
II  00 

6 
A 

13  M  27 
14   A   16 

63  A  II 
64  A     1 

13  A    4 
14  A  24 

63  A  19 
64  A   1C 

13  A     5 
14  M  ?8 

63  A     3 
64  A  22 

13  A   18 
14  A   10 

63  A     5 
64  M27 

13  M  23 
14  A  12 

63  A  14  13  M  31 
64  M  29  14  A  20 

63  A  15 
64  A     6 

TROY 

2561 

2804 

3513 

1200 

D 

15  A      8 

65  A  22 

15  A     9 

65  M  2£ 

15  A   11 

65  A     7 

15  M  26 

65  A  16 

15  A  14 

65  A  18  15  A'  5 

65  M  29 

2461 

2704 

34  13 

1300 

C 

16  M  23 

66  A   14 

16  M  31 

66  A   15 

16  A     1 

66  M  30 

16  A  14 

66  A     1 

16  A  23 

66  A  10  16  M  27 

66  A  II 

2361 

2604 

3313 

1400 

B 

17  A  12 

67  M  30 

17  A  20 

37  A     ' 

17  A  21 

67  A  19 

17  A     6 

67  A  21 

17  A    8 

67  M  26  17  A  16 

37  A    3 

BIRTH  OF 

BH 

2261 
2161 

2504 
2404 

3213 

ISOO 
1600 

A 
D 

18  A     4 
19  A  24 

68  A  18 

69  A   10 

18  A     5 
19  M  28 

68  M  22 
69  A   1 

18  A  13 
19  M  29 

68  A     3 
69  M  26 

8M22 
19  A  1  1 

68  A  12 
69  M  28 

18  M  31 
19  A  20 

68  A  14  18  A     1 

69  A     619  A  21 

68  A  22 
69  A  14 

JOSEPH 

2061 

2304 

3013 

1700 

20  A     8 

70  M  25 

20  A   16 

70  A     3 

20  A   17 

70  A   15 

20  A     2 

70  A  17 

20  A  24 

70  M  29  20  A  12 

70  M  30 

SOLO 

1961 

2204 

2913 

1800 

B 

21  M  31 

71  A  15 

21   A     1 

71   A  23 

21   A     9 

71  M  31 

21   A  22 

71   A    9 

21  M  27 

71   A  II  21  A    4 

71   A   19 

ABRAHAM 
•„•    •    • 

1861 

21  04 

2813 

1900 

A 

22  A  20 

72  A    6 

22  A  21 

72  A     1 

22  M  25 

72  A  19 

22  A     7 

72  M  31 

22  A  16 

72,  A     2  2.2  A  17 

72  A  10 

BORN 

1761 

2004 

2713 

2000 

D 

23  A     5 

73  M  22 

23  A   13 

73  M  3C 

23  A  14 

73  A   1  1 

23  M  30 

73  A   13 

23  A     1 

73  A  2Cq23  A    9 

73  M  26 

§| 

1904 
1804 

2613 
2513 

21  00 

2200 

B 

24  M  27 
25  A  16 

74  A   II 

75  A     3 

24  M  28 
25  A  17 

74  A    9 
75  A    4 

24  A     5 

25  M  28 

74  A     3 
7u  A   16 

24  A   18 
25  A    3 

74  A     5 
75  M  28 

24  A  20 
25  A  12 

74  A  14124  M  31 
75  M  30125  A  20 

'4  A  15 
75  A     7 

NOAH'S 

1461 

1704 

2413 

9300 

A 

26  A      1 

76  A  22 

26  A     9 

76  M  26 

26  A  10 

76  A     7 

26  M  26 

76  A  16 

26  A   4 

76  A  18  26  A     5 

76  A  19 

DELUGE 

1361 

604 

2313 

2400 

D 

27   A  21 

77  A    7 

27  M  25 

77  A     5 

27  A     2 

77  M  30 

27  A  15 

77  A     1 

27  A  17 

77  A  10  27  M  2.8 

77  A  M 

1261 

1504 

2213 

2500 

28  A  12 

78  M  30 

28  A   13 

78  M  31 

28  A  21 

78  A  19 

28  A  21 

'8  A  21 

28  A     8 

78  M  26  28  A  16 

78  A     3 

•     *     •      . 

1  161 

404 

21  13 

2600 

B 

29  M  28 

79  A  19 

29  A     5 

79  A  20 

29  A     6 

79  A    4 

29  A  19 

79  A  13 

29  M  31 

79  A  15  29  A     1 

79  A  23 

;;;; 

1061 
961 

304 
204 

2013 
1913 

2700 
2800 

A 
D 

30  A   17 
31    A     9 

80  A     3 
81  M  26 

30  M  28 
31   A   10 

80  A   1  1 
81   A     3 

30  M  29 
31   A   18 

80  M  26 
81   A   15 

30  A  II 
31   A     3 

80  M  28 
81   A  17 

30  A  20 
31    A     5 

80  A    6|30  A  21 
81   A  19  31   A  13 

80  A     7 
81  M  30 

BIRTH  OF 

861 

1  1  04 

1813 

3900 

32  M  31 

82  A  15 

32  A      1 

82  A   16 

32  A    9 

82  M  31 

32  A  22 

82  A    9 

32M27 

82  A  1  1  32  M  28 

82  A  19 

NOAH^ 

761 

1004 

1713 

3000 

8 

33  A  13 

83  M  31 

33  A  21 

S3  A     8 

33  M  25 

83  A  2.0 

13  A     7 

83  M  25 

33  A  16 

83  A     3  33  A  17 

!3  A    4 

661 

904 

1613 

3  1  00 

A 

34  A     5 

84  A  19 

34  A     6 

84  M  30 

34  A   14 

84  A   II 

34  M  30 

84  A  19 

34  A     1 

84  A  2.2  34  A    9 

'A  wag 

561 

804 

3200 

D 

35  M  28 

85  A   II 

35  M  23 

85  A  19 

35  A     6 

85  M  27 

35  A  19 

85  A     5 

35  A  21 

85  A     7  35  M  25 

15  A  15 

OlOTUQC 
•     •     •*£ 

461 

704 

1413 

3300 

36  A   16 

86  A    3 

36  A  17 

86  A    4 

36  A  25 

86  A  16 

36  A     3 

86  A  25 

36  A  IS, 

86  M  30136  A  13 

16  M  31 

METHUSF 

361 

604 

1313 

3400 

B 

37  A      1 

87  A  16 

37  A     9 

87  M  27 

37  A   10 

87  A     8 

37  M  26 

87  A  10 

37  M  28 

87  A  19  37  A     5 

87  A  3.0 

.w. 

261 

504 

1213 

3500 

A 

3.8  A  21 

88  A     7 

38  M  25 

88  A   15 

38  A     2 

88  M  23 

38  A  15 

18  A     1 

38  A  17 

88  A     3  38  A  25 

88  A  II 

•  •  *  • 

1  61 

404 

1  1  13 

3600 

D 

39   A     6 

89  M  30 

39  A   14 

89  M  31 

39  A  22 

19  A   12 

39  M  31 

19  A  21 

39  A    9 

83  M  2,6  39  A  1  0 

89  A     3 

.... 

61 

304 

1  013 

3700 

3 

40  M  28 

90  A  19 

40  A     5 

90  A  20 

40  A     6 

90  A    4 

40  A  19 

90  A     6 

40  M  04 

30  A  15  40  A     1 

90  A   16 

A  8  EL 

204 

9  1  3 

1800 

B 

41   A   17 

91   A    4 

41    A  25 

91   A   12 

41  M  23 

1   A  24 

41   A  1  1 

1  M  29 

41   A  13 

1   M  31  41  A  21 

1    A      8 

MyrtDER^Ep. 

104 

8  1  3 

3900 

A 

42   A     9 

92  M  26 

42  A   10 

92  M  27 

42  A   18 

2  A     8 

42  M  27 

2  A   17 

42  A     5 

2  A  19  42  A    6 

2  M  30 

4 

7  13 

o 

13  M  25 

13  A  15 

V3  A    2 

3  A  l€ 

^3  A     3 

3  M  31 

>3  A  16 

3  A     2 

43  A  25 

3  A  1  1  143  M  2>9 

3  A   12 

CREATION* 

613 

4  1  00 

4  A  13 

14  M  31 

4  A  21 

i4  A    8 

14  M  25 

4   A  20 

14  A     7 

4  M  25 

44  A     9 

4  A    3  144  A  17 

4  A     4 

513 
4  13 

4200 
t3  00 

B 

A 

Kiai 

95  A  20 
16  A   1  1 

45  A     6 
•6  M  29 

5  M24 
6  A  l^i 

[5  A   14 
^6  M  30 

5  A     5 

6  M  37 

45  M  23 
1-6  A   12 

IA'S 

46  A  21 

5  A  16  45  A    9 
6  A     7146  M  25 

5  A  24 
6  A  15 

3  13 

>4  00 

7  A   10 

17  M  27 

•7  A  18 

7    A     4. 

^7  A  19 

7  A    IS 

fr  A    4 

7  A   18 

47  A    6 

7  M  3o|47  A  14 

7  M  3  1 

2  13 

L500 

^ 

•8  A      1 

18  A  IS 

•8  A    2 

8  A  24 

18  A  (0 

8  A     8 

18  A  23 

8  A   10 

48  M  28 

8  A  li  48  A    5 

8  A  10 

i  i  5 

^600 

3 

•9  A  21 

19  A     8 

•9  M  25 

9  A    9 

19  M  26 

9  M  24- 

19  A     8 

9  A    2 

49  A  17 

9  A    4l49  A  25 

9  A   12 

JULIAN  PERIOD  BEGINS       13 

4700 

A 

50  A     6 

50  A  14 

SO  A  15 

50  M  31 

50  A    9 

|50  A  iO 

OHART       SHOWIMO      UOOAL      TIME 

FOR      ETACH      OF      THE      a  4     HOURS. 


Perpetual  Subset  a?d  Sunrise  Sable. 


To  fitid  the  time  o<  sunset  or  surprise  f<n  any  day  i-n  atiy  year,  find  the  day  of  the 
•mo-M*h(oT  its  nearest  approiriinate)  as^iven  under  the  column  o/  -months  at  the 
riflh*  and  le/t;  then  pass  inward  ni  the  colu-mn  headed  by  your  latitu.de  (or  its 
ai-est  appro>ri-mate]  where  will  be  found  the  ti-me  of  su-nset  and  su/nrise.  Bu  ap- 
osrirnation  the  exact  time  may  be  fou.nd.To  fi-nd  the  Ien9*h  o/the  a  ay, 
^ovWVa  the  ti-me  of  su.ns«t;  thu-s,  May  20,  in  latitu.de  37°,  is  I4hours  16  min- 
utes long.  To  find  the  length  of  the  nigh*.  kovOoV.  the  ti-me  o/su-nrlse;  thu.s, 
on  the  above  date,  the  night  is  9  hoitrc  44  -minutes  lonn.O-M  the  sa-me  day, 
as  shown  by  the  colu.-mn"Sivri  t'.iw  c^Cast,"  the  sitn  is  4  minu-te:  faster 


10 


The  Solar  System  consists  o/  the 
Sun,  the  ei?ht  Iar9e  planets,the  J 
nawes  of  which  are  jiven  at  ' 
the  left,  one  hundred  am) 
forty  small  planets, 
vast  _n  umber  o 
teo-ric  bodies,  an  un- 
knowtt  number  of 
comets,  and 


hc  Asteroids  or  small  plan- 
40. In 


ets, there  are  about  I 
'     dimensions, they  are  a 
great  deal  smaller  than 
he  others,  the  Iar9- 
est  not  bein?  230 
miles  in  diatneter, 
while  many  are 
IcssthanSO- 
Their  orbits 


arc  more  el- 
liptical than 
j  those  of  the 


ets,and  at 
many  pla- 
ces cros« 
each  oth- 
er. They 
occupy  a 
belt  more 
than  200, 
000,000™^ 
in  width,  be- 
tween the 
orbits  o/  Ju- 
piter and  Mars, 
then-distance 
from  the  Suvri 
tiaina  /rorn; 
200,000,000to 
300,000,000  of  wiles,. 


called  i«vowft 
s*\«\X\Vw.The  Earth  ' 
has  I  satellite;Jupi 
ter,4;  Satwrr^S;  lira-  > 
•nus,6;  Neptune,!.  Sat- 
urn is  also  surrounded  by  a 
circular  belt. The  planets 
round  the  Sun  from  west  to  east 
Their  orbits  arc  elliptical, so  that 
they  are  nearer  the  Sun  at  cer- 
tain thrtes  than  at  others.  When 
nearest  the  Sun  they  are  in 
\ww,  when  farthest,  in 


MERCURY.!  3,962 
VENUS...  7,510 
EAHTH...I  7,928 
MARS.. ..I  A.920 
JUPITER..  81,770 
SATURN..  71,980 


Sk-v  3^^^ 


i  •       I  STO  j  j)  ;^YJ^  ; 

v_y    £*%  AJ 


The  mean  distance  of  the  Su 
/row  the  Earth  is9l,000,000iniles. 
Its  diameter  is  852,584  -mi 
Its  volume  Is  1,200,000 
times  oreater  than  that 
o/theEekrth.  \* 
ta-tes  on  its  axis 
once  in  about  2  5 
day  s.On  theSwi's 
disc  are  seen  va- 
rious cavities 


Meteors  are 
also  called 

or  «>V\oo\- 
The 

number  that  tr 
erse  the  attnosp  _____     , 
daily  is  u-pward  of  the 
number,  400,  OOO.OOO.Th 
Zodiacal  1.19  kt  is  a  lenticular- 
shaped  blush  of  li^ht  visible  a/ter  sun 
set  in  early  spring,  and  be/o-re  sunrise  in 
early  autumn.  It  is  supposed  >o  be  du-e  to  a 

in$  of  meteorites  revolving  Around  the  Sun. 


There  are  many  hu-ndreds  o/  bod- 
ies called  cotwe%«,and  reco9nia- 
ed  as  belon^in^  to  the  *o\%« 
,\vc*.  They  contain  but 
little  matter, and  their 
orbits  are  9reatly  e- 
lon^ated.  Only   a 
par*  o/  the  com- 
ets have  tails, 
and  these  are 
o/ten  150,000,000 
o/niiles  in 
length.  Halley' 
comet  revolves 
in  "76  j/ears;  flic- 
la's  in  6  years, 
9nionths;Encl<e's 
n  3/i  years;  and 
Faye's  in  7^4  years. 


The  Moon's  diameter  is  2, 
•  wiles;  its  wean  distance 
/row  the  Earth  is 237,5 19 miles, 
voluwe  is  Xe  that  of  the  Earth, 
d  of  revolution  (also  of  rotation-) 
s  2,7  days, 7  hours,  43  minutes,  and  5  seconds. 


11 


the  Jewish  year  is  luni-solar,  and  i  s  ordina-  1 
?y  or  etribolisTfiic,  consisting  of  twelve    or    c 
thirtee-n  limar  months,  each  of  which  has  19  1 
or  30  days.  The  length  of  the  ordinary  year  y 
is  354  days,  and  of  the  embolism,  384  days;  i 

i~|^^jr'^^^M~T~H»rj^TMi»T~M'Tj"^^^~w^Mh 

4-  minutes  ?i  seconds,  and  that  the  yearcommen- 
es  on,  or  immediately  after,  the  new  moon  f  ol  - 
jwing  the  autumnal  equinox.  The  mean  solar 
ear  is  also  assumed  t:  be  365  days  5hours55 
ninutes  2.5|f  seconds,  so  that  i  cycle  of  nineteen 

^•^KQUKm^iEn^ 

"M^^I~nBltj^L^J    RN 

"••FH^^^H  i^l  tjS" 
case,  being  at  once  dete 
of  days  that  the  year 

JEWISH  MONTHS. 

rnihied  by  the  total  nUinbeT 
•nay  happen  to  contain. 

PRINCIPAL  DAYS  OF  THE 
HEBREW   CALENDAR. 

H  E6RE\V 

'  ;  '  ','• 

EWBO/JS 

•more  or  a  day  less,  in  order  that  certain  a 

ssinned  lunations. 

MONTHS 

BY  ran 

M.'C  VE/1R 

TlSRI     l,N£wYew,FeastrfTnn»pets 

The  distribution  of  the  embolismic  years  c 

essive  years  are   adiusted,  an  estimation  of  the 

TISRl 

30 

30 

lOjFast  of  Expiation. 

in  each  cycle  of  19  years,  is  determined  according    c 
to  the  following  ru  e:  The  Tiuniber  of  a  Jewishyear  s 
having  its  commencement  in  a  &TCQOT  an  year  is  ob-  i 
tained  by  idding  3761  ;  divide  the  Jewish  year  by  19;  c 
then  the  quotient  is  the  number  of  the  completed  cy-  « 
cte,  and  the  remainder  is  the  year  of  the  current  cy-  I 

onsecu 
how  th 
especti 
f  days 
nt  year 
ribute 

live  intervals,  by  takino 

the  difference,will 
>r  of  the  yeais  th  at 
ng  to  the  number 
lined  IT.  the  differ- 
months  are  dis- 
iths.  The  s!<]Tis  + 

HESVAN 

KISLEV 
TEBAT 
SEBAT 
AOAR 

(VEAOAR) 

29+ 
30- 
29 
30 
29 

29+ 

30- 
29 
30 
30 
(29) 
30' 

i      io,  Feist  of  Tabernacles. 
?      ll,Urt  Day  of  tfce  Festival. 
?      2l,Feastofttie8tkOay. 
>      23.  Rejoicing  of  the  Uw. 
KISLEV  25,  Dedication  ofTemple. 
TEBETIO,  Fast,  Siege  of  Jemsilra 
IDA  R   13'  Fist  of  Esther 

i/ely  intervene.  Accord! 
thus  found  to  be  cont 
s,  the  days  of  the  severa 
is  in  the  table  of  moi 

clej  if  the  remainder  be  3,  6,  8,11,  14,  17,  or  19(0), 

nd  —  are  respectively  annexed  to  Hesvan  'and 

YIAR 

19 

29 

»  y     I4»  Purim. 

the  year  is  embolismic;  if  any  other,  the  year  is  or-  h 

slev  to  indicate  that  the  former  of  these  months 

SI  VAN 

30 

30 

NiSANl  5,  Passover. 

diTiary. 

nay  sometimes  require  to  have  one  day  more, 

TAMUZ 

29 

29 

SiVAN   6,  Pentecost. 

The  calendar  is  constructed  on  the  issu-mp-  i 
ticn  that  the  mean  lunation  is  29  days  12  hours  c 

nd  the  latter,  one  day  less,  than  the  number  of 
ays  shown  in  the  table,—  the  result,  in  every 

AB 

ELUL 

30 
29 

TAMUZ  !7,Fast,Tikm«of  Jnu'lem. 
AB          9,  Destruction  of  Temple. 

TABLE  OF  HEBREW  YEARS.  (FROM  WOOLHOUSE'S  WEI&HTS, 

MEASURES,  ETC.) 

JEWISH 

NUM- 

COMMENCEMENT 

JEWISH 

MUM 

COMMENCEMENT 

JEWISH 

NUM- 

COMMENCEMENT 

JEWISH 

NUM- 

COMMENCEMENT 

YEAR. 

BEftOF 
DAYS 

(iSTOF  TISRl). 

YEAR. 

BER  OF 
DAYS. 

(1ST  OF  TISRl). 

YEAR. 

BER  OF 
DAYS. 

(1ST  OF   TISRl) 

YEAR 

BER  OF 
DAVS. 

(1ST  OF  TISRl). 

5606 

354- 

THUR. 

"2.  OCT.     1845 

5663 

355 

THUR. 

2  OCT.     1902 

5720 

355 

SAT. 

a 

OCT.     1  9 

7:9 

5 

r  1  1 

3 

53 

MON. 

3  OCT.    2016 

07 

355 

MCN. 

21    SEPT.  1846 

64 

354 

TUES. 

22   SEPT.  1903 

21 

354. 

THUR. 

u 

SEPT.   19 

60 

78 

3 

54 

THUR. 

21    SEPT.  2017 

08 

383 

SAT. 

1  1    SEPT.  1847 

65 

385 

SAT. 

10   SEPT.  1904 

22 

383 

MON. 

1  1 

SEPT.   IS 

61 

78 

? 

35 

MON. 

0  SEPT.  2018 

09 

354 

THUR. 

28  SEPT.  1848 

66 

355 

SAT. 

30   SEPT.  1905 

23 

355 

SAT. 

29 

SEPT.  19 

62 

BP 

53 

MON. 

30  SEPT.  2019 

10 

355 

MON. 

67 

354 

THUR. 

20   SEPT.   1906 

24 

354 

THUR. 

19 

SEPT.  19 

63 

-3 

53 

SAT. 

19  SEPT.  2020 

.   1  1 

385 

SAT. 

7   SEPL  1850 

•,  68 

383 

MON. 

9  SEPT.  1907 

385 

MON. 

7 

SEPT.  IS 

64 

82 

3 

34. 

TUES. 

7  SEPT.  2021 

^   12 

353 

SAT. 

27  SEPT.  1851 

"69 

355 

SAT. 

26   SEPT.  1908 

^26 

353 

MON. 

27 

SEPT.  IS 

^r- 

LJ- 

83 

3 

)5 

MON. 

26  SEPT.  2022 

J   13 

384 

TUES. 

14  SEPT.  1852 

•;  70 

383 

THUR. 

16   SEPT.  1909 

385 

THUR. 

IS 

SEPT.  19 

66 

~~ 

34 

3 

-3 

SAT. 

16  SEPT.  2023 

"   14 

355 

MON. 

3  OCT.     1853 

.     7  1 

354 

TUES. 

4  OCT.     1910 

"28 

354 

THUR. 

3 

OCT.     1  ° 

o  •" 

85 

3 

55 

THUR. 

3  OCT.    2024 

r.  15 

355 

SAT. 

23  SEPT.  1854 

72 

355 

SAT. 

23    SEPT.   1911 

•355 

MON. 

23 

SEPT.  IS 

68 

*~ 

86 

3 

T    1 

TUES. 

23  SEPT.  2025 

16 

383 

THUR. 

13   SEPT.  1855 

73 

385 

THUR. 

12  SEPT.  1911 

°30 

383 

SAT. 

SEPT.  l£ 

69 

u 

e? 

3 

35 

SAT. 

12  SEPT.  2026 

17 

354 

TUES. 

30   SEPT.  1856 

354 

THUR. 

2  OST.     1913 

-5  | 

354 

THUR. 

1 

OCT.     12 

7C 

15  £f 

55 

SAT. 

2  OCT.    2027 

*    18 

355 

SAT. 

19   SEPT.  1857 

^  75 

353 

MON. 

21    SEPT.   1914 

o  32 

355 

MON. 

20 

SEPT.  IS 

VI 

' 

89 

3 

34- 

THUR. 

21  SEPT.  2028 

,2   19 

385 

THUR. 

9   SEPT.  1858 

-j  7  6 

385 

THUR. 

9   SEPT.  1915 

°  33 

383 

SAT. 

SEPT.  IS 

-.-. 

' 

90 

3 

^3 

MON. 

10  SEPT.  2029 

20 

354 

THUR. 

29   SEPT.  1859 

354 

THUR. 

28  SEPT.  1916 

34 

355 

THUR. 

2.7 

SEPT.  1  S 

73 

° 

91 

3 

-i5 

SAT. 

28  SEPT.  2030 

353 

MON. 

17    SEPT.  I860 

78 

355 

MON. 

17   SEPT.  1917 

35 

354 

TUES. 

17 

SEPT.  IS 

74 

92 

3 

54 

THUR. 

18  SEPT.  2031 

22 

385 

THUR. 

5  SEPT.  1861 

79 

383 

SAT. 

1   SEPT.  1918 

36 

385 

SAT. 

6 

SEPT.  1  9 

75 

93 

3 

33 

MON. 

6  SEPT.  2032 

23 

354 

THUR. 

25  SEPT.  1862 

80 

354 

THUR. 

25  SEPT.  1919 

37 

353 

SAT. 

25 

SEPT.  19 

7( 

3 

53 

SAT. 

24  SEPT.  2033 

24 

383 

MON. 

14  SEPT.  1863 

81 

385 

MON. 

13  SEPT.  1320 

38 

384 

TUES. 

13 

SEPT.  1977 

t1  :: 

385 

THUR, 

14  SEPT.  2034 

26 

355 
354- 

SAT. 
THURo 

1    OCT.     1  864 
21    SEPT.  1865 

5681 
83 

353 

SAT.- 

23  SEPT.  1922 

40 

355 

SAT. 

22 

SEPT.  1979 

97 

353 

THUR. 
MON. 

4  OCT.    2035 
22  SEPT.  2036 

27 

385 

MON. 

10   SEPT.  1866 

64 

384 

TUES, 

1  1    SEPT.  1923 

41 

383 

THUR. 

i  i 

SEPT.  19 

30 

3 

33 

THUR. 

10  SEPT.  2037 

28 

353 

MON. 

30   SEPT.  1867 

85 

355 

MON. 

29  SEPT.  !924 

42 

354 

TUES. 

'^ 

SEPT.  \9 

81 

QQ 

3 

^4- 

THUR. 

30  SEPT.  2038 

29 

354 

THUR. 

1  7   SEPT.  1  868 

86 

355 

SAT. 

19   SEPT.  1925 

43 

355 

SAT. 

18 

SEPT.  IS 

32 

5 

300 

3 

33 

MON. 

19  SEPT.  2039 

•  30 

385 

MON. 

6  SEPT.  1869 

383 

THUR, 

9   SEPT.  1926 

•  44 

383 

THUR. 

6 

SEPT.  19 

33 

0  i 

J 

J3 

SAT. 

8  SEPT.  2040 

^  31 

355 

MON. 

26  SEPT.  1870 

^.88 

354 

TUES, 

27   SEPT.  1927 

_.  45 

354 

TH'J.R. 

27 

SEPT.  IS 

84 

* 

02 

3 

54 

THUR. 

26  SEPT.  2041 

32 

383 

SAT. 

16  S^PT.  1871 

rt  83 

385 

SAT. 

15   SEPT.  1928 

•>  46 

383 

MON. 

16 

SEPT.  13 

85 

'" 

03 

3 

35 

MON. 

5  SEPT.  2042 

"33 

354 

THUR. 

3   OCT.     1872 

>  80 

353 

SAT. 

5  OCT.     1329 

7^47 

355 

SAT. 

OCT.     1  S 

36 

U 

04 

3 

53 

MON. 

5  OCT.    2043 

:"  34 

355 

22  SEPT.  1873 

^  9" 

354 

TUES. 

23   SEPT.   1930 

354 

THUR. 

24 

SEPT.   19 

-V7 

>- 

05 

3 

;;3 

THUR. 

22  SEPT.  2044 

°35 

3S3 

SAT/ 

12   SEPT.  1874 

"  92 

385 

SAT. 

12  SEPT.  1931 

*""*     '-IS 

383 

MON. 

12 

SEPT.   Is 

88 

""J 

06 

.? 

}4 

TUES. 

12  SEPT.  2045 

355 

THUR, 

30   SEPT.  1875 

355 

SAT. 

1    OCT.     1932 

50 

355 

SAT. 

3Q 

SEPT.  13 

89 

0  7 

3 

55 

MON. 

1   OCT.    2046 

^""  3V 

354 

TUES. 

19  SEPT.  1876 

^  94 

354 

THUR. 

21    SEPT.  1933 

_  51 

354 

THUR. 

V  1 

SEPT.  12 

:'>i 

•^ 

06 

3 

13 

SAT. 

21   SEPT.  2047 

^  38 

385 

SAT. 

8  SEPT.  1877 

Q  9  5 

383 

MON. 

10    SEPT.  1934 

°  52 

385 

MON. 

C) 

SEPT.  19 

91 

^ 

C  -! 

3 

J4 

TUES. 

8  SEPT.  2048 

°*  39 

355 

SAT. 

28  SEPT.  1878 

°°  96 

355 

SAT. 

28   SEPT,   1935 

~53 

353 

MON. 

2fi 

SEPT.  19 

j.1 

' 

10 

3 

-> 

MON. 

27  SEPT.  2049 

40 

354 

THUR. 

18   SEPT.  1679 

97 

354 

THUR. 

17   SEPT.  1936 

54 

355 

THUR. 

16 

SEPT.  19 

.v 

1  1 

3 

>5 

SAT. 

17  SEPT.  2050 

41 

383 

MON. 

6  SEPT.  1880 

98 

385 

MON. 

6   SEPT.  1937 

55 

384 

TUES, 

6 

SEPT.  IS 

-4 

I  2 

3 

33 

THUR. 

7  SEPT.  2051 

42 

355 

SAT. 

24  SEPT.  1881 

99 

353 

MON. 

26   SEPT.   1933 

56 

355 

MON. 

25 

SEPT.  19 

.r, 

13 

f 

14 

TUES. 

24  SEPT.  2052 

43 

383 

THUR, 

14  SEPT.  1882 

5700 

365 

THUR, 

14   SEPT,   19:-"} 

?R3 

SAT. 

14 

SFPT.  13 

96 

1  4 

'.'•: 

J5 

SAT. 

3  SEPT.  2053 

5644 

354 

TUES= 

2    OCT.     1883 

570  1 

354 

THUR. 

3   OCT.     1940 

5758 

354- 

THUR. 

2 

OCT.     1  S 

<- 

s 

5T5 

3 

:-  • 

SAT. 

3  OCT.     2054 

45 

355 

SAT. 

20   SEPT.  1884 

02 

355 

MON. 

22  SEPL  1941 

59 

-^00 

MON. 

21 

SEPT.  19 

>8 

i  6 

3 

34 

THUR. 

23  SEPT.  2055 

46 

385 

THUR. 

10  SEPT.  1385 

03 

383 

SAT. 

12  SEPT.  1942 

60 

385 

SAT, 

1  1 

SEPT-.  19 

^ 

1  7 

3 

33 

MON, 

1    SEPT.  2056 

47 

354 

THUR. 

30   SEPT.  1886 

04. 

354 

THUR. 

30   SEPT.  1943 

61 

353 

SAT. 

30 

SEPT.  20 

00 

1  8 

3 

>3 

SAT. 

29  SEPT.  2057 

48 

MON. 

19   SEPT.  1887 

05 

355 

MON. 

18   SEPT.  1944 

62 

354 

TUES. 

18 

SEPT.  20 

01 

1    '  ) 

. 

•4 

THUR. 

9  SEPT.  2058 

^  49 

THUR. 

6  SEPL  1888 

•  06 

383 

SAT. 

8  SEPT.  194.", 

J  63 

°S5 

SAT. 

7 

SEPT.  20 

>'' 

20 

3 

J3 

MON. 

8  SEPT.  2059 

,  50 

THUR. 

26  SEPT,  1889 

"  07 

354 

THUR. 

26   SEPT.  I94G 

^  64 

335 

SAT. 

27 

SEPI;  20 

' 

J 

21 

3, 

55 

SAT. 

25  SEPT.  2060 

"t  51 

MON. 

15  SEPT.  1890 

08 

385 

MON, 

15   SEPT.  1947 

,  65 

383 

THUR. 

16 

SEPT.  20 

u 

J 

22 

3 

Vj 

THUR. 

15  SEPT.  2061 

"  52 

355 

SAT. 

3  OCT.     1891 

>  09 

355 

MON. 

4  OCT.     1948 

"  66 

354 

TUES. 

4 

OCT.  n 

.!.i 

- 

23 

i  1 

THUR. 

5  OCT.    2062 

o53 

354 

THUR. 

22   SEPT.  1892 

0     I0 

353 

SAT. 

24  SEPT.  1949 

355 

SAT. 

"r  * 

SEPT.  20 

06 

**" 

24 

si 

,'! 

MON. 

24  SEPT.  2063 

54 

385 

MON. 

1  1    SEPT.  1893 

0  1  1 

384 

TUES. 

12  SEPT.  1950 

°  68 

383 

THUR. 

13 

SEPT=  20 

O/ 

'"^ 

23 

y 

<.-' 

THUR. 

II    SEPT.  2064 

55 

353 

MOM. 

1    OCT.     1894 

_  '2 

355 

MON. 

1    OCT.     1951 

«•  69 

354 

TUES. 

JO 

SEPT,  20 

".S 

26 

:-! 

vJ 

THUR, 

1    OCT.    2065 

o>  56 

355 

THUR. 

19   SEPT.  1895 

355 

SAT. 

70   SEPT.  1952 

355 

SAT. 

SEP'i.  20 

;>.' 

'^ 

27 

^ 

53 

MOM. 

20  SEPT.  2066 

364 

TUES. 

8  SEPT.  1896 

o  .  \ 

383 

THUR. 

10    SEPT.  1953 

^  7? 

385 

THUR. 

g 

SEPT.  20 

10 

9 

28 

3 

J3 

SAT. 

10  SEPT.  2067 

58 

355 

MON. 

27  SEPT.  1897 

m  1  5 

354 

TUES. 

28   SEPT.  1954 

72 

354 

THUR. 

29 

SEPT.  20 

i  i 

^ 

29 

.? 

vl 

THUR. 

27  SEPT.  2068 

59 

353 

SAT. 

17  SEPT.  1899 

16 

355 

SAT. 

17   SEPT.  195? 

73 

353.. 

MON. 

17 

SEPT.  20 

I 

no 

,K 

X, 

MON. 

6  SEPT.  2069 

60 

384 

TUES. 

5  SEPT.  1899 

1  7 

385 

THUR. 

6   SEPT.  1956 

74 

385 

THUR. 

5 

SEPT.  20 

3 

31 

3i 

33 

SAT. 

6  'SEPT  2070 

61 

355 

MON. 

24  SEPT.  1900 

1  8 

354 

THUR. 

26  SEPT.   1957 

75 

354 

THUR. 

25 

SEPT.  20 

14 

32 

3. 

55 

THUR. 

24  SEPT.  2070 

62 

383 

SAT. 

14   SEPT.  1901 

1  9 

383 

MON. 

15  SEPT.  1958 

76 

385 

MON. 

4 

SEPT.  2015 

33 

384 

TUES. 

3   SEPT.  2071 

ht  Mohammedan  eTa,orer\of 
the  Hegira,  is  dated  from  the 
flight-of  Moharmned  Hotn  Mec- 
ca to  Medina,  which  wai  in  the 
night  of  Thursday  the  15th  of 
July  621  A.D.,  and  it  cornroene- 
on  the  day  following. 
The  years  of  the  Hegira  are  (acre 
ly  lunar,  and  ilwrj-s  consist  of  a 
period  of  twelve  lunar  months,  com- 
mencing with  trie  approximate  new 
moon,  without  any  intercalation  to 
keep  them  to  the  same  season  with 
respect  to  the  sun, so  that  they  retro- 
grade through  all  the  seasons  in  about  32^ 
years.  They  are  also  partitioned  into  cycles  of 
30  years,  19  of  which  are  common  years  of  354 
days  each,  and  the  other  II  are  intercalary  years 
having  an  additional  day  appended  *.o  the  last 
month. 

length  of  the  year  is  354  days,  8 
houTB,  and  4-8  minutes,  and  that  of  the  month 
is  29  days,  12 hours,  and  44  minutes,  which  differe 
from  thf  mean  astronomical  lunar  month  by 
only  2.8  seconds,  so  that  the  error  amounts 
:o  only  a  day  in  about  24-00  years. 


To  find  if  a  year  is  intercalary  or  common,  di- 
vide it  by  30;  the  quotient  will  be  the  number 
of  completed  cycles,  and  the  remainder  will  be  the 
year  of  the  current  cycle;  if  this  last  be  one  of  the 
numbers  2,5,7,10,13,16,18,21,24,26,29,  the 
year  is  intercalary  and  consists  of  355daysjif 
it  be  any  other  number,  the  year  is  common. 

The  intercalary  years  of  each  cycle  in  the  table 
of  years  is  distinguished  by  an  asterisk. 

The  table  of  years  given  below  shows  the  dates 
of  the  commencement  of  Mahomrnedin  yews  from 
1845  up  to  2047,  or  from  the  4-3rd  ta  the 49th 
Cycle  inclusive,  which  form  tne  whole  of  the  seventh 
period  of  seven  cycles.  Throughoutthe  next  pe- 
riod of  seven  cycles,  and  all  other  like  periods, the 
days  of  the  week  will  occur  in  exactly  the  same  ordei 

PRINCIPLES.  OF  THE  MOHAMMEDAN  RELIGION- 

The  religion  founded  by  Mohammed, is, accor- 
ding to  him,  the  only  orthodox  creed  existing 
from  the  beginning  of  the  world,  and  preach- 
ed by  all  the  prophets  ever  since  Adam.  It  is 
also  called  \<=Nm\. 

The  funda-me-ntal  principles  of  the  religion 
are  contained  in  the  two  articles  of  belief.-'Thcre 


is  no  G-od  but  tod;  and  Mohammed  is  G-od's 


Apostle.'  The  MoharnmedaTi  doctrine  of  God's  being 
and  attributes  coincide  with  the  Christian,  so  far 
as  relates  to  him  as  the  Creator^  heaven  and  earth 
who  rules  and  preserves  all  things, and  who  is  L 
without  beginning,  om-ni potent, (rnmiscient,  om- 
nipresent, and  fall  of  mercy. 

MOHAMMEDAN    MONTHS. 


M-uharram 30 

Siphar 29 

Rabia  L 30 

RabiaH. 29 


Jornada  I. 
Jomjdall.  . 
fl  ijab  .  .  . 


Shaaban.  .   

Ramadan.  ...  .30 


Shiwall . 

Q-ulkiada 30 

Dulheggia 29 

5»         and  in  in- 
tercalary yea^.  .30 


PRINCIPAL  DAYS  OF  THE  MOHAMMEDAN  tt&MM. 

Muharram    I,  New  Year. 


Babiil. 


fl'  Ashi 
II,  Birth  of  Mohammed. 


nauiai.        iijDtrin  OT    iviunammeu. 
Jornada  I.    20}  Taking  of  Constantinople. 


Rajab 
Shiaban 


15,  Day  of  Victory. 
20,  Exultation  of  Moharnr 
Jorik's  Night. 


Shawall  l»2,3,  G-rand  BaiTatn. 
Oniheggia     I,  Kin-ban  Bairam. 


TABLE  OF  MOHAMMEDAN  YEARS.(FROM  WOOLHOUSE'S  WEIGHTS,MEASURESt  ETC.) 


'EAR  OF     COMMENCEMENT 
HEGIRA.  (1ST  OF  MUHARRAM). 


YEAR  OF 
HE&IRA 


COMMENCEMENT 
(1ST  OF  MUHARRAM). 


fEAROF 
HEGIRA 


COMMENCEMENT 
(1ST  OF  MUHARRAM). 


YEAR  OF 

HEGIRA 


COMMENCEMENT 
(1ST  OF  MUHARRAM). 


YEAR  OF     COMMENCEMENT 
HE&IRA   (1ST  OF  MUHARRAM). 


43  CYCLE. 


302 


TUES. 


FRID. 


261 

262* 

263 

264 

265* 

266 

267*  WED. 


TUES.  30  DEC.     1845 


SUN. 
THUR. 


268 

269 

270* 

271 

272 


FRID. 
TUES. 
SUN. 


10  JAN.     1 845 


303*  SAT. 
30.4 


20  DEC.  1846 
9  DEC.  1847 
27  NOV. 


305 
306* 
307 


:RID. 
WED. 


6  NOV. 


MON.    27  OCT. 


15  OCT. 

4  OCT. 

24  SEPT. 

3  SEPT. 

I  SEPT.    I&56 

22  AU&.    1857 

II  AUG.     1858 


308*  SUN. 
FRID. 
310 

31  !' 
312 
313 
314* 


TUES. 

SAT. 

THUR. 

MON. 

FRID. 


273-"  MON. 

274    SAT. 

273  !WEO. 

276*iSUN.    131  JULY 

">77  IFRIO.    20  JULY     I860 


21Si 
279 
280 
28 11 
1 282 
283 
28iH 
2S5 
28  6 H 
267 
263 
289' 
230 


I29I 
1 292' 

1 293 

1 294 
I295H 
1 296 

1 297' 
1 298 
I  299 
I  300 


rniu.  uu  JULI 
TUES.  9  JULY 
SUN.  29  JUNE  1 862 
THUR.JI8  JUNE  I863 
MON.  5  JUNE  I864 
SAT.  C7  MAY  I865 
WED-  ""'  '"'"'' 
SUN. 
FRIO. 
TUES. 


3I5  (WED. 
3I6*|SUN. 

317  IFRIO. 

318  iTUES. 

319  'SAT. 

320  ITHUR. 


2  NOV.  1883 

21  OCT.  1884 

0  OCT.  1885 
30  SEPT.  1886 
19  SEPT.  1887 

7  SEPT.  1888 
28  AUG. 
17  AUG-. 

7AU&. 
26  JULY 
15  JULY 

5  JULY 
24  JUNE 
12  JUNE 

2  JUNE 

22  MAY 
2  MAY 

1  MAY 
120  APRIL 


345 
346* 
347 
348 
349* 
350 


MON. 

FRID. 

WED. 

SUN. 

THUR. 

TUES. 


I2JULY     1 926  I  385 


I  JULY     1 927 


1 386 


20  JUNE    1 928  I  387 
9  JUNE     1 929  1 388 


29  MAY 
9  MAY 


1 930 

1 93 1 


1 892 

1 893 

1 894 


I896 
1  897 


4-6  CYCLE. 


35! 


lO  APRIL    I902 


45  CYCLE. 


1 6  MAY  I866 

5  MAY  IBS' 

24  APRIL  I868 

1 3  APRIL  I869 


SUN.   i  3  APRIL  I870 

THUR.  J23  MARCH  I87I 

MON.    II   MARCH  1 872 

lAT.    I   I  MARCH  1873 

44  CYCLE. 

WED.  II8FE8.     I874 
SUN.      7  FEB.     I875 


321  IMON. 

1 322*  FRID. 

323  |WEO. 

324  JSUN. 
325*!THUR. 

1326  ITUES. 

1327*  SAT. 
1328   THUR. 

329  !MON. 

I  330*  FRIO. 


I33I 

I  332 


WED. 
SUN. 


I333*THUR. 


FRID. 
TUES. 
SAT. 


28  JAN.     1 876 
1 6  JAN.     1 877 


.5  JAN.     I87S 

THUR.  |26  DEC.     1 878 
IMON.  |I5  DEC.     I879 
AT.       4  DEC. 
0.    23  NOV. 
<«    Il2  NOV. 


I334 
335 
I336* 
337 
I338* 
I  339 
I  340 
I34P 
1 342 
ilil 


TUES- 

SAT. 

WED. 

MON. 

FRID. 

WED. 

THUR'. 

TUES. 

SAT. 


30  MARCH  1 903 

8  MARCH  1 904 

8  MARCH  1 905 

25  FEB.  1 906 
4  FEB.  1 907 

4  FEB. 

23  JAN.  1 909 

3  JAN.  I9IO 
2  JAN.  I9II 

£2  DEC.  ISII 

DEC.  I9I2 

30  NOV. 

9  NOV. 
9  NOV. 

28  OCT. 
7  OCT. 
7  OCT. 

26  SEPT.  I9I9 

5  SEPT.  I920 

4  SEPT.  1 92! 

24  AUG.  1 922 
4AUC-.  I923 
4  AUG.  I924 


1 389 
I390* 

1 39 1 

1 392 

1 393* 
1 394 
1 335 

1934  1 336* 

1 935  1 397 

1 398* 
1 399 
I400 
I40I* 
I940  I402 
1 403 
I404* 
1 405 
I406* 
I407 
1 408 
I409* 
I4IO 


ED. 
SUN. 

RIO. 
TUES. 
SUN. 
THUR. 
MON, 
SAT. 
WED. 
SUN. 
FRID. 
TUES. 
SAT. 
THUR. 
MON. 

AT. 
WEO. 
SUN. 

RIO. 
TUES. 
SAT. 
THUR. 
MON. 
SAT. 
WEO. 
SUN. 

RID. 


13  MAY       1964 

2  MAY      1985 
21  APRIL   1966 

APRIL   1967 
31  MAR.    1968 

20  MAR. 
9  MAR. 

27  FEB. 
16  FEB. 
4  FEB. 

25  JAN. 

14  JAN. 

3  JAN. 
23DE£. 
12  DEC. 

2  DEC. 

21  NOV. 
9  NOV. 

30  OCT. 
19  OCT. 

8  OCT. 
27  SEPT. 
16  SEPT. 

6  SEPT.    1986 

26  AUG.     I 
14  AU&.     I 

4AU&.     1989 


1428*  SAT.    !20  JAN 
1429   THUR. 


430  MON. 
431*  FRIO. 
432  WED. 
1970  1433  SUN. 
I434*!THUR. 


10  JAN.  2008 

29  DEC.  2008 

Ifi  DEC.  2009 

8  DEC.  2010 

27  NOV.  2011 

15  NOV.  2DI2 


1435  flUES.     5  NOV.  2013 

I436*|SAT.     25  OCT.  2014 

197411-437  ITHUR.  15  OCl.  2015 

1975  1433  :MGN.    3  OCT.  2016 

1976  I439*1FRIO.  J22  SEPT.  2017 

1440  !WED.   112  SEPT.  2018 


1977 
1978 


49  CYCLE 


1979  T44I    SUN. 


1330 


1 983 
1984 
1985 


380 


47  CYCLE. 


1  38!  .THUR.  U  JUNE  I96I 
1  382*  MOM.  U  JUNE  1  962 
1  383  SAT.  B5  MAY  1  963 


1411 

1412* 

1413 

1414 

1415* 

1416 

1417* 

1418 

1419 

1420* 

1421 

1422 

1423* 

1424 

1425 

1426* 


43  CYCLE. 

TUES.  124  JULY  1990 

SAT.     13  JULY  199 

THUR.  D    JULY  1992 
1993 

JUNE  1994 
WED.    31  MAY 
SUN.     19  MAY 


l442*jTHUa. 

1443  iTUES. 

1444  ISAT. 

(445*iWED. 
1446  MON. 
1447*010. 
1448  WEO. 
1443  'SUN. 
I450*JTHUR. 

1451  ITUES. 

1452  ISAT. 

i453"  WED. 


MON.  ftl  JUNE 
FRIO.    10 


1454 
1455 
I4561 
1 457 
1 458* 


MON. 

FRID. 

TUES. 

SUN. 

THUR. 


FRIO. 

TUES. 

SAT. 

THUR. 

MON. 


9  MAY 
28  APRIL 


7  APRIL   I 
6  APRIL   2000 
26  MAR.    2001 


1459  ITUES. 

1 460  JSAT. 

1 45 1  wta 

1 462  IMON. 

1463  IFRID. 

|464*|TUES. 


FRID.    15  MAR.  2002 

WEO.      5  MAR.  2003 

SUN.   22  FEB.  2004 

THUR.  HO  FEB.  2005 


465  ! 


1 468 
1 469' 


SUN. 
THUR. 


SEPT.  20I9 

20  AUG.  2020 

10  AU&.  202 I 
30  JULY  2022 
1 9  JULY  2023 

3  JULY  2024 

27  JUNE  2025 
I 7  JUNE  2016 

6  JUNE  2027 

25  MAY  2028 

15  MAY  2029 

4  MAY  2030 

23  APRIL  2031 
12  APRIL  2032 

I  APRIL  2033 

21  MAR.  2034 

1 1  MAR.  2035 

28  FEB.  2036 
1 7  FEB.  2037 

5  FEB.  2038 

26  JAN.  203 

16  JAN.  2040 
4  JAN.  2041 

24  DEC.  2041 
14  DEC.  2042 

3  DEC.  2043 


SAT. 


TUES.  22  NOV.    2044 


NOV.    2045 
31  OCT.    2046 


1470   MON.  21  OCT.    2047 


18 


S  howl -up   I  he.  N  umber  o/  Days  /Vow 


Bepmnltip  and  to  -the  End  o/  -the  Yea-r. 


5ia96|291|298|299|30 

922324252627 


I91II98II99   2001201    3011203 

16  17  18  19  20  21  22 

168    161    166   165    16*    I  G 'M  G  5 


22  23  24- 29  26  27  28 


10412051  206  1 1 01  I  3081209  II I  0 

23242526272899 

I  61 1 1  60 1 1  59 1 1  58 1 1  5711  5SU55 


1415  16  17  IB  19  20 


56178     9    10 

109  laoa'aoTlaos  los'io* 


1631  1641  I  651 1661  16  1,1  bt 

II  13  1415  16   17 


85  l  86  I  81  I  SB  I  89  |90 

316  27  28  29  30  31 

lao  la  79  lais  lan  laTfilns 


ITOII  11  11721173    1141115 

I9j2o|2lj2223|24 


2611261  263  2641365 

18 1 19 12021  22 


116   111  II 18  1 1911  80(181  I 

15  26  !27  128  29  30  •  •  • 


3. -I/  one  date  fall  within  the  yea 
p-recedi-np  the  current  year,  add  the 
ber  o/  days  from  the  be9i°nnin9  of  the 
year  to  the  nu.ni  ber  to  the  end  of  the 
year:  thus,  from  May  4  to  Scp*.  18 
of  the  prccedi-no  yearlrecko' 
ward)  is  1124- +  1 04-)  aa8  days 


Feb.  at  the  top  descerid  to  Sept.,  where 
is  /ound  213,  which  is  the  nt^mber  o/ 


days  to  the  l**h   o/  Sept.-,  then  to  the 


21st  i^7  days  -more,  rtiakiri?  220  days 


Rf  quired,  the  numiberor  days  from 
tie  l,to  Oct.  I  of  the  /ollowin9  yeat.- 
om  JuTie  at  the  top  descend  to  June, 
where  is  found  365;  thence  descend  to 
Oct.,  where  is -found  122,  which  added 
to  365,  equals  487. 
A..— A  -no*e  maturing  Sep*.  13,  isdts- 
cou-nted  June  24  previous;  what  is  the 
time  to  run?—  From  June  24  to  Sept 
24,  by  the  table,  is  92  days:  the  13th  be 
in9  If  days  before,  9ives  (92-11)  81  days 


OBSEf\V^TIO(/S  \ND  E\/\N\PlES. 


The  table  applies  to  common  years 
only.  For  leap  years, one  day  mus*  be. 
added  after  passiny  February  28. The 
bold-faced  type  represent  the  days  of  the 
month,  and  the  small  type  above  and 
below  the  bold-faced  type  re  present  the 
days  from  the  b«9innin9  and  to  the 
end  of  the  year,  as  shown  by  the  dfrec- 
tion  of  the  arrows. 

Exa-H-iple*. 

,- To  find  the  difference  between  two 
dates  within  the  year,  take  the  difference 
between  the  days  from  the  beyinniny  and 
the  days  to  the  end  of  the  year:  thus,from 
March  5  to  Oct.  27  is  (300-64)236  days. 
X.— If  one  date  fall  within  the  yearfol- 
owinp  the  current  year,  add  the  -number 
of  days  to  the  erid  of  the  year  to  the  vum- 
jerfrorn  the  beyinnir^:  Hms-froni  June 
3rd  to  February  16  in  the following year 
's (2 1 1  +  47)  25 8  days. 


There  being  a  table  for  each  the  cow- 
men and  the  leap  years,  select  the  table 
to  suit  the  year.  Select  the  month frotn 
which  the  date  is  reckoned,  at  the  top  of 
the  table,  then  descend  the  column  to 
the  month  to  which  the  date  is  reckon- 
ed,where  will  be  found  the  exact  num- 
beY  of  days.  THe  small  fi9u-res,ffom  I 
to  12,  show  the  'number  of  months. 
Examples. 

I. — What  is  the  number  of  days  from  Ju- 
ly 4  to  March  4  (common  year)  ?  — From 
July  at  -the  top  of  the  table,  descend  the 
column  to  March, where  is  /ou-nd  243,the|  March  J7 
exact  number  of  days. 

ft. —  Find  the<wumben  of  days  from 
F»b.  14  to  Sept.  2 1  (Leap  year).—  Frotn 


The  table  applies  to  common  years 
ly.  For  leap  years,  add  one  day  after 
ing  Feb.  28. 

Example. 

Find  the  -number  of  days  betweer 
March  17  and  Feb. 4  in  *be?ollowin9 
year.  —The /^ures  opposite  the  Hth^ay  in 
the  first  March  column  are  76;  opposite  the 
4th  day  of  second  F«b.col.are400;dif.=3*4. 


14 


Shcw'np  Hie  Nu.irb?/r  o/  Oays  ^'D-m  aviy  Onij  p^  any  Of-ie  Monfch  to  the  sa-mc  Day  o^any 


howinp  the  Accumulation  of  Principal  and  Interest  on  one  Dollar,  the  Interest  bein?  compounded  •zttvt\\\aX\\* 
To  use  Tables  Nos.  I  a-nd  51,  observe  at  wha*  intervals  the  interes*  is  pay  able,  also  Hie  number  o/such  intervals,  and  th 
rate  correspondinq  to  each.  Find  from  the  tables  the  compound  awou/nt  of&\  for  this  rate;  and  nu.nibero/ inter 
vals,and  -multiply  it  by  the  given  principal.  If  the  number  of  years  bc9rea*er  than  30,  -find  the  product  of  the 
amounts  for  any  two  numbers  o/years.  Thus, the  amount  Ior47yearsat  2%  =  l.8M3(aWtlror30yrs.)XI.4002(attiWorl7i<t 


|    3% 


5% 


I     8%     I     9% 


1.0200 

1.0404- 
1.0612 
1.0824 
I. 1041 

I . 1261 
I . I486 
I . 1716 
I  .1951 
1.2190 


1.2433 
1.2682 
1.2936 
1.3194 
I .3458 


1.3728 
1.4002 
1.4282 
I .4568 
I .4859 


I .5156 
I  .5459 
1.5769 
I  .6084 
I .6406 


1.6734 
I .7069 
I  .  74 1  0 
1.7758 
I. 8113 


I. 1591 
I . 1887 
1.2184 
I . 2488 
.2801 

.3121 
I .3449 
1.3785 
I .4129 
I .4483 


I . 4845 
1.5216 
1.5596 
1.5986 


I .6796 
I .7215 
I .7646 
I .8087 
1.8539 


I  .9003 
I .9478 
1.9965 
2.0464 
2.0975 


.0300 
.0609 
.0927 
.  12*55 
.  I  593 

.I94o' 
.2298 
.2667 
.3041 
.3439 

.3842 
.4257 
.4685 
.5126 
.5579, 


.8603 

.9101 

.9736 

2.0328 

2.0937 


2.  1566 
2.2213 
2.2879 
2.3565 
2.4272 


,0350 
,0712 
1087 
1475 
.  1877 


.2292 
.2723 
.3168 
.3629 


.7340 
.7946 
.8575 
.9225 
.9898 

2.0594 
2.1315 
2.2061 
2.2833 
2.3632 


2.4459 
2.5315 
2.6201 
2.71  19 
2.8068 


.0400 
.0816 
.  1248 
.  1698 
.2160 


.2653 
.3159 
.3685 
.4233 
.4802 

.5394 
.6010 
.6650 
.7317 
.8009, 

.8730 

.9479 

2.0258 

2. 1068 

2.  191  I 


2.2787 
2.3699 
2.4.647 
2.5633 
.6658 

2,7724 
2.8833 
2.9987 
3.  I  186 

3 . 2434 


.0450 
.0920 
.1411 
.1925 
.2462 


.3022 
.3608 
.4221 
.4861 
.5529 


2.0223 
2. I  I  34 
2.2085 
2.3078 
2.4117 


2.5302 

2.6336 

2.7521 

.8760 

.0054 


.4297 


.0500 
1025 
.  1576 
.2155 
.2763 

.3401 
.4071 
.4774 
.5513 
.6289 

.7103 

.7958 

.9856 

I .9799 

2.0789 


.0600 
.1236 
.1910 
.2625 
.3382 


2.1828 
2.2920 
2.4066 
2.5369 
2.6533 


.4185 
.5036 
.5938 
.6835 
.7908 

.8983. 
2.0I2Z 
2.1329 
2.2609 
2.S965 

2.5403 
2.6927 
2.8543 
3.0256 
3.2071 

3.3995 
3.6035 
3.8197 
4.0489 
4.2918 


I  .0700 
1.1449 
I .2250 
I .3108 
1.4025 


I .5007 
1.6058 
1.7182 
1.8384 
1.6671 


2 . 1  048 

2.2522 
2.4098 
2.5785 
2,7590 


2.9521 
3.1 588 
3.3799 
3.6165 
3.8697 

4. 1405 

4.4304 

4-.  7405 

.0723 

.4274 


I .0800 
.1664 
.2597 
.3005 
.4693 


.5868 

.7138 

1.8509 

1.9990 

2.1589 


2.3316 
2.5181 
2.7196 
2.9372 
3.1722 


3.4269 
3.7000 
3.9960 
4  .'3 1 57 
4.6609 

'5.03381 
5.4365 
5.8714 
6.3412 
.8485 

7.39631 
7.9880 
8.6271 
9.3173 
JO. 0626 


.0900 
.  1831 
.2950 
.4116 
.5386 


.6771 

.8280 

.9925 

2.1719 

2,3673 


2.5804 
2.8I2G 
3.0658 
3.3417 
3.6425 


I. 1000 
1.2100 
1.3310 
1.4641 
1.6105 


3.9703 
4.3276 
4,7171 
5:l4lfi 
5.6044 


6.1088 
6.6586 
7.2578 
7.91  I  I 
8.6231 


9.3991 
0.2451 
I. 1671 
2.1722 
3.2677 


1 .7715 
1.9487 
2.1436 
2.3579 
2.5937 


2.8531 
3.  1384 
3.4522 
3.7975 
4.1772 

I 

4 . 5949 
5.0544 
5.5599 
6 , 1 1 59 
6.7X75 


7.4002 
8.1403 
8.9543 
9.8497 
10.8347 


11.9182 
13.1 100 
14.4210 
5,8631 
7.4494 


x  — TABLE  NUMBER— 2. 

Showiny  the  Accumulation  of  Principal  and  Interest  on  one  Dollar,  the  I  ntcrest  being  co-m pounded  *e 


4.V,%    I — 5% — I — 6% — I 


ft%    I     9%     I  10% 


I . 1025 
I .2155 

.3400 
I .4773 

.6287 


16 


3-TABl.i; 

G-iving  the  Present  Worth  or  Value  o/*l  Annuii-9  per  annurn  at  Compound  Interest.  To  use  £h«  (able,  multiply  the  aitnu.it 
by  the  present  value  of  W I  annuity  at  the  required  time  and  rate  as  given  in  the  table. ^.•*ja.w\y\«. -.-A  widow  is  etititle 
to  *  1 20  a  year,  payable  annually,  for  2 5  years  at  6  ?o ;  what  is  the  present  valu-e  of  her  interest  ?  So\>U\ow.-#l2( 
(the  annuity)  x  3*12.7833  (the  present  value  of  #1  annuity /or  25  years.at  6  %)=«I534-.00.  U  the  annuity  be  payable 
serni-arirmally  and  semi-annual  interest  is  to  be  allowed,  take  the  present  value  (or  doable  the  nu-rnber  of  years, 
one-half  the  9iven  rate.^V\v%,  an  annuity  of  SSI  every  six  -months, /or  lOyrs.at  8%=«l  per  annum  (or  20  yrs.  at  4-%  =013.550 


2%      | 


I     5  ?S 


8  95     I     7% 


9%     I    10% 


1.9415 
2.8839 
3.8077 
4.7134 

5.6014 
6.47 19 
7.3255 
8. 1622 
8.9826, 


.  J.5753 
I  1.3484 
12.1063 
12.8493 

13.5777' 
14.2916 
J4.992I 
15.6784 
i.3514 

'l7.0  I  12 
17.6581 
18.2922 
18.9138 
19.5235 


20.1  I50YI8.9296 
20.7069  I  19.4435 
21.2813  I  19.9448 
21.8444  20.4333 
22.3964  JjZO.  9  I  13 


0.9756 
1.9275 
2.8560 
3.7619 
4. 6458 , 

. 508 
6.3494 
7. 1701 
7.9708 
,8.T52 

i . 5  1 41 
10.2578 
10.9831 

1.6902 
13.38 14 

3.0550 
13.7122 
14.3534 
14.9163 
J  5.  589  I 


5.4172 
6.2303 
7.0197 
7.7861 
8.5302 

9.2526 
9.9540 
10.6349 
I  1.2960 
.9339 

2.561  I 
13. 1661 
13.7535 
14.3238 
14.8774 

P5.4I56' 
15.9369 
116.4436 
5.9355 
1,17.4131 

17.8768 
18.3270 
18.7641 
19. 1884 
19.6004 


0.9662 
I . 8997 
2.801 5 
3.6731 
4.5150 

5.3285 
6.  I  145 
6.8739 
7.6077 
8.3166, 


2.0941 
12.6513 
13. 1897 
13.7098 
14.2124 


.8903 
17.2853 
17.6670 
18.0357 
8.3920 


0.9615 
I .8861 
2.7751 
3.6299 
4.451 

5.242 
6.6020 
6.7327 
7.4353 
109 

'8.7605' 
9.3851 
9.9«55 

|I0.563I 
II .  I  184 

.6523 

12.1656 

2.6593 

13. 1339 

J3.5903. 

iToaFT 

14.45 
14.  8J 
[15.2469 
15.6221 

5.9827 
16.3296 
16.6630 
16.9837 
17.2920 


5.  >578 
5.8926 
6.5958 
7.2687 
7.9121 


11.2339 
.7072 
12. 1600 
12.5932 
13.0079 


5.  1461 
15.4513 
15.7429 
16.0219 
je.2889 


0.9524 
I  .8594 
2.7232 
3.5459 
4.3295 

5.0757 
5.7864 
6.4632 
7. 1078 
7.73  17 

'8.3064 
8.8632 
9.3936 
9.898( 
I0.379( 

10.8378 
.2741 
I  1.6896 
12.0853 
12.4622 

H3.82I 
13. 1630 
13.4885 
13.7986 
J4.0939 

4.2752 
14.6430 
14.8981 
15.141  I 
15.3724 


0.9434 
.8334 
2.6730 
3.4651 
4.2123 

4.9173 
5.5824 
6.2097 
6.8017 
,7.3601 


0.1059 
10.4772 
10.8276 
II.  1581 
.4694 

.764 
12.0416 
12.3034 
12.5503 
12.7833 

) • 1 

13.0032 
13.2105 
13.4062 
13.5907 
3.7648 


0.9346 
1.8080 
2.6243 
3.3872 
4.1002 


4.7665 
5.3893 
5.9713 
6.5152 
7.0236 


7.4987 
7.3427 
8.3576 
8.7454 
9. 1079 


9.4466 
9.1632 
0.0591 
0.3356 
0.5840 


11.0612 
11.2722 
11.4693 
11.6536 


11.8258 
11.9867 
12.1371 
12.2777 
12.40901 


0.9259T0.9n4T  0.9091 
1.7833  1.7591  1.7355 
2.5771  2.5313  2.4869 
3.3121  3.2397  3.1699 
3.3927  l3.  889  6  \  3.7908 


4.6229 
5.2064 
5.7466 
6.2469 
6.7101 


7. 1390 
7.5361 
7.9038 


8.8514 
9.  1216 
9.3719 
9.6036 
9.8181 


10.0168 
I0.200T 
10.3711 
10.5288 
10.6748 

10.8100 
0.9352 
I. 0511 

11.1584 
1.2578 


4.52I6J4.3553 
5.0657  4.8684 
5.5648  5.3349 
6.0228  I  5.7590 


6.4951 
6.8137 
7.1034 
7.3667 
7.6061 


6.4429, 

.8284 
'  1888 
,5131 
8101 
,0826 


.3226 
.5621 
.7725 
.9656 
.  1428 


3053 
4543 
5912 
7167 
8330 

9.9375 
10.0344 
10. 1233 
10.2048 
10.2874  J 


T. 8237 
8.0216 
8.2014 
8.3649 
8.5136 


8.6487 
8.7715 
8.8832 
8.9847 
9.0770 


9.1609 
9.2372 


>.42£ 


G-ivin^  the  Amount  of  »l  Annuity  per  annum  atCornpou-nd  Interest.  To  u-se  .the  *able, -multiply  *he  annuity  by 
he  an-iou,nt  of  ^1  (or  the  required  time  at  the  required  rate  and  intervals  as  9iven  in  the  table.^X*%vvv^*' 
At  the  birth  of  a  son  a  father  invests  fo-r  him  «!|00  at  5%,  interest  computed  annually,  and  the  same  amount  wi*h 
accrued  interest  on  each  birthday  thereafter  till  the  son  is  21  years  old;  what  su.m  will  the  son  have  when  he 
comes  of  age?  So\\vV\o*v.-«IOO(  the  annu,i*y)  x  3*35.7 193  (the  amount  o/3$l  annuity  /or  21  yrs.  at  5%)=*357I.93 


-51 


I     3%      |    3<A%    I 


I      5% 


~6%       I 


"9T%     I    10% 


i.oooo 

2.0200 
3.0604 
4. 1  2  I  6 
5.2040 


1.0000 
2.0250 
3.0756 
4.1525 
5.2563 

J.3877 
7.5474 
8.7361 
9.9545 

.2034 


12.  1687 
13.4121 
14.6803 
15.9739 
17.293 

I8.6392TI9-3302 


1.0000 
2.0300 
3.0909 
4.1836 
5.3091 


22.8405 
24.2973 


(27  1432 
28.8228 
3  0  54.44 
32  3090 

134   M77 


,40.5680  14-3.8627 


20.1569 
21.7616 
23.414.4 
25.1  169 
36.8704^ 

28.6765' 
30.5368 
32.4529 
34.4265 


I.OOOO 
2.0350 
3.1062 
4.2149 
5.3625 

S.5502 
7.7794 
9-0517 
10.3685 
I  1.7314 

13.1420 
J-.6020 
16.  I  130 
17.6770 
19.2957 

20.9710 
22.7050 
24.4997 
26.3572 
28.2797 

1696 
32.3290 
34.4605 
36.6666 
V38.9499 


1.0000 
2.0400 
3.1216 
4.2465 
5.4163 

6.6330 
7.8983 
9.2142 
10.5828 
12.0061 

I3-486/ 
15.0258 
16.6268 
18.2919 
20.0336 

21.8245 
23.6975 
25-6454 
27.6712 
29.7781 


1.0000 
2.0450 
3.1370 
4.2782 
5.4707 

6.7169 
8.0191 
9.3800 
0.8021 
12.2882 

13.8411 
15.4640 
7.1599 
18.9321 

,20.7840 

93 
24.7417 
26.8550 
29.0635 
1.3714 

f33.783i 
36.3033 
38.9370 
41.6892 

144.5652 


1.0000 
2.0500 
3.1525 
4.3101 
5.5256 


14.2068 
I  5.9  I  7  I 
17.7130 
19.5986 
,21.5786, 


35.7193 
38.5052 
41.4305 
44.5020 
7.7271 


1.0000 
2.0600 
3.IS36 
4.3746 
5.637 

6.9753 
8.3938 
9.8975 
I  1.4913 
J  3. 1808 

14.3716 
16.8699 
8.8821 
21.0151 
,23.276 

f25.6725' 
28.2129 
30.9057 
33.7600 
S.7856 

19.9927 
43.3923 
46.9953 
50.8156 
,54.8645, 


1.0000 
2.0700 
3.2149 
4.4399 
5.7507 

7.1533 

8.6540 
10.2598 
I  1.9780 
.13.01 

15.7836' 
17.8885 
20.1406 
|22.5505 
,25.1290, 

27.888 
30.8402 
33.9990 
37.3790 
1.9955 

'4-4..  8  6  52 
49.0057 


7.3359 
8.3228 
10.6366 
12.4876 
14.4866 

6.6455 
18.9771 
21.4953 
24.2149 

17.1521 

'30.3243 
33.7502 
37.4502 
41.4463 
,45.7620 

>  0.4229 
55.4568 
60.8933 
66.7648 
J3.I059, 


1.0000 
2.0900 
3.2781 
4.5731 
5.9847 

7.5833' 
9.2604 
I  1. 0884 
13.0810 
I5>2529 

17.6203' 
20.2207 
23.0334 
26.0992 
29.4409 

33.0834 
37.0537 
41.3813 
46.0984 
51.2401 

16.8445" 
52.9533 
69.61  19 
76.8698 
,84.7809 


To  /Hid  the  inter- 
est on  any  sutti  /or  any  time,  at  any  rate  per  cent. 
9iven  in  the  table,  /ind  the  Interest  (I)  on  the  sum  /or  the  years; 
(2)  /or  the  -months;  ($  /or  the  days,  and  then  add  the  several  results  ' 


To  /ind  the  interest  at  7>  "/c,  n  nJ  it  at  4-%  by  the  table, and  take  half  the  arnou-tit;  /or  3%,  take  hal  f  the.  awou-nt  /or1 
6%;  /or  3t3i*,*akfth»W  of  5#;  /or  3/^%,  take  half  o/7?S;  /or  8%,  take  *wice  4%;  /or  IO&,  take  *wicc  5^;/orlZ56, 
take  twice  6,%.  The  (able  is  so  constructed  as  to  be  tke  -most  possible  convenient  /or  Gowpu-titig  ititerest  with  rapidity, 
*he  a-mount  and  the  interest  bein^  9ive-n  together  iti  the  sa-me  rectari9H,lar  space,  so  that  when  the  tf-me  is  known, 
si-mply  descend  the  colimin  to  the  reqw-ired  a-moi*nt(the  back-hand  tmtnber)  where  will  be /ou-nd  the  interest  ju-st 
beneath  it.  The  interest  at  atiy  per  cent. not  9iven  in  the  table  or  -mentioned  above,  way  be/ou,nd  readily  by  proportion 


Table  is  especially  valuable  *o  ei^raversjelectrbtypersjatid  all  others  havi-n? frequ-etit 
occasioti  to  find  the  products  o/titwibers,  both  in-fcepral  and  fractional,  not  exceeding  20. 
To  itse  the  table,  select  either  dimension  at  the  top  nia^in,  theri  descend  the  column 
to  the  other  (shown  by  the  small  tiu.itiber  above  the  Iar9e),  where  is  ^iven  the  integral  prod- 


,5,5 


7    7 


8   8 


9    9 


o   10 


12 


Si] 


if  16 


nil 


i   18 


34 


3J 


5    10    6 


* 
7    14 


8   16    9 


524 


26: 


4  28  15  30  is  3* 


2 

u34 


3 

2  6 


3  9 


4    12' 


6     18 


824? 


39 


4  4*  15  45 


a  8   3  12 


4    16 


20  e  24 


8  32 


9  36  to 


ia48 


3  52 


56 


64 


68*18  72 


19  76  ao 


a  1C 


5 
3    IS 


5 
s  25 


30 


5 

8  40 


5 

o  50 


a  60 


3    65 


4  70  is    75 


19    95aol 


12    3    18 


424 


s  30 


36 


7  45 


48 


9  54 


i    6612  72 


2  78 


s   90 


Mil  1 02*<8  108  o  1 14 20 


i  71 


21 


4  28 


535 


e  42 


7  49 


8  56 


9  63  10  70 


77Jia 


4  9V  is  105 


e  1 12 


7 1 1 9f  is  126  is  I3la 


2  16 


3  24 


32 


s40  s48 


7  561 


s  64 


8 

9  72 


o  80 


a  96  13 104 


112 


5  120 


e  128' 17  136  1 8 144 


a  18 


3  27 


4  36 


s  45 


e  54 


9    81 


o  90 


108  13  1 17 


14)26  is  135 


e  144  n  153  isl62 


9|7I20| 


10 

a  20 


440 


s  50 


e  60 


7  70 


380 


9  90 


10 100 


i  110 


12120 


3 130 


4 140  is  ISO 


e  160  n  170.8 180  19190 


10          10  j 

90  aolO(V 


a  22 


333 


e  66 


s  88  999 


ollO 


121 


z  132  1 3 143 


4 154  1 5  165  iel76 


1 187 


I  I   : 

8198 


9209 


t  12 


a  24  3  36 


ia 
s  60 


672 


7  84 


9 108  10 120! 


a  144 


3156 


4168 


5 1 80 


6192  n204 


82161 


a  26   3  39 


52 


s  65 


e  78 


7  91 


13 

8(04 


13 

sin 


2156.3169 


14(82 


5  195 


6208  n22l 


13  i 

s234 


l3  s 


i  14: 


2  28  3  42 


s  70 


s  84 


7981 


8(12 


9(26 


.140 


a  168 


3(82 


»I96 


5210 


6214s 


238  18252 


9266iio280) 


15 


a  30   3  45 


4  6G' 


15 

5  75 


e  90 


15 
8(20 


15 

9 135 


15 

olSO 


is 
.165 


180*13 195 


15 

5225 


15 

e240f 


15 

7255 


15 

8270 


16 

i   16 


32 


348 


64 


5  80 


7(12' 


8(28   9144  10 160 


16 

176 


a  192 


3208 


4224 


; 

7272 


930420320' 


i   17 


a  34 


351 


68 


s  85 


6(02 


7 1 19; 


9(53  io!70 


187 


2204 


3221 


4238  15255 


e272!iv289 


83H I93XS1  g*MJ 


7  36    3  54 


18 
5  90 


e  108 


7(26 


8(44    9(62 


>I80 


198 


12216 


3234* 


252  is270 


18 

X.288 


18 

7306 


8324 


.9342 


Mttf 


19 


a  38  3  57 


76 


19 
s  95 


6114 


7133 


19 

sl52 


171 


190 


19 

1 209 


19 

1 2228  i324t 


266  ,s285 


e304  n323 


8342 


9361 


a  40 


360 


5(00  6(20 


7140 


s 160  9 180  1 0200 


.220 


i240 


428Qfi5300 


l?320 


7340 


s360  19380  2o400 


20 


Showing  the  beginning  and  end  of  twilight  for  the  /irst,eleventh,andtwenty-/irst  days  of  every  month,  asseen 
on  the  parallels  o/27°30°33,036°39,04;C45,0and480north  latitude,  and  by  estimation, will  serve  equally  well  /or  adjacent  points. 


Months, 


L      A       T       I       T       U      0 


Be^itis 
A.M. 


Ends 
P.M. 


Begins 
A.M. 


Ends 
P.M. 


Begms 
A.M. 


Ends 
P.M. 


36C 


3e<jins   Ends 
A.M.    P.M. 


39° 


tegins 
A.M. 


Ends 
P.M. 


4-2 


Begins 
A.M. 


Ends 
P.M. 


4-5' 


Begins  Ends 
A.M.     P.M. 


Jegina   Ends 
A.M.     P.M. 


" 


TfW 


5  28 
5  27 
5  24 


21 

OCT.  i 

H 


Dfc 


4  50 
4  37 
4  25 
4  15 
4  0 
3  45 
3  30 
3  21 
3  17 
3  15 
3  21 

3  30 

38 

4  10 
4    16 
4  20 
4  25 
4  29 
4  36 
4  40 
4  47 

4  52 

5  0 
5     5 
5    10 
5    15 
5  20 


6  45 
6  50 

6  54 

7  0 
7      8 
7 

7 
7 


h  m 
5  33 
5  30 
5  28 
5  26 
5  22 


14 


22 
27 
32 
7  40 

7  48 

8  0 
8    II 
8  21 
8   32 
8  41 
8  44 
8  41 
8  37 
8  27 
8    14 
8      0 
7  45 
7  31 
7  22 
7    15 
7     8 
7     0 
6  46 
6  37 
6  30 
6  28 
6  26 
6  24 
6  23 


16 


4  57 
4  46 
4  29 


18 


4 
4 
3  51 
3  37 
3  26 
3 
3 
3 

3  13 
3  19 
3  33 
3  47 
3  0 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 


14 

20 
26 
33 
39 
4  46 

4  53 

5  I 
5     7 
5    13 
5   20 
5  26 


h  -m 
6  37 
6  45 
6  51 

6  59 

7  6 
7    13 
7    18 
7  24 
7   31 
7  37 
7  46 

7  57 

8  6 
8    H 
8  28 
8   31 
8  45 
8  49 
8  47 
8  44 
8  38 
8  21 
8    10 
7   57 
7  41 
7  30 
7  17 
7     9 
6  57 
6  45 
6  35 
6  28 
6  25 
6  23 
6  22 
6  20 


5  38 
5  36 
5  33 
5  30 
5  24 
5  15 
5  6 
4  53 
4  41 
4  24 
4  10 
3  55 
3  42 
3  30 
3  21 
3  13 
3  10 
3  8 
3  13 
3  20 
3  29 
3  40 
3  50 

3  59 

4  9 
4   15 
4  23 
4  31 
4  39 
4  46 

4  54 

5  2 
5    10 
5    17 


6  33 
6  40 
6  47 

6  57 

7  7 
7    13 
7    19 
7  27 
7  35 
7  43 

7  52 

8  2 
8    12 
8  22 
8  35 
8  43 
8   51 
8  54 
8  51 
8  48 
8  41 
8  30 
8    19 


7  20 
7  10 
6  54 
6  43 


6  22 
6  21 
6  20 
6  19 


5  40 
5  39 
5  37 
5  32 
5  25 
5  15 
5  5 
4  51 
4  38 
4  19 
4  3 
3  47 
3  31 


III 

2  45 
2,  57 

3  7 
3    15 
3   27 
3  40 

3  51 

4  2 
4   II 
4  20 
4  29 
4  38 
4  45T 

4  55 

5  5 
5    13 

5  ai 

5  29 
5  36 


h  -rn 
6  28 
6  34 
6  43 

6  54 

7  4 
7   12 
7  20 
7  29 
7  38 
748 

7  59 

8  12 
8  22 

8  33 
844 

9  0 
9   I  I 
9  22 
9     5 
9     0 
8  51 
8  43 
8  29 
8  15 
7  58 
740 
725 
7  II 
6  55 
647 
6  31 
623 
6  19 
6  17 
6  IS 
6  13 


h  m 
5  43 
5  42 
5  40 
5  35 
5  26 
5  15 
5  4 
4  49 
4  33 
4  14 
3  56 
3  37 
3  21 
3  5 
2  52 
2  41 
2  36 
2  38 
240 

2  50 

3  0 
3    15 
3  29 
3  41 

3  55 

4  7 
4   17 
4  27 
4  37 
4  45 


5  33 
5  39 


6  24 
6  32 
6  41 

6  52 

7  2 
7    II 
7  21 
7  31 
7  42 

7  54 

8  7 
8  00 
8  33 
8  45 

8  57 

9  14 
9   21 
9   18 
9  25 
9    19 
9     9 
8  57 
8  41 
8  22 
8    4 
7  46 
7  28 

iii 

6  50 
6  35 
6  21 
6  16 
6  14 
6  12 
6  10 


5  48 
5  45 


3  46 
3  25 
3  6 
2  47 
2  31 
2  17 
2  13 
X  8 
2  14 

1  24 

2  39 
2  57 


3  45 

3  59 

4  12 
4  24 
4  35 
4  44 
4  58 


5  44 


h  m 
6  21 
6  30 
6  39 

6  50 

7  0 
7     9 
7  23 
7  35 

7  47 

8  2 
8    16 
8   32 


9  23 
9  38 
9  51 
9  55 
9  50 
9  42 
9  29 
9  16 
8  57 
8  35 
8  14 


6  52 
6  39 
6  19 
6  12 
6  II 
6  10 
6  9 


5  53 
5  50 


5 

5 

5  45 
5  39 
5  35 
5  31 
4  58 
4  43 
4  21 
3  52 
3  31 
3  13 
2  53 
2  29 
2  8 
I  49 
I  39 
I  34 
I  39 

1  49 

2  2 
2  18 
2  36 

2  59 

3  24 

3  50 

4  5 
4  20 
4  30 

4  41 

5  0 
5  13 
5  30 
5  37 
5  44 
5  48 


6  3 

6  3 


18 
1 

9 

645 
7  6 
7  25 
7  37 

7  50 

8  8 
8   29 

8  47 

9  7 
9  31 

9  52 

10  18 
10  30 
10  50 
10  37 
10   16 
9  58 
9  42 
9  22 
9     0 
8  35 
8    10 
7  48 
7  30 


6  49 
6  39 
6  30 
6  25 
6  20 
6  15 


h  m 
6  0 
6  12 
6  24 
6  315 

6  48 

7  0 
7  27 
1  39 
7  54 


10  26 

10  51 

11  36 
II  SO 
II  27 
10  43 

10  9 
9  4 
9  2 
8  5 

n 

7  46 
7  34 
7  22 


74 
6  37 
6  24 
6   I 


s  the  condition  o/the  at- 
mosphere a*  any  time  and  place  with 
-respect  chie/ly  to  its  temperature, hu- 
midity, clear-ness  or  cloudiness,  rain, 
/og,or  snow,  and  wind. 

Bafo-me*er.—  In  propnos-ticating 
the  weather  by  the  barometer,  notice 
whether  it  be  greatly  above  or  below  the 
mean  height, and  the  rapidity  o/ its  rise 
or  /all.  Higher  and  steady, foretells  co-n- 
ti-nued  lair  weather.Uower  and/allijig, 
rain, or  damp  cloudy  weather. Rapid 
-rise  or  Sal  I,  continued  unsettled  weath- 
er and  -much  wind. 

Clouds. -Clouds  are  distinguished  by 
their  textures,  motions,  and  outlines. 
The  CVMTXW,  or  "Snare's  tails,"  appear  at 
a  greater  elevation  than  other  forms, 
and  are  marked  by  their  light  texture, 
.fibrous  and  sundered,  or  interlacin9 
as  in  the  /ar-spreading  white  cloud  which 
produces  the  halo.SiHall,  regularly 


/ormed  groups  o/these  clouds  are/re- 
quently  seen  in  /air  and  settled  weath- 
er. The  cirri  are  also  the  clouds  on  the 
/ore-part  of  the  storm,  where  they  are  us- 
ually more  abundant,  very  ragged,  and 
generally  blend  into  a  white,  far-reaching 
cloud- ban  k.ThecwwvXus,  "thunder- 
heads,"  or  "cotton  bales,"  are  o/"  a 
hemispherical /orm,  with  horizonta.1 
base.  When  they  appear  in  the  heat  o/ the 
day  and  pass  away  in  the  evewng,they 
/oretell  continued  /air  weather.  I/  they  in- 
crease rapidly,  sin  k  into  the  lower  atmos- 
phere, and  remain  as  evening  approaches, 
rain  is  at  hand,  Loose  patches  on  their 
sur/accs  predict  showers. The  sX«**vi* 
appear  as  a  continuous  layer  o/  widelyexten- 
ded  sheet  o/  cloud,  at  a  lower  level  than  the 
cumulus, and  o/ten  touching  the  earth. 
CoTO-ti  a . —Circles  around  the  moon  or 
sun.Orowing  smaller  they  indicate 
rain; growing  larper,  /air  weather. 


Fogs.— Fogs  indicate  get*  led 
weather.  Morn  f-ng  fogs  seldom  last  till  -noon 

F-ros*.  -First  and  last/rosts  arc  itsu-alfy 
preceded  by  a  tetnpera-ture  timed  above  mean 

Halo(sun-dogs).— Large  circles,  or  parts 
o/ circles,  about  the  sun  or  moon.  A  halo 
a/ter  /ine  weather  indicates  a  storm. 

Rai-Mbows.-A  morning  rainbow  fn 
dicates  rain;  an  evening  one,/air  wcathe 

Sky  Color. -A  deep- blue  sky, even  i/ 
seen  through  clouds,indicates /air  weath 
er;  a  growing  whiteness,  a  sto-r-m. 

S unse-t  Colors .- A  gra  y,  loweri-ng  sun- 
set, or  one  where  the  sky  is  green  o  r 
yellowish  green,  indicates  rain.  A  red 
sunset  /ore tells  /ine  weather. 

Sutifise Colors. -A  red  sunrise, with 
lowering  clouds  later  in  the  morning,  in 
dicate  rain;  a  grey  sunrise,  dry  weather 

Visibility.— Unusual  clearness  o/th 
atmosphere,  unusual  brightness  orWm' 
ling  o/the  stars,  indicate  rain. 


21 


•*! 

^ 


COPYRIGHT,    1892,  BY  JASPER  QOODYKOONTZ 


23 


Desire  -not  to  live  long,  but  to  I've  well; 
How  long  we  live,not  years,  but  actions  tell." 

"  Press  on!  our  life  is  not  a  dream, 
Though  often  such  its  mazes  seem; 
We  were  not  born  to  live  at  ease, 

Ourselves  alone  to  aid  and  please." 
As  you  travel  through  life,  scatter  words 
nd  aentle  deeds;  in  so  doing  you  will 
nrich  your  soul.  Withhold  them  a-nd 

it  tends  to  poverty." 
G-ive  every  man  thine  ear,  but  few  thy  voice; 
Take  each  man's  censure, but  reserve  thyjudjmrnt? 
Know  when  to  speak — for  many  timei  it  brings 
Danger,  to  give  the  best  advice  to  kings." 
'  Fear  not  the  anger  of  the  wise  to  raise; 
Those  best  can  bear  reproof  who  merit  praise'.' 

"  I  find,  quoth  Mat,  reproof  is  vain! 
Who  first  offend  will  first  complain." 

(rood  advice  is  one  of  those  injuries  which 

good  man  ought,  if  possible, to  forgive,  but 

at  all  events  to  forget  at  once." 


'  When  the  golden  sun  is  setting, 

And  your  heart  from  care  is  free, 
When  o'er  a  thousand  things  you're  thinking 

Will  you  sometimes  think  of  me!" 
Years  have  not  seen—  time  shall  not  see 
The  hour  that  tears  my  soul  from  thee." 

There  are  moments  of  mingled  sorrow 

and  tenderness,  which  hallow  the  caresses 

of  affection." 

•  When  years  and  months  have  glided  by, 

And  on  this  page  you.  cast  your  eye, 
Remember  'twas  a  friend  sincere 
That  left  this  kind  remembrance  here, 
With  best  wishes  for  your  future  cheer." 

There  are  few  mortals  so 'insensible  that 
heir  affections  cannot  be  gained  by  mild- 
ness, their  confidence  by  sincerity,  their 
hatred  by  scorn  or  neglect." 

"  Passing  through  life's  field  of  action. 

Lest  we  part  before  its  end, 
Take  within  your  modest  volume^ 
This  memento  from  a  friend." 

Hearts  may  be  attracted  by  assumed  qual- 
t!es,  but  the  affections  are  only  to  be  fix- 
ed by  those  that  are  real." 
We  seek  what  we  love;  our  efforts.fol- 
ow  our  affections,  whether  we  know  it 
or  not," 


"  I  wish  thec  every  blessing 
That  can  attend  thee  here; 
And  rnau  each  f  uture  birthday  prove 
My  wish  to  be  sincere." 

*'  My  birthday!  —  -How  -many  years  390! 
Twenty  or  thirty?"  Don't  ask  me! 
"Forty  or  fifty.'"  How  can  I  t«ll? 
1  do  not  remember  -my  birth,  you  see!" 

"Little  {rouble  and  still  less  care,  . 

With  ever  a  faithful  heart  to  share; 

Birthdays  many,  and  happy  too, 

This  is  the  life  I  wish  for  you.." 

"Is  that  a  birthday?  'tis,  alas!  too  clear, 
'Tis  but  the  funeral  of  the  former  year." 

"As  beauteous  flowers  in  garlands  intertwine, 

May  peace  and  love  to  cheer  thy  heart  combine 

To  give  you,  a  very  happy  birthday?* 

'May  these  flowers.  presented  on  your  birth- 
day be  emblematical  of  Ihe  purity  of  your  life." 

"May  Spring  its  blossoms  round  thee  strew, 
And  Summer,  deck'd  in  mantle  new, 

Come  forth  to  greet  thee; 
May  Autumn  fruitage  crown  the  year. 
And  Winter,  with  its  jovial  cheer, 

Bring  friends  to  meet  thee.' 

"Like  sunbeams  to  the  dToopbi9  flowers, 
Good-will  OUT  lives  doth  bless; 

It  furthers  every,  wish  of  ours', 
And  joys  in  our  success. 

So  may  its  rays  towards  you  flow, 
That  none  but  friends  your  heart  -man  know'. 

Lovingly  take  this  birthday  souvenir, 
And  for  my  sake  esteem  it  dear! 

"May  the  morn  of  thy  birth  break  in  glad- 

ness. and  the  day  teem  with  •light-hearted 

mirth  that  shall  last  always." 


True  love  shall  live  thro*  sorrow's  -wintry  storm, 
And  bloom  afresh  on  this  glad  Ch-ristmas  morn" 

*  Christmas  iscoming,and  what  will  it  bring? 
Many  a  pleasant  and  gladdening  thing! 
Meetings  and  greetings,  and  innocent  mirth: 
All  that  is  brightest  and  best  on  the  earth." 

"AsChristmas  of  ferings  meet  your  eyes, 
Still  closer  be  sweet  friendship's  ties." 
*«  Oh  joyous  be  your  Christmas-tide, 

And  bring  your  New  Year  too; 
To  you  may  love  ne'er  be  denied; 

May  all  your  friends  be  true." 
Be  ol  good  cheer,  for  Christmas  comes  but  once  a  year. 


"Oh!  may  thy  Christmas  happy  be, 

And  naught  but  joy  appear, 

Js  'now  the  wish  I  send  to  thee, 

And  all  I  love  most  dear." 

^Oh  bird  so  softly  -singing 
Your  song  of  pleasant  days, 
C-o  sing  to  her  I  fondly  love, 

Through  the  wintry  cold  and  bare. 
When  the  heart  is  light,the  days  are  bright, 

And  the  sun  seems  ever  neari 
So  sing  her  your  lay  this  Christmas  day, 
And  through  all  the  bright  New  Year.'* 
'''Now  Christmas  comes  with  hearty  cheer. 

May  kindly  thoughts  90  round, 
And  bring  to  you  a  glad  New  Year, 
With  peace  and  plenty  crowned." 
"Christmas  comes,  let  every  hear* 
!n  Christmas  customs  bear  a  party 
The  'old'  be'younp,'  the  sad  be  gay, 
And  smiles  chase  every  car*  away." 
"May  health  and  joy,  and  peace  be  thin* 

Upon  this  Christmas  day, 
And  happy  faces  round  thee  shine 
As  plenteous  as  the  flowers  in  May." 


"On  the  broad  highway  of  action* 

Friends  of  worth  are  far  arid  few; 
But  when  one  has  proved  her  friendship, 

Cling  to  her  who  clings  to  you." 
**  There  are  few  friends  in  this  wide  world 

Whose  love  is  fond  and  true; 
But ,when  you  count  thrni  o'er, 

Place  me  among  the  few." 
"  In  future  years,  should  trusted  friend* 

Depart  like  summer  birds; 
And  all  the  comfort  memory  lends. 

Is  false  and  honeyed  words, 
Turn  then  to  me  who  fain  would  prove, 

However  thy  lot  be  cast, 
That  naught  his  heart  can  ever  move 

From  friendship  of  the  past." 
•In  the  evening  of  life,  cherish  the  njmen 

brance  of  one  who  loved  thee  in  its  morning. 
'Let  not  OUT  friendship  be  like  the rose,to sever; 
But,  I  ike  the  evergreen,  may  it  last  forever." 

"  A  day  for  toil,  an  hour  for  sport, 
But  for  a  friend  life  is  too  short." 

'Thick  waters  show  no  images  of  things; 
Friends  are  each  others  mirrors,  and  should  be 
Clearer  than  crystal,  or  the  mountain-springs, 
And  free  from  clouds,  design,  or  flattery." 

•A  generous  friendship  no  cold  medium  knows, 
t  burns  with  one  love, with  one  reseritment  9lows." 


24 


V|Urv\Or\OljS. 

"Sailing   down  the  stream  of  life, 
.  In  your  little  bark  canoe, 
May  you-  have- a  pleasant  trip, 
:    With  just  room  enough  for  two." 

"Man  may  be  happy,  if  he  will, 

I've  said  it  often,  and  I  think  so  still; 
Roses  may  smooth  life's  journey,  and  adorn; 
-But  thou  hast  full  leave  to  tread  upon  a  thorn.' 
**  Oread  fevers  burn,  and  ague  freezes, 

Rheumatics  gnaw,  and  colic  squeezes; 
8uHhou,toothache,surely  bear's*  the  bell, 
And  hast  thy  place  with  the  priests o* hell.' 

*•  The  world  is  full  of  fools, 

An  h«  who  would  none- view- 
Must  shut  himself  in  a  cave, 
And  break  his  mirror  too." 

«•  Your  arithmetic  only  can  trip, 

When  to  kiss  and  to  count  you  endeavor; 
But  eloquence  glows  on  your  lip, 

When  you.swearthat  you'll  love  me  forever: 
"'Come,o/t-r\\«, Spring!  ethereal  wN&ww,come!' 
0!  Thompson, vo'id  of  rhyme  as  well  as  reason, 
How  couldst  thou  thus  poor  human  nature  hum? 
There's  no  such  season. 
The  Spring!  I  shrink  and  shudder  at  her  name! 
For  why,  I  find  her  breath  a  bitter  blighter! 
And  suffer  from  her  ^\w*»%  as  if  they  came 
-From  Spring  the  Fighter." 

"May  your  cheeks  retain  their  dimples, 

May  your  heart  be  just  as  gay, 

Until  some  manly  voice  shall  whisper, 

"Dearest",  will  you  name  the  day?'  " 


"I  care  not  much  for  gold  or  land, 

Give  me,  a  mortpag*  here  and  there, 
Some  good  bank  stock- some  note  of  hand, 

Or  trifling  railroad  share, 
I  only  ask  that  Fortune  send 
A  little  more  than  I  can  spend.** 
**  A  long  life,  and  a  happy  one; 
A  tall  man,  and  a  jolly  one- 
Like— well —  you  know  who!" 


"Love  me  little,  love  me  long, 

Do  not  flirt,  for  it  is  wrong.** 

"The  heart  that  has  truly  loved  never  forgets, 

But  as  truly  loves  on  to  the  close." 
"I  bring  -no  gift  of  passion,  I  breathe  no  tone  of  love, 
But  the  freshness  and  khe  purity  of  a  feelinp  far  above; 
I  love  to  turn  to  thee^arrgirl,  as  one  within  whose  heart 
Earth  hath  no  stain  of  vanity,  and  fickehiess  no  (art.' 

"Dost  thou  know,  love,  that  thy  smile- 
Makes  the  whole  world  bright  for 'me? 

Just  as  sunrise  pours  a  sudden 
Purple  glory  on  the  sea. 

Ah!    had  I  that  power,  ever 
Should  the  world  look  bright  to  thee." 
!t  When  words  we  wa-nt,  love  teacheth  to  indite; 
And  what  we  blush  to  speak,  she  bids  us  writ*." 

"  Rank  is  good,  and  gold  is  fair, 
And  high  and  low  mate  ill; 
But  love  has  never  known  a  law 
Beyond  its  own  sweet  will." 

"  Love,  I  ife's  fine  centre,  includes  heart  andm'md.' 


"Precious  and  lovely,  I  yield  her  to  the*; 

Take  her, the  gem  of  thy  dwelling  to  be. 

She  who  was  ever  my  solace  and  pride, 

Flees  fron\  my  bosom  to  cl'mg  to  thy  side' 
There's  a  bliss  beyond  all  that  -minstrel  has  told, 

When  two  that  are  linked  in  one  heavenly  tie 
With  heart  never  changing,  and  brow  never  cold 

Love  on  through  all  ills,  and  love  till  they  die." 

"Wedlock's  as<tucy,  sad,  f  ami  liar  state, 
Where  f  ol  ks  are  very  apt  to  scold  and  hate-:— 
Love  keeps  a -modest  distance1,  is  divine, 
Obliging,  and  says  cvVy  thing  that's  fine! 

"Misses!  the  tale  that  I  relate 
This  lesson  seems  to  carry — 
Choose  not  alone  a  proper  mate, 
But  proper  time  to  marry." 
'"Marriage  from  love,  like  vinegar  from  wine — 
A  sad,  sour,  sober  beverage — by  time 
Is  sharpened  from  its  high  celestial  flavor 
Down  to  a  very  homely  household  savor.1 


"On  this  New  Year's  morning 
My  wishes  take  their  flight, 

And  wing  to  thee  a  greeting 
That  would  make  all  things  bright." 

«« We  cannot  look  into  the  future, 

We  cannot  tell  if  the  flew  Year 
Will  bring  us  fresh  sorrows  t« -mourn  oV 

Or  bring  us  fresh  blessings  to  cheer." 
•*  For  friends  we  strive  to  pitrce 

The  future,  dense  and  dark, 
But  not  a  ray  of  light 

We  see,  nor  faintest  spark; 
But  yet  while  we  have  faith  to  cheer, 

We  trusting  wish  'A  bright  New  Year?  " 

"0  childhood  is  a  golden  time, 

When  all  the  world  is  bright, 
When  sunshine  conies  with  every  mom 

Sweet  dreams  with  every  night. 
Were  I  a  fairy,  I  would  give 

To  thee  a  magic  kiss, 
That  should  ensure  for  the  New  Year, 

As  fair  a  time  as  this." 

"  Health  and  prosperity 

Your  life  *o  cheer, 
With  every  blessing 
For  the  bright  New  Year."     - 


"One  port, methinks, alike  weseek, 

One  purpose  hold  where'er  we  fare; 
0  bounding  breeze.  0  rushing  seas, 

At  last,  at  last  unite  us  there." 
"  Full  many  a  gem  of  purest  ray  serene 

The  dark,  un  fathomed  caves  of  ocean  bear; 

Full  many  a  flower  is  bom  to  blush  unseen, 

And  waste  its  sweetness  on  the  desert  air.' 

'When  the  name  r  wrrt#  here  is  d'rm  on  the  page, 
And  the  leaves  of  your  album  are  yellow  with  age, 
Still  think  of  me  kindly,  and  do  not  forget 
That,  wherever  I  am,  I  remember  you  yet." 

"  The  massive  gates  of  circumstance 
Are  turned  upon  the  slightest  hinge, 

And  thus  some  seeming  pettyest  chance, 
Oft  gives  to  life  its  after  tinge." 


"Thanksgiving-Day  again  is  here, 
And  Turkey  is  the  leading  question; 

I  wish,  with  heartiness  sincere,  _ 
That  you  may  have  good  digestion." 


^There  is  a  kind  of  gratitude  in  thanks, 
arren.and  bring  forth  but  words? 


Though  it  be  barre 


"Hours  are  golden  links-C-od's  token- 
Reaching  heaven,  but  one  by  one; 
Take  them,  lest  the  chain  be  broken 
Ere  thy  pilgrimage  be  done." 
'We  should  count  lime  by  heart-throbs; 
most  liyes  who  thinks  most,  speaks  the  i 
blest,  acts  the  best." 

"Lost,  yesterday,  somewhere  between  su 
rise  and  sunset,  two  golden  hours,each 
set  with  sixty  diamond  -minutes.  No  rewar 
offered,  for  they  are  gone  forever '" 

"  The  lapse  of  time  and  rivers  is  the  same; 
Both  speed  their  journey  with  a.  restless  stream; 
The  silent  pace  with  which  they  steal  away 
No  wealth  can  bribe,  no  prayers  persuade  to  stay 

"May  the  morn  of  thy  life  be  bright  an 
joyous,  the  noontide  peaceful  and  happ, 
and  the  Sunset  gloriously  hopeful,  is  th 
wish  of  your  friend."  - 

PA£E. 

'•Precious  book  of  charming glaw, 
G-ems  ot thought  may  here  be  cast,, 

Names  tr:at  time  may  not  erase, 
Pleasant  mementos  of  the  past." 

*'0o  forth  thou  little  volume, 

I  leave  thee  to  thy  fate; 
To  love  and  friendship  truly, 

Thy  leaves  to  dedicate." 

"G-o,  little  book,  thy  destined  course  pursue, 
Collect  memorials  of  the  just  and.  tru«, 
And  beg  of  every  friend  so  near 
Some  token  of  remembrance  dear." 

"My  dear  friends,  there  it  an  Album. 

Full  of  leaves  of  snowy  white, 
Where  no  name  is  ever  tarnished* 

But  forever  pure  and  bright. 
In  that  Book  of  Life,  Ood's  Album, 

May  your  name  be  penned  with.ea* 
And  may  aJJ  who  herein  write, 

Have  their  names  forever  there. 


"  May  God's  mercy  ever  guide  thee, 
Safe  o'er  all  thy  thorny  road; 

And  His  grace,  what'er  betide  the*, 
Lead  thee  home  to  His  abode." 

"May  your  life  be  like  the  snowflakt,wi«h 
leaves  a  mark,  but  not  a  stain." 

"May  happiness  ever  be  thy  lot, 
Wherever  thou  sha.lt  be;    . 

And  joy  and  pleasure  light  the  spot 

That  may  be  home  to  thee." 

'May  Heaven  on  you  its  choicest  blessmos  showei; 

is  the  sincere  wish  of  your  friend." 

"  Roses,  without  thorns,  for  thee." 
"May  your  days  in  joy  be  passed 

With  friends  to  bless  ana"  chter, 
And  each  year  exceed  the  last 

In  all  that  earth  holds  dear." 

"May  Future  with  her  kindestsmile, 
Wreath  laurel*  for  thy  brow; 

May  loving  angels  ouard  and  keepthea 
Ever  pure  as  thou  art  now." 

May  He  who  hath  pencilled  the  leaves  1*$ 
>eauty,  given  the  flowers  their  bloom,  and 
ent  music  to  the  <ay  of  the  timid  blf<l 
aciously  remember  thee  in  -that  dap 

when  He  shall  gather  His  jewels." 
'May  the  chain  of  friendship  formed 
)y  the  links  which  are  dropped  here^u- 
nite  you  more  closely  in  spirit  with  *.' 
•friends  who  have  worked  it," 


As  you  are  -now, 

so  once  was  I) 
As  I  am  tiow, 

you  soon  shall  be. 
Sooner  or  later, 

herein  you'll  lie; 
Then  be  prepared 

to  Jollow 


Must  Jesus  bear 

the  cross  alone, 
And  all  the  world 

90  free? 
No;  there's  a  cross 

for  every  one,, 
And  Hie-re's  across 

for  me. 
The  consecrated  cros! 

I'll  bear 
Till  death  shall  set 

me  free, 
And  then  go  home 

my  cTowti  to  wear 
For  there's  a  crown 

for  me. 


Where  immortal 
spirits  reipri, 

There  we  shall 
meet  a9ain." 


Mitinie. 

"Sh«  fa.lt- 

ered  by  the 

wayside.andthe 

Angels  took 

htr  how«.M 


Our 
Molher. 

D  ied  May  3,1916- 
AOED  70  YEARS. 


LILLIE, 

Infant  daujhttrof 


'Oyinj  is  but 
9oing  home." 


LITTLE  EDDY, 

—  DIED— 
October  10, 1937. 
ApedSY'saSM's. 

'''Tis  a  little  jrtve, 

bat  0,  have  care, 
For  world-wide  hopes 

are  buried  there-, 
How  much  of  light, 

how  math  ot'joy, 
Is  buried  with  a 

darlinj  boy." 


ANDREWOOX, 

Deceitiberl9,l9n. 
Aged  36  Year*. 


LENA  WEST, 

ENTERED  SPIRIT Lirt 

October  17,1947. 
A9ed2lY's,3M's. 

"0  land  beyond  the 
settin9  sun! 

0  realm  more  Mr 
than  poets  dream! 

How  clear  thy  silvery 
streamlets  run, 

glories  gleam!" 


BORN, 

November  4, 1893. 

OIEO, 

December  19, 1931. 

He  died  as  he  lived- 
a  Christian. 


The  AncjelscaMed 
him  on  a  sun- 
ny  day, 
September  1,1933. 

MED4Y'S)3M'S,6D'S. 

"This  lovely  bud, 

so  young,  so  (air, 
Galled  hence  by 

early  doom, 
Jast  came  to  show 

how  sweet  a  flower 
In  Paradise  would 

bloom." 


Husband  of 

E.E.Stephenson. 
Born  Oct.  1, 1907. 
Died  May 3,197 1. 

""Heaven's 
eternal  year  is 
thine!* 


I      STEPHENSON. 


DAVID  D.PORTEB 

Admiral  U.S.N. 
Died  Feb.13,1891. 
A9ed  79  Years. 


Edward  M. 

SON  OF 


-DIED— 

March  17,  1941. 
A9cd  HY's.SM'S. 


H.J.BELDEN, 

CAPT.OF 

5lst  Regiment 
I II.  Volunteers, 

Killed  at  the  Battle 
of  Perryvilla, 

October  8, 1 864. 


F\.lV[.r|ANCOCK, 

-DIED- 
February7,l899. 

A9ed 
59Y's,3M's,4D's. 


ISABEL  B.  HUNT, 

BORN  INTO  SUMMER  UNO 

September  1,192.7. 
Aped  ISY's.lM's. 

"Amiable. 

she  won  all; 

intellio;ent,she. 

charmed  alljfervent, 

she  loved  all; 

and  dead,she 

saddened 

all." 


Sixteenth 

President  oft  he 
United  States, 

Born 
February  IZ,I809. 

Died 
April  15,1865. 


"Happy  infant,  early  blest? 
Rest  m  peaceful  slumbers, rest.  * 

"  Swret  flower,transplarited  to  a  clime 
Where  never  comes  the  blight  of  time." 

"To  us  for  sixteen  anxious  months, 

His  infant  smile  was  given, 
And  then  he  bad«  farewell  to  earth 

And  went  to  live  in  heaven." 
"Ere  sin  could  blight,  or  sorrow  fade.i 

Death  came  with  friendly  care; 
The  opening  bud  to  heav'n  conveyed, 
And  bade  it  blossom  there." 


'Wfe  shall  all  90  home  to  OUT  Father's  house, 

To  OUT  Father's  house  in  the  skies, 
Where  the  hope  of  OUT  souls  shall  have  no  btyht, 

And  our  love  no  broken  ties} 
We  shall  roam  on  the  banks  of  the  River  of  Peace, 

And  bathe  m  Us  blissful  tide; 
And  one  of  the  joys  of  OUT  heaven  shall  be 

The  little  boy  that  died." 
"  Suffer  little  children  to  come  unto  m«." 

"  TheTe,  in  the  Shepherd's  bosom. 

White  as  the  drifted  snow, 
Is  the  little  lamb  we  missed  one  mom, 
From  the  household  flock  below." 

"Of  such  is  the  kingdom- of  Heaven." 

"My  Lord  hath  need  of  these  f  low'rets  gay'' 

The  Reaper  said,  and  smiled; 
"Dear  tokens  of  the  earth  arethi 


Where  He  was  once  a  child. 


ley, 


'  The  morning  flowers  display  their  sweets, 

And  gay  their  silken  leaves  unfold; 
As  careless  of  the  noonday  heats, 

And  fearless  of  the  evening  cold. 
Nipped  by  the  wind's  unkindly  blast, 

Parch'd  by  the  sun's  directe-r  ray, 
The  momentary  glories  waste, 

The  short-lived  beauties  die  away." 


Father 
Our  Mother. 

"I-M  after  Time  we'll  meet  Her." 
'Wer  children  rise  up  and  call  her  blessed." 

"  We  loved  her." 
'Sweet  is  the  image  of  the  brooding  dove; 

Holy  as  heaven  is  a  mother's  tender  love. 
Soon  did  these  eyes  their  trembling  lustre  close, 
And  welcomed  the  dreamless  nijhlof  lory  repose! 
I  know  hisface  is  hid-Underthe  coffin  lid; 
Closed  are  his  eyes;  cold  is  his  forhead  fair. 
My  hand  that  marble  fdt-OYr  it  in  prayer  I  knelt; 
Yet  my  heart  whispers  that— he  is  not  here.' 

«g~   *^cc:   e*    *..,    ^..c,. 


Darling  Sister. 

"Rest,  OaTlinp  Sister,  Rest." 

r'Yet,  though  thouwearU  the  glory  of  the  sky, 

We  know  thou'lt  keep  the  same  beloved  name; 

The  same  fair,  thoughtful  brow  and  gentle  eye, 

Lovlier  in  heaven's  sweet  climate,  yet  the  same." 

"Shed  not  for  her  the  bitter  tear, 

Nor  give  the  heart  to  vain  regret, 
'Tis  but  the  casket  that  lies  here, 
The  gem  that  filled  it  sparkles  yet/ 

"  She  was  but  as  a  smile, 

Which  glistens  in  a  teaT, 
Seen  but  a  little  while, 
But,  oh!  how  loved,  how  dear!' 

"  Death  lies  on  her,  I  ike  an  untimely  frost 
Upon  the  sweetest  flower  of  all  the  field." 
"  Early, bright, transient, chaste  as  moming dew, 
She  sparkled,  was  exhal'd.and  went  to  heaven." 

"The  day  without  a  cloud  hath  pass'd, 
And  thou  wert  lovely  to  the  last; 
Extinguish'd,  not  decay 'd! 
As  stars  that  shoot  along  the  sky 
Shine  brightest  as  they  fall  from  high." 


"  We  saw  -not  the  Angels  who  met  him  there, 

The  gates  of  the  city  we  could  not  see. 
Over  the  river,  over  the  river, 
My  darling  stands  waiting  to  welcome  me," 

"So  the  bird  of  my  bosom  fluttered  up  to  the  dawn, 
A  window  was  opened— my  darling  was  gone! 
A  truant  from  time, from  tears,  and  from  sin. 
For  the  angel  on  watch  took  the  wanderer  in'.' 
"From  meadows  farmed  by  heaven^  life-bieathrnj  wind, 
In  the  resplendence  of  that  glorious  sphere, 
And  larger  movements  of  the  unfettered  mind, 
Dome  darling,  oft,  and  meet  me  here." 

*"  Death  loves  a  shining  nark." 

"Death  is  the  gate  of  life.'* 

"  G-one  before  us,  0  our  bTotheT, 

To  the  spbi*  land! 
Vainly  look  we  for  another, 
In  thy  place  to  stand." 
"  Known  and  unknown,  human,  divine, 
Sweet  darling  hand, and  lips  and  eye; 
Dear  heavenly  one,  thou  canst  not  die, 
Mine,  mine  foTever,  ever  mine." 


"Christ  is  my  hope." 

"There  shall  be  no  Night  there." 

"  He  carries  the  lambs  in  his  bosom." 

cl  love  them  that  love  me,  and  they  that  seek 
-me  early  shall  find  we." 

"Judoenot  the  LoTd  by  feeble  sense, 

But  trust  Him  for  His  grace; 
Behind  a  frowning  pTOvidence, 
He  hides  a  smiling  face." 

11  Not  thus  his  nobler  patt  shall  dwell 

A  prisoner  in  this  narrow  cellj 
But  he,  whom  we  now  hide  from  men, 
With  youth  renewed, shall  live  aga'm." 
Though  I  walk  through  the  valley  of  the- 
shadow  of  death,  I  will  fear  no  evil,for 
Thou  art  with  me." 


"Thy  rod  and  Thy  staff,  they  comfort  me." 
'Sweet  is  the  scene  when  virtue  dies! 
When  sinks  a  righteous  soul  to  rest, 
How  mildly  beam  the  closing  eyes, 
How  gently  heaves  the  expanding  breast!" 


"He-re  I  lay  -my  burden  down, 
Change  the  cross  into  the  crown." 

I  shall  know  the  loved  who  have  gone  before, 
And  joyfully  sweet  will  the  meeting  be, 

When  over  the  river,  the  peaceful  river, 
The  angel  of  death  shall  carry  me." 

"Because  I  lived, ye  shall  live  also.** 
"Dear  is  the  spot  where  Christians  sleep, 
And  sweet  the  strains  that  angels  pour. 
0!  why  should  we  in  anguish  weep? 
They  are  not  lost,  but  gone  before." 

"l  am  the  resurrection  and  the  life.'* 
"Life's  duty  done,  as  sinks  the  day* 
Light  from  its  load  the  spirit  flies; 
White  heaven  and  earth  combine  to  say. 
How  blest  the  righteous  when  he  dies.1* 

"Hegiveth  his  beloved  sleep." 


**  G-reen  Be  the  turf  above  thee, 

Friend  of  my  better  days; 
None  knew  thee  but  to  love  thee, 
NOT  named  thee  but  to  pTaise." 
"  By  foreign  hands  thy  dying  eues  we*  clos'dj 
By  foreign  hands  thy  decent  limbs  compos' 
By  foreign  hands  thy  humble  grave  adorn 
By  strangeTs  honor'd,and  by  strangers 

"All   is  Well." 
"We  will  Meet  again." 
"Over  in  the  Summer  Land." 
*'  Farewell  to  thee,  my  house  of  clay! 
Long  have  we  two  been  bound  together, 
But  1  forsake  thy  porch  to-dau, 
And  yield  thee  up  to  wind  and  weather. 
Sleep,  sleep  at  last!  thy  sleep  shall  be 
My  rest,  my  strength,  my  victory." 

"Absent,  not  Dead." 

-"  Rest  in  peace,  thou  gentle  spirit, 

Throned  above- 
Souls  like  thine  withG-od  inherit 
Life  and  love." 

"  G-one.  Home." 

"  Death,  thou  art  but  another  brrtfr, 
Freeing  the  spirit  from  the  clogs  of  earth? 

"0  Death|where  is  thy  sting?   0  Gravel 

where  is  thy  victory?" 
"  G-onc,  bu-t  not  forgotten." 

"A  happier  lot  than  ours,  and  larger  ligh* 
surrounds  thee  there." 

"  Life  is  real,  life  is  earnest, 

And  the  grave  is  not  its  goal; 

'Dust  thou  art,  to  dust  retumest, 

Was  not  spoken  of  the  soul." 

"  We  only  know  that  thou  hast  9one, 

And  that  the  same  returnless  tide, 
Which  bore  thee  from  us,still  glides  on, 
And  we,  who  mourn  thee,  with  it  glide." 

"The  Morning  Cometh." 
"Where  inrmortal  spirits  reign, 
There  we  shall  meet  again." 
'The  sands  are  numbered  that  made  up  my  life." 
"The  boast  of  heraldry,  the  pomp  of  power, 
And  all  that  beauty,  and  all  that  wealth eerj 
Await  alike  the  inevitable  hour, 
The  paths  of  glory  lead  but  to  the  grave." 

"G-ood-bye,  proud  world!   I'm  going  home, 

Thou  art  not  my  friend,  and  I'm  not  thine? 
"  Sleep  the  sleep  that  knows  no  breaking, 
Morn  of  toil,  nor  night  of  waking." 

"  Death  is  only  kind  to  mortals." 


!•«  the  ta.ble,Board  amd  Plank  Measimwetit,  *he  Xavio/XV  is  91  ven  at  the  top;  the  W\fc\\\ 
at  Hie  le/*,  and  also  iti  the  body  of the  table.  If  the  dirnensions  of  any  board  evceed  the 
dimensions  9iven  in  the  table, take  any  two  dirnensions,and  add.  To  find  the  feet  in 
a  board,  take  the  length  at  the  top,  and  descend  the  col  twin  to  the  required  width 
(shown  by  the  small  back-hand  11  amber),  where  is  /ou.nd  the  number  o//eet  and  inch- 
es.l+i  the  other  tables, fractions  of  a  foot  are  dropped  if  less  than/4;  added  \f  more. 


chief  requisites  oU  business 
Her  ire  clearness,  conciseness 
and  explicit-ness.  There  should 
be  nothing  defective,  s  uperf  lu- 
pus, or  ambiguous.  In  reply- 
ing to  a  letter  take  up  the 
different  items  and  answer 
them  in  the  same  order  K  they 
are  contained  therein.  The  corre- 
spondent should  be  familiar  with  the 
wants  of  his  customer  and  the  details  of 
he  business  he  represents.  It  is  a  point  of  ver- 
y  great  importance  that  all  orders  given  be 
clear  .and  explicit.  Every  letter  should  speak, 
as  it  were,  for  itself,  and  qive  all  the  necessa- 
ry particulars  of  the  transaction  to  which  it 
refers. 


Peru,  Ind.,  Nov.  1,19- 


MVssns.CoNWAY,  Logan  «  Co., 

671  Market  St.,  Chicaqo. 


•.-  Please  forward  to  my  address, 

Hj  express,  the  following: 

'  Copy  Spurqeon's  Sermons "&2.00 

»  Webster's  Academic  Dictionary  .  .  2.50 

"  Pilgrim's  Progress 1 .25 

"  The  Golden  Dawn 3.50 

"  Soul's  Synonumes 2.00 

-QT  which  I  enclose  money  order. 
Very  respectfully, 

W.H.KNAUSE. 

Jacksonville,Ari.,Man  1,19—. 
MESSRS.  BROWN  £  HOWARD, 

NewYork. 

'.-Please  send  me,  by  express,the 
•Ollowing: 

2  Lancaster  Spreads  ($3.50) 3.7.00 

3  doz.  Napkins 9.00 

'2  yds.  Calico,  white  with  pinkdot(25c)    3.00 
2  »  "        W      »         3.00 

fine  Lady's  hem-stitched  Handkerchief .      1.00 

4  pairs  Lady's  Cotton  HoselSOc).  .  .  .      2.00 

Collect  on  delivery. 

Yours  truly, 

J.K.  ARMSTRONG-. 
3.       $W^"TO  KfcNjyWYtJR.. 

Gettysbu.rg,Pa.,  Sept.  9, 19— 
MESSRS.  Walters  .£  Co. 
Detroit,  Mich. 

•.-Please  send  me  by  express,C.O.D., 


one  all  wool  suit,  for  boy  ten  years  of  aqe,  to  cost 
about  T«-n  or  Twelve  Dolla.T5,also  an  overcoat  the- 
cost  of  which  is  about  Nine  Dollars.  Please  en- 
close rules  for  self-measurement  with  parcel  ind 
obliqe. 


Kokomo,  Ind., May  10,19— 
Oeo.H.  Taylor,  Esq. 

Indianapolis,  Ind. 

^w  <a\v.-  Please  deliver  to  the  bearer,  with 
bill  of  cost,  the  following: 
30  Ibs.  Granulated  Sugar, 
10  Ibs.  English  Breakfast  Tea, 
3  I  bs.  Java  Coffee,  -roasted, not  ground, 
2  boxes  Ivory  Soap, 
6  qals.  Maple  Sirup, 
I  bbl.  Flour,  "Drifted  Snow." 
Charge  in  acct.,and  oblige, 
Yours,  etc. 

S.T.WlNFIELDER. 


FTuitville,0.,Oct.l3,19— . 
K/!ESSRS.SUMNER<CCO. 

Cincinnati,0. 

v«\.exv.-Youi  favor  of  the  8th  inst. 
JauM.Montichortis.  received.  I  have  today  shipped  to  your  con- 
si  qnment Three  Hundred  Barrels  of  Apples, 
(Rhode  Island  Greens),  by  the  C.C.CX  L  R.R.,due 
in  your  city,  at-  their  depot,  on  -trte  15th  inst. 
Please  take  them  in  charge  and  sejl  to  the 
best  advantaqe,  holding  proceeds  subject  to 
my  order. 

Advise  me  upon  receipt  of  fruifc. 
I  am  yours,  etc. 

Charles  Teele. 


Chico,Cal.,Nov.l,l9— . 
Mr.  JjLS.McKee, 

San  Francisco,  Cal. 

^t«S\v.— By  return  nia.il,  please  send 
the  following  pieces  of  music;. money  order, 
covering  cost,  is  herewith  enclosed. 
Falling  Leaves, by  E.C. Bliss.  .  .  .  .*0.40 
Early  Violets,  ten  short  pieces,  by 
G-oodrich,  published  by  John.  D. 
Smith,  each  25c.,  2.50 

Bugle  Sonq,  buj  Hymen  Lloyd  .  .  .       .50 
&3.40 

Your  earliest  attention  will  greatly  oblige, 
Yours  truly, 

Stephen  Barn  ley. 


A.R.BENTON,Esa. 

Chicago,  III. 


-.-  I  have  a  large  quantity  of  fine 
irithe  hands 


apples  that-  1  would  like  to  place  iri 
f  i    ood  Commission  Merchant 


Would  you  be  kind  enough  to  qive  my  ad- 
dress to  some  good  party,  directing  them 
to  report  present  state  of  the  market,  and 
advise  what  expense  attends  the  hauling  of 
the  fruit  after  arrival? 

I  am.  etc., 

Martin  C.Chesneal. 


Rome,  G-a^Jan.  10, 19—; ; 
MESSRS.  Wai  ton  <€  Whisler, 

Atlanta,Ga. 

^«rt\X\<tvcvtx\-.-  I  have  recently  leased  a  store- 
in  this  place,  which  I  am  at  present;  fitting 
up  and  stocking  with  a  fine  selection  of" 
Fancy  Groceries.  Please  oblige  me  with  your 
price  list -and  best  terms. 

I  am  respectfully  yours, 

JOSEPH  ARNOLD. 


Atlanta,  &a.,Jan.!2, 19— . 
JOSEPH  ARNOLD,  Esa., 

Rome,G-a. 

•.-Yours  of  the  10th  inst.  received. 
We  enclose  price  list  with  terms  marked  I, 
the  several  lines.  We  believe  you  can  make 
a  satisfactory  selection  from  our  stock,  and 
would  like  for  you  to  examine  it  if  you  can 
find  it  convenient  to  do  so.  If  not,  we  shall 
endeavor  to  fill  any  order  with  which  y.ou 
may  favor  us,  agreeable  with  instructions 
We  shall  require  Bank  Draft  on  N.Y.,for  the-  a- 
mount  of  the  order,  or  good  reference. 
We  are  respectfully, 

Walton  &Wh  is  ler. 


DesMoi-nes,la.,  Ja.n.1,19-. 
n  your  city.  MR.&EO.  R.HouSER, 

Clinton,  la. 


^w'avv.-You  will  oblige  me  by  stating 
that  if  Mr.  Henry  Roads,  of -the  firm  oiW. 
C.Kring*Co.,  of  your  city,  is  known  to 
you,  and  deserving  of  credit. 
Yours  very -truly, 

Seym  our  Bros. 


30 


r  Two  Hundred  DoUars£i200),  which  please 
*ce  to  OU.T  credit.  The  balatjce^  shall  try  to  wnit 
by  the  31st  inst. 

We  remain  yours,  etc., 

HERALD  *  LIN&TRY. 


Gran  d  Forks,h.O.,  Feb.  1,  1  9  —. 


St.  Paul,  Minn. 

/.-Having  established  a  business 
here  which  isTapidly  increasing,  we  »re  desir- 
ous of  opening  an  account  with  your  house. 
We  should  be  hippy  to  receive  from  you  a. 
ist  of  youT  goods,  with  your  terms  to  the 
trade,  and  enclose  our  own  terms  for  set- 
•lernent. 

Should  you  feel  willing  to  make  an  arrange- 
nent  with  us, . Mr. C has. Munger,  of  your 
ity,  will  qive  you  any  infoTmation  desired 
with  regard  to  the  condition  of  our  affairs. 
Hoping  to  heaT  from  you  soon,  we  are, 
Respectfully 

JONES  <Carl«ton. 

St.Paul,Minn.,Feb.4,!9- 
MESSRS.  JONES  £  Carleton, 
Or  and  For.ks,N.D. 

-.-  Your  favOT  of  the  1st  inst.  TC- 
ceived.  We  should  be  pleased  to  open  an  ac- 
count with  you  upon  your  usual  terms  of 
tettiement,  and  enclose  you  the  desired  list 
ikh  terms  for  the  trade. 
Any  ordeT  with  which  you  may  favor  us 
ill  be  promptly  filled,  and,  we  feel  quite  con 
fident,  to  your  satisfaction. 
We  are,  gent-lemen, 

Very  truly  yours, 

MERRILL, SMITH  4  Co.  • 


Sa-n  FranciscojCal.,  April  6,19— 
MESSRS.  PERKINS, JON ES< Co, 

Tacoma,  Wash. 

fcevX\ef(\t-tv.-  According  to  your  order  of  the 
3rd  inst.wehive  shipped  you  this  day,  per9tei» 


To  OUR  PATRONS  AND  FRIENDS: 

We  cordially  and  specially  invite  the  atten- 
tion of  our  patrons  and  friends  to  our  new  dis- 
play of(\\m  <i\,ri,«.  \\vt  m>n  v$«Xx\V\vg.We  hive 
•met  with  swh  libeTalencouragement  during  the 
past  season,  and  our  efforts  to  meet  the  public 
demand  have  received  such  generous  support, 
we  feel  doubly  assured  our  present  slock  will 
prove  equally  inviting,  and  fully  is  desirable 
an  exhibit  as  any  we  have  heretofore  made. 


Augusta,Me.,Dec.l5,l9—  . 
BENJAMIN  SivuTH,Esa. 
Concord,  N.H. 
^evt  <b\v.-  We  have,  for  several  days  past,  been 
looking  for  a  remittance  from  you,  covering 
LJOUT  May  account,  and  as  the  necessity  of  -meet 
ing  our  own  engagements  punctually  is  ever 
before  us,  we  are  obliged  to  remind  you  that 
prompt  payments  are  requisite  and  indispen- 
s'tble  to  the  credit  system. 

We  are  youTS,etc., 

ALOEN*  MORTON. 
>& 


Concord,  N. 

MESSRS.  ALDEN  <  Morton, 
AugustajMe. 

l->ex\\tTo,w.-We  regret  extremely  our  delay  in 
meeting  promptly  the  payment  of  May  bills,  and 
can  only  excuse  ourselves  on  the  ground  of  bu 
sitiess  depression  and  subsequent  difficulty  in 
making.  col  lections.  I  herewith  enclose,  in  part 
payment  of  account  named,  bank  drift  on  N.Y. 


. 

State  of  Oregon, 
.  n 


ovive  01  Uicuuii) 

200  bbls.  nouTdJnfted  Snow), 
1 5  bbls.  Sweet  Potatoes, 
12  bbls.  Apples, (All marked  P.J.^C.) 
Trusting  thit  these  w'dl  prove  as  satisfactory 
s  those  heretofore  sent,  and  bring  as  good   a 
~\ct,  we  are, 

Yours  respectfully, 

G-REENE,TOBIN   4  Co. 


St.Louis,Mo^  June  19, 19—. 
MESSRS.MILLER<VANBUSKIRK, 

Springfield,  III. 

\\tw\n\v-  We  take  pleasure  in  enclosing 
you  today's  market  quotations.  You  will  notice 
he  sharp  advance  in  provisions  and  other 
ines.  The -prospects  are  that  pOTk  will  touch 
&22  before  26th  inst.j  other  poTk  products  aTe 
idvancinq  in  same  propoTtion,  dTied  fruits  and 
:anned  goods  are  also  rapidly  advancing,  and 
we  look  for  very  material  advances  before  long; 
ugaTS,syrups,coffees,  and  teas  are  a  shade  towex. 
vVe  would  advise  you  to  OTder  provisions, 
dried  fruits,  and  canned  goods  now,  if  you.  want 
a.ny,  a*  we  think  it  a  very  favorable  time  to 
luTChase.  OUT  Mr.  Newkirk  will  call  on  you, 
the  latter  part  of 'this  week,  and  we  will  be 
ileased  to  have  you  favor  him  with  an  order, 
we  remain, 

Yours  truly, 

LITTLE -€  Webb. 


G-alveston,Tex.,  July  "7,19— 

NNEV,COBURN  <CO., 

New  Orleans,  La. 

;v.—  Upon  examining  the  bill  accom 
panying  your  last  lot  of  goods,  I  find  I  am  charg 
:d  witn  six  dozen  pairs  of  cotton  hose  which 


I  -neither  ordered  nor  received.  I  enclose  the 
bill  and  a  copy  of  the  invoice  of  goods,  that 
;he  erroT  may  be  corrected.  I  am,  gentlemen, 
Yours  very  respectfully, 

IRA  OUNN. 


Montgomery,  All.,  Auo.4-,19  —  . 
MR.S.T.FER&USON, 


your  convenience 


I  have  waited  patiently 
in  the  payment  of  rent- 


POT  the  house  you  are  at  present-  occupying. 
\s,  however,  you  have  been  rny  tenant  foT 
Hvrze  months  without  meeting  any  of  the 
payments,  which  were  to  be  made  monthly,  1 
feel  obliged  to  remind  you  of  the  fact  that 
there  are  4fc>75  due  me. 

Trusting  that  you  will  give  the  matter  im- 
mediate attention,  1  am, 

Yours  truly, 

AMBROSE  Cooke- 


A.B.CuDE,Esq.,          Teey, 

Agent  AmeTic»nBookCo.,N.Y. 
^ew  <5«-.-  At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Ed- 
ucation of  this  city/'Harvey's  English  &Tarrrmar7 


was  adopted  for  use  in  our  Public  Schools. 
"Eclectic  History  of  the  U.S."  adopted  a  uerr 
ao,  is  givirig  the  best  of  satisfaction. 
YOUTS  respectfully, 
Byron  Sinclair, 


NewYork,  Oct.  15,19—. 
iX  MARSH, WELSH 4Co.,Vn^«:o\xvAX,. 
CMAS.FOX,  Jeffersonville,lnd. 


IOObblsApples,e*2.75,... 
PAID 

Freight  N.Y.C.R.R 

Driyiae  and  labor 

Commission, 5  per  cent..... 

Net  proceeds  to  your  credit 


106.75 


*l  68.25 


Jef  fwsonvl  1  1«,  hid,  Oc  t.25  J9-. 
M  ESSRS.  MarsH,  WELSH  4  Do., 
New  York. 

Qm\X\r«\c<v.-YouTS  of  the  15th  tTist.»vi*ri 
count  sales  100  bbls.  apples  TeceievEd.The;»K« 
were  satisfactory,  and  I  am  glad  were  so  pwiipj 
ly  rendered,  as  it  enaWes  me  to  prepaTe  anoth«T 
shipment,  and,  I  trust,  secure  the  favoTaWe  mar- 
ket you  Teport.  I  shall  try  to  have  them  hi  read- 
iness for  shipment  next  Wednesday,  30th  ins*. 
I  will  make  drafts  against  proceeds,  but  will 
notify  you  hereafter. 

I  am,  gentlemen,  youTs,jetc., 

CHAS.FOX. 


•  AWa-Tit*,  ln<L,  Ma.y  14,  1  9  —  . 

.S.WEBSTER, 

Boise-City,  Idaho. 

w'svx'.—  Entertaining  an  ideA  ofi 
grating  to  Idaho  City,  and  f-heTe  conducting  a 
business  shniliTf-o  your  own,  I  take  the  lib- 
erty of  an  old  friend  in  asking  your  opinion, 
on  that  location  foT  the  tTade,  and  shall  gTate- 
fully  acknowledge  any  information  you  can 
give  me  as  to  the  business  being  done  hi  that 
section  at  th*  present  time.  . 

Will  you  also-  oblige  me  with  yourviews 
as  to  the.  expediency  of  a  further  consideT*- 
tion  of  this  subject. 

I  am  sincerely  yours,. 

Clinton  Po-rter. 


*  Phoenix,  Ariz.,N  ov.  29,19 

MR.  SHELLY  TICHENOR, 

496  Broadway,  N.Y. 

t<s«\—  Please  find  enclosed  -money  order 
for  One  Dolla.Tf^l.00)  foT  which  send  to  my  ad- 
dress The  New  Era  f  OT  19—. 
Yours,  etc., 

CONflAO  SCHOPIELO. 


*» 

Jacksonville,Fla.,May  10,19—. 
M  ESSRS.  PAI  RCH  i  LO,&OOO  <&  Co^ 

Cincinnati,  0. 

^vtNvrmci^.—  Ifc  is  with  some  feeling  of  rejret 
that  we  announce  to  our  friends  the  re  I  in  - 
quishment  of  our  interest  in.  this  business  with 
the  expiration  of  next  month.'  Oar  stock  md 
ises  will  at  that  time  (June  27th)  be  transferred  to 
Pope  -4.  Co.,  whom  we  cheerfully  present  to  uotrmotice, 
arid  f«l  it  our  duty  to  recommend  them  for  a  con- 
tinuance of  your  confidence.  The  members  of: 
Yours  truly, 

ROWEN,D£AN 


War  of  the  Revolution 1 775  to  178  2 

Indian  War  in  Ohio  Territory I  790 

War  with  the  Barbary  States .  .  .  .1803  to  1804 

Tecumseh  Indian  War I  8  I  I 

War  with  Great  Britain 1 8  1 2  to  I  8  I  5 

AlqerinelA/ar 1815 


First  Seminole  War 1817 

Black  Hawk  War I  8  32  „ 

Second  Seminole  War I  845  W., . 

Mexican  War 1 846  to  I  848  Quaker  Hill,R.I 

Mormon  War. I  856  SavannahJrf,.  Dec.29, 

Civil  War....  ...186  I  to  I  865" 


0451 


Dutch  War I  673 

Kinq  Philip's  War 

King  William's  War.  . I  689 

Deerfield,  Mass. burned  by  Indians ! 

Haverhill, Mass. burned  by  Indians 

Tuscaroras  expelled  from  North  Carolina  .1713 

Queen  Anne's  War I  744 

French  and  Indian  War 1754  to  I  759 

Poniiac's  Conspiracy I  763 

Massacre  of  Wyoming 

Treaty  with  the  Six  Nations- .  .  . 
Tneaty  with  the  Delawares .... 

War  with  the  Crjeks 1813  to  1814 

War  with  the  Seminoles 1 835  to  I  842 

Cherokee  Removal 1 836  to  I  837 

Capture  of  Osceola 

Aroostook  Disturbance 1 838 to  1839 

Roque  River  Indian  War.  .  .  .  . 

Oregon  Indian  War 1 856 

Minnesota  Indian  War. I  862 

Chivinqton's  Massacre.  nearFt.Lyon.  .  .  1864 

Mo  doc  Disturbance. . '. I  873 

Caster  Defeat  by  Indians  .... 

Indian  Messiah  Craze  Disturbance  .  .  .  1890 


WHERE 

FOUGHT. 


Lexinqti-r,. 
Ticonderoga 
Bunker  HiU. 
Quebec  .  .  . 
NorfolkjVa,  . 
Boston,  .  .  . 
Ft.  Moid  trie. 
Lonq  Island. 
Harlem  Plains 
White  Plains. 
Ft.  Washington 
Trent  on,  M.J. 
Princeton.  . 


FOUGHX 


Jan.  3,-77 


Parker 
len 

rescot 

mery 
Woodf 


ApT.I9.-75 
MaylO,-75  A I 

aeivra;..... 

Detlfi,-75  Montqo 

Dec.9,-75 

Mch.l7,-76tomV\s\\iMi 

Je.«fcs|B3K5gL 

Aug.27,76  Putnam 
Sep".  16,76  Washington 
3r  t.28,-76  Washington 
Yov.16,-76  Magaw 

Dsc.26,76  Washington 


Washington 


De  La  pi  ace 


:VV\t 

Clinton 


Howe 
Howe 


Vtawhood 


A-mer. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Brit. 

Brit. 

t\\AV 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Amer. 


Hubbardton  . 
Ft.SchuijIer. 
Benninqton  . 
BraTidywi-ne.Pa. 


July  7,- 
ug.  6,  " 

Aug.  15," 


Jermantown. 

Stillwater,N.Y.' 
Ft.  Mercer, N.J. 
Red  Bank.N.J. 
Ft.Mifflin,P.a. 
Monmoath.  . 
Scrioharie,N.Y.July 
ijoming^Pi. 


Clinton 
Gates 

"  22',  "j Greene 
"  22,"  Greene 
Nov.l9,"|Thayer 
Je.  28,78lWashington  Cl 
(Brown 
Butler 
^•29;    ' 


5unbury,Ga. .  Jan.  9,79 
Cherry  Valley  NoitiiijTS 
Brier  C reek, Ga.  Mcfi.  3,79  Ashe 

I  676KettleCreek,Ga.  Feb.  14,"  Pickens 
Stony  FmijiS.C.  Je.  20,  "  Lincoln 
nyPoint,N.Y?jJulyl6, 

I  708  Penobscot,Me. 
PaulusHook,N.l 
"hemu-ng,N.Y.-   "29,: 
Savannah,Ga.  Oct.  9,' 
CliarlestcTi,S.C.  Mayl2;80)LJ 

!778Waxhaw,S.C..    "  29,'    " 
Springfield,^ J.  Je.23,: 

I  804  Rocky  Mount  JuJy30,' 

Hanging  Rock,S.C.  Ai     " 

Sander<s&rtk,S.C.    ' 
Fishino  Creek 
sMourt 


I  937  Kinq'sMourtXS.C.  Oct.  7,  " 
OQFishdaTnFoTd,S.C.Nov.l2," 

Jan.17,-8! 


I  855  Blcckstock^,S.a 
Cowpens  S.C. 


BattltoftheHawFeb.25, 
"rU!lfotdC.H.,N.C.Mch.l5, ' 
Apr.25',' 


Hobkirk'sHill,Va. 
1876  Ninety- SU,N.C. 
Augusta, &a. 
Ft.Gri5Wold,Corm  Sep.  §, ' 
iutiw  Sprigs,  S.C 
Yorktown,Va 


77  Wa 


rner 
rkimer 
tark 


G-ates 
Washington  H- 


iivan 
Howe 
Lane 


Washington 
Lovell  - 
Lee 

Dullivan 
Lincoln 

ncoln 
Buford 
&reene 
Sumter 
Sumter 
Gates 
Sumter 
Campbell 
Samter 
Sumter 
Morgan 
Lee 

reene 
[rTeene 

Teene 
Eggleston 
Ledqard 
"rreene 


is, "  Washington  Cornwall 


Frazer 
Leger 
Baum 

owe 
BurqoyTie 
"  owe- 
Clinton 
Burgoyne 
Donop 
Howe 
Howe 
ClintoTT 
ndians 
Butler 
Pigot 

ampbell 
Prevost 

(BUTLEB 

Prevost. 

Boyd 

MaitUnd 

Clinton 

McLean 

Brarit'  ' 

Prevost 

Clinton 

Tarleton 

Knyphansen  A 

Turnbull 

Brown 

Cornwillis 

Tarleton 

Ferguson 

WeniLiss 

Tarleton 

Tarleton 

Peyle 

Cornwallis 

Rawdon 

Cruder 

Brown 

Arnold 

Stewart 


RMY 


Brit. 
Arner. 
ATHET. 
Brit. 
Amei. 
Brit. 
Brit. 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Ainer. 
Brit. 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Brit. 
Amer. 
Brit. 
Brit. 
Brit. 
Bnt. 
Amer. 
Brit. 
Amer. 
Brit. 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Brit> 
Brit. 
Brit. 
mer. 
Brit. 
Amer. 
Brit. 
Brit. 
Amet 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Brit. 
Brit. 
Brit. 
Brit. 
Brit. 
Neither 
Amer. 


I4W/?   OF  /  ff/2. 


WH  ERE 
FOUGHT. 


Detroit.... 
GUeenstown.  . 
Dqdensbarq.  . 
Trerichtown  . 
York  (Toronto)  . 
Ft.  Meigb.  .  . 
ct.  George,  C» 
Ft.  Mimms.  . 
Sackett  s  Harbor 
Btony  Creek  . 
:t.Stephenson. 
Thames,  Can. 


WHEN 
FOUGHT. 


Oct.13, 
"2i, 
Jan.M,- 
Apr.27,  " 


27, 
29 

Je.  8, 
AitCj.  !£, 
Oct.  5, 


COMMANDERS. 


Van  Horn  Tecum 

Miller 

Hull 


seh 

TecuTnseh 
Brock 


/anltasselw  Brock 


Forsyth 
,22,-'3  Winchester 
ike 
lay 
3 ear born 


Browr, 
Winder 
Droghan 
Harrison 


Proctor  * 
Sheaffe 
Proctor 
Vincent 
Tecumseh 
Prevost 
Vincent 
Proctor 
Proctor 


SUCCESS. 
ARM 


Br'it. 
Amer. 
Brit. 
Brit. 
Brit. 
Biit. 
Amer. 
Arner. 
Amer. 
Brit. 
Amer. 
Brit. 
Amer. 
Amer. 


FOUGHT,    FOUGHT 


Chrysler's  Fie 

LaCaell  Mill.. 
Wash  hiq  tori . 
Chippewa. . 
Lundu'sLane. 

Ft.  Erie 

Bladensbtirg. 
Plattsburg .  . 
North  Point . 
Ft.McMenry  . 
Ft.Bowyer.  . 
Ft. Erie. ,  .  .. 
Ft.NiagaVSi. . 
9-milfsfromN.a 
New  Orleans 


kLNov.11,-13 
Mch.30,-1 
Apr.25, 

^1,;: 

%;« 

Sep.  1 1, 
12, 

13, 


Boyd 
14  Wilkinson  Ha 


3rown 
Brown 
Jaines 
Winder 
Macomb 
Strieker 


Oec.19, 
23, 
Jati. 


8,-IS  J 


Armistead  Cochrane 
awrence  Nicholls 

3rown 

.eonard 

Jackson 
ackson 


WHERE 
FOUGHT. 


_S* 


Off  Newfoundland  Aug.  I3,-I2 


Off  Massachusetts 
Off  NorthCaroliTia 


NenCnmyblnfcOeiA 

Off  San  Salvador  Oec.29, 


Off  Oemerra. . 
MassachasetbBay  June- 1, 
Biitish  Channel 
Off  Maine.. 
Lake  Erie.  .  . 
Lake  Ontario 


Off  Florida. 
BiitishCharmel  Je 
Near  Africa.  . 
Lake  Champiain 


Mobile  Bay.  . 
LakeBorque. 
Off  New  Jersey. 
Off  Madeira  Island 
Off  Brazil.  .  . 


WHEN 
FOUGHT 


GOMWNOERS-VESSELSlSUCCESS 


Aug.I 
Oct.  18, 


Auj.IV' 
Sep.  5," 
Sep.10," 
Oct.  5, 


Harbor  ofWpiraiso  Mch.28,-14  Porter 
Warring 


Apr.29, 

.28," 
be  p. 
ep.ll,"  Me 


Sep.  15, 
Dec.  9, 
Jnul.5,-1 
eb.20, 
Mch.23, 


ncock 
Ross 
Riall 
)Turmno 
Mmmono 
Ross 
Prevost 
Brooke 


PackeTiriJTfi  Amer. 


orter 


Jones 


Lawrence 
^ 
rence 

s 

Alle 


Blakely 


.awrence 

fV.SiO^ 

Jones 


tewart 
w^RS, 

Biddle 


k^^ATneT 
Amer 

Wh'inyaUs  Amer. 
Amer 
Amer. 


.ambert 
WMV.UMI 
Peake 
V«$! 
Broke 

w^S?- 

Maples 

^^ 

3lythe 


Hillar 

ioto. 
Wales 
^U« 

Manners 
%Vw^& 
Arbuthnot 


Lockyer 

4^to(\t5 

Hayes  ' 


ATtier. 
Brit. 
Bri  t. 
Amer. 
Amet. 
Amer. 
Brit. 
Amen 
Brit. 
Amer. 
Atner. 
Bri-t. 
Brit. 
Neither 


ARMY. 


Amer. 
Brit. 
Brit. 
Amer. 
Airier. 

v\M\ 
Brit. 

Amer. 
Amer. 

Amet. 
Arner. 
Amer. 
Brit, 

Brifc 

Artmv 


The  War  of  '1812  was  really  a  continu 
ance  of  the  War  of  the  Revolution,  caused  bythe 
impressment  of  American  seamen,and  harassing 
of  American  commerce.  It  is  noted  for  the  large 
number  of  naval  engagements. 


3  a 


UNIVERSITY 


Fff/#C/PALAtAVALffArnfSOFmec/V/L  WAff. 

!862,Feb,6,  Ft.  Hennjjerm.,  captured  by  Foot*;  Feb. 
8,Roanoke  Island  captured  by  Goldsborough  andBinn 
side;  Feb.  16,  Ft. OoTOlson,Tenn.,  forces  of  Grant 
and  Foote;  Mar.8,  Confed.  Ram  Menimac'sinks" 
U.S.  Frigates  Cumberland  and  Congress,  Hamp- 
ton Roads,Va.;  Mar.  9,  Federal  Monitor  disables 
Merrimac;  Apr.  6,  Ptttsburg  Landing;  Apr.8,  Cap- 
ture of  Island  No.10;  Apr.ll,  Ft.Pulaski  Ga.cap 
tared  by  land  and  naval  forces;  Apr.24,Fts. 
Jackson,  St.Phillip,  and  New  Orleans;  May  l3,Nat 
chez,Miss.,captured  by  FarTa<jutj  July  l,Malvern 

'63,  Vt.Hindman,Atk.,on  Jan.  II,  also  U.S.Steam 
n-  Hatteras  sinks  Confed.  Alabama;  Jan.l1,Morv 
itor  Weehawken  captures  Con  fed.  Rim  Atlanta.:  Jau 
18,  Vicksburg,Miss.;  July  8,  Pt.Hudson,Mi5s-ca 
tured,  also  r&tchei! 

64,  June  19,  U.S.  Steamer  Kenuqe'smksihe  Al 
abama" oft  CheTbouTq,France;  Auo.5,  Mob'ile,  All. 
1865,  Jan.l5,Ft.Fisher,N.C^apturedbyTeny  and 

PoTtCT. 

MMfffff  OF  r/fOOPS  ///  Tf/f  WAftS. 


, 

lur 
864, 


WARS. 


TOTAL 


Revolution 

Northwest  ernlnJian  Wars 
War  with  France(n98) 
War  with  Tripoli. 
Creek  Indian  War 
War  of  1812. 
SeminoleWar 
Black  Hawk  War-.... 
Cherokee  Disturbance 

k  Indian  Disturbance 
FloridafndianWar. . . 
War  with  Mexico... - 
Apache,Navajo,*UUhWar 
SernmoleWaTfl856).  .  . 
Civil  War. .' 

HoA-tooT>  OH  coH*tqtT.>o 


Baton  *ouge,La. 

CedarMo«ihi,VL 

Gallatin,Tenn. 

Kettle  Run.Va. 

}rovelon,Va. 

Ball  RuTi,Va. 

Richmond.  Ku. 

Chantilly,Va. 

South  VowtXMd 

^TpfrsFeTTU 

4ntietani,Md. 

uka,Miss. 

orinth,  Miss, 
'enyville,Kij. 


V  cksbur<j,Miss. 


rf/e  WARS* 

In  the  War  of  1812  there  were  10  battles,  8  comiab 
and  assaults, 52  actions  and  bombardments.  ITI 
the  Mexican  War  there  were  II  pitched  battlfs,and 
35  actions, combats, sieqes  and  skirmishes.  In  the 
Civil  War  there  were  107  pitched  battles,  102  com- 
>ats,  and  362  actions,  sieges  and  lesser  affairs. 
The  number  of  battles,  fights  and  actions  wag- 
ed against  Indians  have  been  upward  of  1000 

COST or  r//f ww$. 

The  cost  of  the  War  of  the  Revolution  w 
$135,193,703;  of  the  War  of  18 1 2, fc 1 07, 1 59,003; 
of  the  Mexican  WaT,^663000,000;  of  the  Civil 
War,*  6,500, 000,000. 


In  the  Civil  War  the  Provost  Marshal  Gener- 
l's report  shows  that  there  were  killed  in  at- 
ion  or  died  of  their  wounds  while  in  service 
tomrnissioned  officm.  5,221;  enlisted  men, 
90,868.  Died  from  disease  or  accident:  Com- 
missioned officers.2,321;  en  listed  men,  182,329 
making  i  total  loss  of  280,739. 

VH  SOW*.   OT   "*V^.  *V^\.t%. 

&Toveton,V».,Fed.,  6,000-Confed.,  12,000:  Chan- 
llorville,  Fed.,  15,000-Confed.,  18,000;  (Tettys- 
bura,  Fed..  28,138-Confed.,  37,000;  l/icksburj, 
Fed.,  3,933-Confed.,  9,000;  Chickanuuw,  Fed. 
0,906-Confed.t  17,000;  Chaltanooaa/ed.,4000 
Confed.,  16,000;  Nashville,  Fed.,  6,500-Confederal, 
23,000;  Cold  Harbor,  Fed^9,5oO-C<mfed.,  8,000.  ' 


In  the 
following 
paje-sw'ill 
be  found 
all  defini 
;ions,rules, 
jrocesses, 
andijlus 
trations 
in  practi 
cal  arith- 
metic that 
an  ordina- 
ry busi- 
ness wan 
has  occas 
ion  to  use. 


NOTE. 

The  alpha 
betic 
ment  will 
be  found 
to  9reatly 
expedite 
readiness 
of  refer- 
ence,and 
the 
pie  follow- 
119  most 
of  the  rules, 
/ficiently 
elucidates 
t  he  I  r 
application. 


ABSTRACT. -Separate  or  distinct 
from  something  else.  An  abstract 
quantity  is  one  which  does  not 
involve  the  idea  of  matter,  but 
Simply  that  of  a  mental  concep- 
tion. All  numbers  are  abstract 
when  the  unit  is  abstract. 

ACRE. -A  unit  employed  in   the 
measurement  of  land.  It  con- 
tains 43,560  square  feet,  4840 
square  yards,  or  ISO  square  rods. 
In  the  form  of  a  square, one  side 
measures  108.7  fee*,  or  69.57 
yards.  (See  Land  or  Square  Meas- 
ure -\-v\oex). 

ACCURATE  INTEREST. -interest 

computed  according  to  the  exact 
number  of  days.  To  fitid  accurate 
interest,  Compute  it  at  the  rate 
of  360  days  to  the  year,  and 
subtract  from  it  ^  part-  of  itself; 
in  leap-year  subtract  ^r. 

ACUTE. -Sharp  as  opposed  to  ob- 
tuse. Aii  acute  an9le  is  one  that 
is  less  than  a  right  an9lc,  or  90°. 
Ati  acute-angled  triangle  is  one 
Having  all  of  its  angles  acute. 

ADDITION. -Finding  the  simplest 
equivalent  expression  for  the  ag- 
gregate of  two  or  more  quanti 
ties  of  the  same  kind. To  prove 
the  accuracy  of  the  operation  of 
additional)  Add  the  columns  of 
units  from  the  top  downwards, 
and  then  from  the  bottom  up- 
wards;(5l)  Separate  the  numbers 
into  two  or  more  groups, addin9 
each  group  separately, and  then 
the  several  results;  (3)  Cast  out 
the  9's,  by  taking  the  ^Lx-a.\v\^\a. 
sum  of  the  digits  in  7435 
each  number  to  be  ad- 
ded,  and  having  divid- 
ed  each  sum  by  9,  set 
down  the  remainder 
in  a  column  at  the  right. Take  the 
sum  of  these  remainders  and  di- 
vide it  by  9,  setting  the  remainder 
beneath.  If  this  remainder  is  the 
same  as  that  found  by  dividing 


the  sum  of  the  digits  in  the  sum 
total  by  9,  the  work  is  correct. 
ADJACENT.-Contigu-  ° 

ou-s  to, ,  or  b o rderiti9  up-  / 

on.  Adjacent  angles  c  e A 
are  those  which  have 
one  side,  in  common,  and  their 
other  sides  a  prolongation  of  the 
same  straight  line;  thu-s,the  an- 
ales  DBC  and  DBA  are  adjacent. 

AGGREGATE.-  The  sum  of  sever- 
al particulars,  or  an  assemble 
of  parts  to  form  a  whole. 

ALIQUOT  PART. -For  defini- 
tion see  n.nder  Business  Terms. 
To  fmd  the  aliquot  parts  of  a 
number,  Divide  it  by  the  least 
•number  except  I,  that  will  ex- 
actly divide  it;  then  divide  the 
quotient  by  its  least  divisor  ex- 
cept I ;  and  so  on,  always  d  !  v id- 
ing  the  last  quotient  by  its  least 
divisor  except-  I,  til  I  I  is  obtained 
as  a  quotient,  which, with  the 
several  divisors,  constitute  the 
aliquot  parts  of  the  number. 

ALLIGATION. -The  compounding 
or  mixing  of  ingredients. JSee 
Business  Terms -\^Aex).  Alliga 
*ioti  Medial  is  the  process  of  fin- 
ding the  average  value  or  quali- 
ty of  a  mixture,  the  quality  and 
quantity  of  whose  ingredients  are 
known.  Thus  mix        O»«t**\o-n\~ 
ing  together  50       CM.  cts. 

bushels  of  oats,  at  40x50=2.000 
40  cents  per  bush-  50x30=1500 
el;  30  bushels  of  60x15=1500 
bar  ley,  at  50  cents  105  )  5000 

per  bushel,  and  AI ±$ 

25  bus  he  Is  of  corn, 
at  60  cents  per  bushel, one  bush 
el  of  the  mi xture  is  worth  47  ^ 
cents.  Alligation  Alternate    is 
the  process  of  finding  what  a- 
mount  of  each  of  several  sim- 
ple ingredients,  whose  prices  or 
qualities  are  known,  must  be 
taken  to  form  a  mixture  of  any 
required  price  or  quality  -Itisolv- 


in9  problems  of  this  class,Com- 
pute  the  balance  of  pain  or  loss 
on  the  definite  qu-antities  taken; 
then  cancel  this  balance  by  tak- 
ing a  sufficient  quantity  of  one 
or  more  of  the  same  or  o  t  H  er 
elements'  furnished. ^x»\v\^\e. 
To  make  a  grade  worth  11^  per 
pound,  how  many  pounds  a*9<*, 
must  be  mixed  with  100  pounds 
of  coffee  at  He',  and  90  pounds 
at  100? 


EPso 


Cain 


Lbs. 


I  -     100 

14  |    90 


Total 
jain  or 
loss. 


Balance 


100- 
90  + 


10- 

10  + 


Total 
value. 


U.OO 
9.00 


.45 


Vroox.-lf  195  Ib.  are  worth 21.45 
I  Ib.  is  worth .11 


Hox.e.--f  shows  gain,  and  —  ,  los* 

ALTITUDE.  -The  height  of  a  body, 
or  its  third  di-mension.  To  -measure 
an  accessible  altitude, 
Select  any  convenient 
point  A,  on  a  hori- 
zontal line  thtoi^h   f 
C;  measure  the  dis-  A 
tance  CAjthen  measure  off  a  dis- 
tance A  8  towards  the  object,  and 
at  B  set  up  a  vertical  stake;  from  A, 
si^ht  to  the  top  of  the  object,  and 
note  the  point  E  where  this  line  of 
si^ht  cuts  the  stake,  and  then  meas- 
ure DB.  From  similar  triangles 
AB  is  to  OB  as  AC  is  to  EC; 


whence,      E 

Similarly  the  altitude  of  an  object 
which  is  accessible,  may  be  determ- 
ined by  means  of  its  shadow. 
ANALYSIS.  -Logically  deducing 
from  the  terms  of  a^problem  the 
conditions  and  relations  requir- 
ed in  its  solution,  which  are  not 
fully  stated.  ^.x-a/m^U.-  If  4  Its. 


NOTE.— The  business  forms  and  terms  occassionally  referred  to  in  this  subject,  will  appear  in  a  later  editioi 
of  the  manual. 

34 


of  sugar  cost  28  cts.,  what  will 
9  Its.  ?  toM&iftVt.-lf  4  Its.  c  os  * 
28  cts.,  one  pound  will  cost  one- 
fourth  of  28  =7  cts.,  and  9  pounds 
will  cost  nine  times  7cts.  =  63  cts. 

ANGLE. -The  portion  of  space  ly- 
ing between  two  lines,  or  be- 
t\A/een  two  or  -more  surfaces, 
meeting  in  a  common  point. 

ANNUITY. -For  definition  see  un- 
der Business  Forms  and  Terms. 
A  certain  annuity  is  an  annui- 
ty payable  /or  a  definite  length/jf 
time.  A  contingent  annuity  is 
one  payable  /or  an  uncertain  pe- 
riod of  time,  as  during  life.    A 
deferred  annuity  is^ne  no*  to 
be  entered  upon  until  after   a 
certain  period  of  time.  A  fcvcf- 
siowary  annuity  is  one  not  to  be 
entered  upon  till  after  the  death 
of  a  certain  person.  An  a-Htmi- 
ty  !ti  possession  is  one  to  be  en- 
tered upon  at  once.  A  life  a-n-nu. 
ity  !s  one  to  continue  during  the 
li/e  of  one  or  more  persons.  Aeon 
tmgcnt  liVe  annuity  is  one  to  con 
tinuc  for  a  certain  numbe-r    of 
years,  provided  a  certain  person 
Survives  the  period  mentioned. 
A  perpetual  annuity  is  one  to 
continue  forever.  A  /of  bo  rite 
annuity  is  one  \-v\  a-r-vevrs,  that 
is, the  payment  may  not   h  ave 
been  -made  when  due.  (Sec  Com- 
pound Interest  Tables,  Nos. 3  and 
4, also  Life  Annuity). 

ANTECEDENT.- The  first, of  the 

two  terms  in  a  ratio,  which  are 
compared  together.  It  forms 
the  standard  of  comparison, and 
must  be  known  before  the  value 
of  the  other  term  (the  consequent) 
can  be  expressed.  (See  Ratio). 

APPLES,  Potatoes,  etc. -To  find 
the  number  of  bushels  of  apples, 
potatoes,  etc.,  in  a  bin,  Multiply 
the  Ien9th,  breadth  and  thickness 
together,  and  this  product  by  8, avid 
point  off  one  figure  in  the  prod- 
uct for  decimals. 

APOTHECARIES' Weight  and 
Measure. -Used  in  mixing  and 
compounding  medicines.  For 
the  table,  see  under  Weights  and 
Measures. 

ARABIC  Notation. -That  meth. 
od  of  expressing  numbers  by  the 
use  of  characters  called  i'vaxvyai. 
They  arc,  I,  2, 3, 4-,  5,  6,7,  8, 9,  and 
0;  the  last  is  used  for  vacant  orders. 

ARC. -A  part  of  the  circumference 
of  a  circle  or  other  curve.Tofitid 
the  length  of  an  arc,  use  the  fol- 
lowing formula:  The  number  of 
d€9rees  (dco.)  contained  in  an  arc, 
and  the  diameter  (diam,^  of  the 
circle  being  g iven,  required  the 
length  (1)  of  the  arc: 

dc^.xdiam.x  3.14-16  -4-360=1. 

AREA  .-  The  superficial  contents 
of  any  surface  expressed  in  terms 
of  some  9 iven  surface  assumed 
a.s  a  unit  or  standard  ofconipar 
ison;  the  unit  «f  measurement  us 
ually  bein9  a  square. 


ARITHMETIC. -That  branch  of  math- 
ematics treating  of  the  relations 
and  properties  of  numbers  when 
expressed  by  the  aid  of  figures,  or 
combinations  of  figures. 

AVERAG-E.-The^uotient  aris- 
ing from  dividing  the  sum  of 
two  or  -more  terms  by  their  num- 
ber: thus  the  average  of  3,  8,9, 1 1, 
and  !4=[3+8  +9+J1  -H4-)-j-5  =  9.  — 
Fof  the.  commercial  signification 
of  this  term,  see  under  Business 
Forms  and  Terms. 

AVERAGE  or  Equation  of  Pay- 
ments.-The  method  of  finding 
the  time  when  the  payment  o/sev- 
eral  sums,  due  at  different  times, 
may  be  made  at  once,  without  loss 
of  interest  to  either  debtor  or 
creditor.  The  Focal  Date  is  the 
date  from  which  the  time  is  reck- 
oned to  the  dates  when  the  sev- 
eral amounts  become  due.^See 
Business  Time  Tables) .To  -fi-wd 
the  average  time  when  afl  the 
terms  of  credit  begin  at  the  same 
time,  Multiply  each  amount  by 


its  term  of  credit,  and  divide  the 
sum  of  the  several  products  .by 
the  sum  of  the  debts;  the  quotient 
will  be  the  average  term  of  credit 
TG. x-ai-m^V*, .  -  A  merchant  purchas 
es  goods,  January  6th, amounting 
to  #900  :  i&300  payable  in  6  months 
*300  in  8  months,  and  $300  in 
10  months.  When  may  the  whole 
be  paid  without  loss  to  either  par 
ty?  Solutio+i. 

^300  for6wos.=#1800  for  I  mon. 
300  f*  8    '»    =    2400     »      »» 
300  •»  10    »    =  J3000      »»      »• 
900.  )  "7200"=  8  months, 

To  /itid  the  average  time  when 
the  terms  of  the  credits  bepin  at 
different  times,  Find  the  date  when 
each  debt  becomes  due. (See  Busi- 
ness Time  Tables).  Find  the  time 
intervening  between  the  earliest 
of  these  dates  and  the  date  of  each 
succeeding  amount. Multiply  each 
amount  by  the  time  intervening 
between  the  earliest  date  and 
the  date  when  the  arnou.nt  be- 
comes due.  Divide  the  sum  of  the 
products  by  the  sum  of  the  debts; 
the  quotient  will  be  the  average 


time  required.  Add  this  average 
time/  to  the  focal  date  f  o  v  the 
day  of  payment.  ^.x-a.'Wv^Xa,.-  Re- 
quired the  time  when  the  amount 
of  the  debts  as  below  stated  be- 
come due  per  average. 


Jan.  6,  tt300  6mos.  July  6. 
Apr.  10,  200  6  »»  Oct.  10. 
May  7,  400  3  "  Aug.  7. 


-,   0x300       0000& 
„    „  Aun.7,  32x400       12800 
,,     ,.    ,,  Oct.lO,9o"x2-00       19200     e 
900"    ;35000(35| 
Atis.  36  days  from  July  6th  is  Au-^llth. 

AVOIRDUPOIS.  -The  system  of 
weights  by  which  the  coarser 
commodities  are  weighed,  such 
as  hay,  grain,  wool,  and  the. 
coarser  metals.  For  table  see 
under  Weights  and  Measures. 

BARREL.  -A  unit  of  I  iqujd  -meas- 
ure, differing  in  value  for  dif- 
ferent articles  measured.  The 
En9lish  wine  barrel  contains 
3l^a  gallons,  and  the  beer  bar- 
rel,36  gallons.  (See  Weights 
and  Measures). 

BASE.  -The  side  of  a  plane  fig- 
ure upon  which  Jt  is  supposed 
to  lie.l-M  a  triangle,  tHe  base 
lies  opposite  the  angular  point 
chosen  as  the  vertex.  The.  Base 
of  a  System  of  Numbers,  is  the 
value  of  the  unit  of  the  first 
order,  it  being  the  abstract  -muti- 
be^-  I,  for  all  systems^  of  abstract 
numbers.  I-M  denominate  n.  urn 
bers,  the  base  is  I  thing  of  the 
kind  numbered. 

BILLION.  -In  the  decimal  siys- 
tem,  a  unit  of  the  tenth  order. 
which  is  a  thousand  millions. 

BLAZE.  -A  spot  made  on  the  side 
of  a  tree,  by  removing  the  bark 
with  an  axe.  It  is  used  hi  sur- 
vey ing,  and  for  distinguishing 
differc-tit  points. 

BOARD  MEASURE.  -The  unit 
of  lumber  measure  is  afo/Jt 
12  inches  long,  12  inches  wide, 
and   I  inch  thjck.AII  kinds  of 
lumber  and  timber  are  esti- 
mated by  this  unit,  except  that 
timber  is  sometimes  estimated 
by  the  cubic  foot.  To  /rwd   the 
contents  of  an  inch  board,  Find 
the  product  of  the  length  and 
breadth  in  feet.  For  a  two-inch 
board,  multiply  the  area  by  2", 
for  a  half-inch  board,  divide  by 
2,  etc.  \(  the  board  tapers,  take 
half  the  sum  of  -the  two  ends 
for  the  average  width.  To  /ind 
the  contents  of  a  plank,joist,c-tc., 
estimated  in  board  -measure,Fiiid 
the  product  of  the  width  i-n  inches 
the  thickness  in  inches,  and  the 
length  in  feet;  and  take  Ai  of  this. 
If  the  timber  tapers  in  width 
and  in  thickness,  the  contents 
in  cubic  feet  may  be  found    by 
multiplying  half  the  su-m  of  th« 


35 


areas  of  th«  two  ends  in  inches 
by  the  length  in  feet    and  dividing 
the  product   by   144    To  /itid  tha 
number  of  Cubic  feet  in  round  tim- 
ber, Find  the  average  eirCu.m  f  e-r- 
ence  by  adding  the  circumference 
of  the    larger  and  smaller  ends  and 
dividing  by  2  ;  multiply  the  square 
of  one-fourth  of  this    avera9e  cir- 
cumference by  the  length  infect; 
the  result  gives  'our-fi/ts   of   the 
real  contents  in  cubic  feet,  one- 
fifth  being  customarily  allowed  to 
the  purchaser  for  waste  in  sawing, 
(See  Instantaneous  Method  of 
Measuring  Lumber). 
BUSHEL. -See  under  Business 
Forms  and  Terms,  also    under 
Weights  and  Measures. 
lUTT.-A  measure  for  liquids,con- 
taining  108  imperial  gallons. 
ANCELLATIOIM.-The  operation 
of  striking  out  the  comrnon  fac- 
tors in  both  dividend  and  divisor, 
before  performing  the  operation 
of  d i  vision.  •  f     * 

»ARAT.-A  weight  of  four  grains 
employed  in  weighing  diamorids. 
The  term  is  also  used  in  -measur- 
ing the  fineness  of  g_old, the  whole 
mass  bein^  divided  into  24  e- 
qual  parts,  the  number  of  these 
parts  which  are  pure  gold  will  ex- 
press the  number  of  carats  o/ 
fineness,  as  22  carats  fine. 

CARDINAL  Points. -THe  four 

rincipal  points  of  the  compass: 
North,  South,  East,  West. 

/ASK. -To  find  the  mean  diam- 
eter of  a  cask  (-v\ea.-Y\\)) , Add  to 
the  head  diameter  2-i  ,  or,  if  the 
staves  are  but  little  curved,  .6  , 
of  the  difference  between  the 
head  and  bung  diameters.   To 
fi-Md  the  contents  of  a  cask  ingal- 
Ions, Multiply  the  square  of  the 
mean  diameter  by  the  length(both 
in  inches),  and  this  prod  uct  by 
.0034. 

3AUSE  and  Effect. -Anything  op 
crating  to  produce  a  result  is  a 
ca.vv<je,  and  the  result  istheeUe-c*. 
I*  is  a  natural  law  that  the  e.xtec-1 
is  proportional  to  the  Cfcvisa.  which 
produces  it.  A  cause  or  an  ef- 
fect may  be  either  %\-w\^\e  or 
OOYY\^O\W\O,  :  «>VvY\^\e.,  when  it  in- 
volves but  one  element:G<m^o\w\& 
when  it  involves  two  or  more  el 
emcnts.^.>i\v\\\c..  —  If  10  men 
in  5  days  of  7  hourseach,  dig 
a  trench  25  feet  I on9, 8 feet  wide 
and  7  feet  deep,  in  how  -many days 
of  12  hours  each  will  4  -men  dig 
a  trench  12.  feet  long,  lOfeetdeep 
and  8  feet  wide? 


to  about  %o  of  a  grain. 
ENTI  LITRE.    THe  hundredth  part 
ot  the  Prench  litre,  equal    to 
about   ^s   of  a  Cubic  inch. 
CENTIMETRE. -The  hundredth  part 
of  the  French  metre,  equal   to 
about  3^  of  an  inch. 
lENTURY .  -  A   period   of  time 
the  length  of  which  is  100  years. 
'MAIN. -An   instrument   used 
in  surveying,  and  is  66  feet  in 
length,  containing  I  00  links,cach 
link  being  7.92  inches  long.  I* 
is  usually  called  Cunter^  chain. 
>HORD .-  A  strait  line  joinirig  the 
two  extremities  of  ar>  arc  of  a 

CIPHER. -The  character  0.  It 
signifies  rvo  -Y\U.-VY\\JC,-V  when  stand- 
ing by  itself,  but  in  combination, 
it  occupies  a  place  in  the  arithmet 
ical  scale,  and  indicates  that  there 
are  no  units  of  fchat  order  i  n 
the  number. 

CIRCLE. -A  portion  of  a 
plane  A  E  B  F,  bounded  by 
a  curved  line, every  point 


12    ::     0.5 

4  8 

x7 

Ope  ratio 

lOx8*IO*5» 


10 


CENTIGRAMME.  -The  hundredth 

part  of  a  French  gramme,  equal 


of  vyhich  :s  equally  distant  from 
a  point  within  called  the  cc-'Yvwe 
The  bounding  line  is  called  the 
cw  CAV\n^  e  K  e  wee- -The 
i'vawefce-r  is  a  stra'^ht 
line  drawn  through 
the  centre  and^errni- 
nated  by  the  circutn- 
fcrence,  as  AS.  The 
*&&W4  is  a  straight 
line  from  the  centre  to  the  clrcu-rn 
ference^as  CD. An  atvc  is  any  portion 
of  the  c Ircumference,  as  AE.A^ec- 
Vo-«  is  the  space  included  between 
two  radii  and  the  intercepted  arc, 
as  BCD.  A  cV\o-v&  is  a  straight  line 
joining  the  extremities  of  an  arc, 
as  AO.  A  ^eq-ywewV  is  bounded  by 
an  arc  and  its  chord,  as  AOE.A 
plane  figure  is  Vvvic.V\\oeA  in  a  cir- 
cle when  the  vertices  of  its  angles 
are  in  the  circumfe-rencet  of  the 
circle,  as  LMNO  is  inscribed  in 
the  circle  whose  radius  Is  PM.  A 
c\-vt\v\ait  V\-v\<)  is  the  space  enclosed 
between  the^ircumferences  of  two 
concentric  circles.Corvce\\vV\c  C\T- 
c\e"i  have  the  same  centre  but  dif- 
ferent radii,  as  the  circles  whose 


radii  arc  PK  and  PT  To  find 
the.  cx>c>vw\iiftY«,Yvcft  of  a  circle 
Multiply  the  diameter  by  3.14)6 
To  fi>id  the  ^'\avne.x,ay  of  a  cir 
cle,  Divide  the  circumference  by 
3. 1416. To  /i»»d  the  -S-YS^L  of  a 
circle,  Multiply  the  square  of 
the  radius  by  3. 1416; or  Divide 
the  square  of  half  thecircum 
fere  nee  by  3.1415;  or  Multiply 
fche  circumference  b^  one-fourth 
of  the  diameter.  To  /ind  the 
d  i •a-meVe.'v  or  c\\c\WY\4a/VQ.-Y\c,o.  of 
a  circle,  Divide  the  area  by  3.1416, 
the  square  root  of  the  quotient 
will  be  half  the  diameter,  and 
the  diameter  multiplied  by2VJ4|6 
will  be  the  circumference. To 
/»-nd  the  area  of  a  <=>ac.v/o^  of 
a  circle,  Multiply  half  the  letiq*h 
of  the  arc  by  the  radius ;orTaJ< 
the  same  part  of  the  area  o-f 
the  circle  as  the  nu-w  ber  of  de 
yre.es  in  the  arc  are  of  360°. To 
find  the  area  of  a  sao/we.vvVjFrom 
the  area  of  the  sector,  subtract  the 
area  of  the  trianole  formed  with 
the  chord  and  radii,  for  a  segment 
less  than  a  semi-circle;  but  add 
these  areas  for  a  segment  greater 
than  a  semi-circle.  To  find  the  area 
of  a  T.ow«,,STUV,  From  the  area  of 
the  circle,  subtract  the  areas  of  the 
segments  not  included  in  the  7one 
To  /Jtid  the  area  of  a  c«tvt\w  Vvw), 
Find  the  difference  between  the 
areas  of  the  two  circles. To /ind 
the  side  of  an  \-v\sc/v\\>eA  t^VA\tft' 
e/va\  W\AA\o,\e, Multiply  the  diam- 
eter by  .866025.  To  (\-nA  the  side 
of  an  \-v\scV\\oei  '•^•a.-ve,  Multiply 
the  diameter  by  .707l06.To /otid 
the  side  of  a  %<\u.aire  VVva.v  <jVva\\c(m- 
Va\rv  vVva  iaw\«.  avea  as  a  given  cir- 
cle, M  ultiplu  the  diameter  by 
.886227. 

CIRCULAR  Measure. -Used  to 
determine  localities,  by  estirnatinp 
latitude  and  longitude;  also  to -meas- 
ure the  motions  of  the  heavenly  bod- 
ies, and  compute  differences  of 
time.  For  table,  see  under  Weights 
and  Measures. 

CIRCULAR  Ring. -See  Circle. 

CIRCULATING  Decimal,  or  Repeat 
ing  Decimal. -One  in  which  one 
or  more  figures  are  continually 
repeated  in  the  same  order;  as, 
.33333,. 57235723,  etc.The/f?- 
ure  or  set  of  figures  which  is  re- 
peated is  called  the  Yc,oe-VfcY\i. 

CIRCUMFERENCE. -See  Circle. 
The  circumferences  of  different 
circles  arc  to  each  other  as  their 
diameters, or  -radii. 

CIRCUMSCRIBE. -To 
limit  or  bound.  A  fig- 
ure drawn  around  an- 
other, so  that  all  i 
sides  or  faces  shall  be 
tangent  to  the  second  figure, 
which  is  then  called  an  Yn%cY\\>e,A 
Uqvvre.  The  circle  ABC  is  circum- 
scribed about  the  triangle  ABC. 

CISTERN. -To /ind  thenumber 
of  gallons  in  a  quadrilateral  cis- 


tern,  Multiply  the  length,  width, 
and   depth,  in  inches,  together^and 
divide  the  product  by  23  1  .To  /i-nd 
the  number  of  gallons  in  a.  circu- 
lar cistern  of  uniform  diameter, 
Multiply  the  square  of  the  diam- 
eter (in  inches)  by  .7854,  which 
product  -multiply   by  the  depth(in 
inches);  then  divide  by  231.  To 
find  the  number  of  gallons  in 
a  circular  cistern  whose  lower 
and  upper  diameters  dif/er,To 
the  sum  of  the  squares  of  t  h  e 
lower  and  upper  diameters,  add 

•the  product  of  the  lower  and  up- 
per diameters;  •then  multiply  by 
.7854  ,  which  product  -multiply 
by  the  depth  (all  in  inches);then 
divide  by  693.  (See  Cisterns,  un- 
der Weights  and  Measures). 

CLOTH    Measure.  -Seetable  un- 
der Weights  and  Measures. 

COIN.  -Pieces  of  metal,  as  gold, 
silver,  copper,  etc.,  converted 
into  money  by  stamping  upon 
them  certain  characters.  (See 
Co  in,  under  Weights  atid  Measures). 

COMMON  DIVISOR.  -Any  quan- 
tity which  wijl  divide  two  or  wore 
other  quantifies  without  a  're- 
mainder; as,  4  is  a  cominon  di- 
visor of  20,  40,  and  60.  The 
qveaite<iV  COYWWO-*\  &W\*o-v  of  two 
or  -wore  numbers  is  the  greatest 
number  that  will  exactly  divide 
each;  as,  4  is  the  greatest  com- 
on divisor  of  12,  1  6,  and  28  .  - 


fractions.  To  reduce  a  complex^ 
fraction  to  a  simple  fractional 
vide  its  numerator  by  itsdenomina 
tor. 

COMPOSITE  Number.  -One  that 
can  be  divided  by  some  other  -num- 
ber besides  itself  and  unity;  as, 
10,  18,48,75,  etc. 

COMPOUND.  -Composed  of  dif- 
ferent things.  Compound  Addi- 
tion, Subtraction,  Multiplication, 
and  Division  ,  are  names  given 
to  these  several  operations,  when 
the  numbers  are  expressed  in  a 
varying  scale;  as,  years,  months, 
days;  bushels,  pecks,  quarts;  etc. 
Com  pound  Fraction.  -A  frac- 
tion of  a  fraction,  or  several  frac- 
tions connected  by  the  word  ox. 
To  reduce  a  compound  fraction 
to  a  simple  fraction,  Find  -the. 
product  of  the  numerators,  and 
write  it  over  the  product  of  the 
denominators.  Compound  Inter- 


.. 

M'V=,O\  of  two  -numbers,  Divide  the- 
greater  number  by_  the  less  ;   if 
there  be  no^remainderjthe  small- 
er number  is  the  G-.C.  D.  If  there 
bearemainder  after  com  pie  ting 
the  division,  divide  the  first  di- 
visor by  this;  divide  this  second 
divisor  by  any  second  remainder, 
and  so  on  till  an  exact  divisor 
is  found.  This  exact  divisor  is 
the  G.C.  D.  I/  there  be  -mere  than 
two  -numbers,  find  the  G.C.D.  of 
the  smallest  -number,  a-nd  the 
sum  of  the  others,  which  will 
be  the  greatest  common  divis- 
or of  all. 

COM  PASS.  TA-n  instru- 
ment  to  indicate  the  d  i- 
rection  of  the  magnetic 
meridian,  and  also  to  de- 
termine the  angle  con- 
tained between  that  meridian  ati< 
any  horizontal  line..  It  is  named 
according^o  the  different  purpos- 
es for  which  it  is  used  ;  as,  <=>\x*\ie\)- 
o-r*<i  co-m^A^s,  -w\?iV\r\e-v'>s  co-w\^a<bs, 
a.a\\Y\vuVv  co-m^a.'is,  etc.,  but  the 
general  principle  is  the  same  in 
all. 

COMPLEMENT.  -The  difference 
between  a  number  and  a  unit 
offchenext  higher  order;  thus 
the  complement  of  6  is  (  1  0-6)  4- 
of  16  is  (100-16)  24;  of  475  is 
(1000-475)  525;  etc. 
-OMPLEX   Fraction.  -A  fraction 
having  a  fraction  or  mixed  num- 
ber  in  either  the  numerator  or 


denominator,  or  in  hot  h  ;  thu,s 


est. -Interest  on  both  pri-ncipal 
and  interest.  To  compute  com- 
pound interest,  Find  the  interest 
on  the  given  principal  to  thetitne 
the  interest  becomes  due, and,  add 
the  principal.  Then  find  the  inter- 
est on  this  amount  for  the  next 
period,  and  add  as  before,  and  so 
continue  for  each  successive  peri- 
od to  the  time  of  settlcment.Sub- 
tract  the  given  principal  from 
the  last  amount,  and  the  remain- 
der will  be  the  compound  interest. 
If  there  be  months  and  days ,  find 
the  amount  for  the  years, and  the 
interest  on  this  for  the  remainder 
of  the  time.  (See  Compound  Inter- 
est Tables). Compound  Number. 
-A  -number  constructed  according 
to  a  varying  scale;  as,  7cwtMlqr.( 
10  Ibs.  Called  also  &fcY\o-m\;\A'a.ve. 
-wxvwW-v .  Co-m pound  Ratio. -The 
product  of  two  or  more  ratios. 
Conipoi4.-Hd   Proportion.  —  An 
equality  of  two  compound  ra- 


a  simple  one.  I-M  solving  problems 
in  Compound  Proportion, Arrange 
the  terms  of  each  of  the  simple 


ratios  of  the  compound  ratio  as 
in  Simple  Proportion.  Then,if  an 
extreme  term  be  required,  it  will 
be  equal  to  the  quotient  of  the  prod 
uct  of  the  means  divided  by  the 
product  of  *he  known  extremes, 
and  if  a  mean  term  be  required 
it  will  be  equal  to  the  product  of 
the  extremes  divided  by  the  prod 
uct  of  the  known  means.  Exam 
pie.  -If  10  men  can  mow  40  a- 
cres  of  grass  In  3  days  by  work- 
ing 8  hours  each  day,  how  many 
men  will  it  take  to  mow  80  a- 
cres  of  grass  in  4  days,  working 
6  hours  each  day  ?  Vw=>.20  men. 

Sfaiettie-nl. 
40ft.  .80A. 
4daus  :3daus 


40x4*6 

COMPUTE.  -To  reckon  by  the  aid 
of  figures  or  characters;  to  prac- 
tically apply  the  rules  of  a  sc  I  - 
ence  to  individual  examples. 

CONCAVE.  -A  term  applied  to^hc 
inner  surface  of  hollow  bodies, 
and  by  analogy  extended  to  lines. 

CONCENTRIC.  -A  term  ap- 
plied to  circles  or  spheres 
having  the  same  centre  but 
different  radii,  and  some- 
thnes,  by  analogy,  to  other  sur- 
faces and  lines. 

CONCRETE.  -A  term  signifying 
that  a  quantity  carries  with  \< 
the  idea  of  matter,  as  10  boxes, 
7  men,  5  stones,  as  opposed  to 
abstract  quantities,  10,7,5. 

CONE.  -A  solid  which 
rnay  be  generated  by 
aright-angled  triangle 
CAD,  revolving  about 
one  of  its  sides.  CD,  ad- 
jacent to  the  ripht  an- 
gle.Thc  side  CD,iscall- 
ed  the  flLXN1;,  and  I  ts 
length  measures  the  fc 
the  cone.  The  side  AD,  9enerates 
a  circle  called  the  Nj'a.'ie,  and  the 
hypothenusc  CA,  generates    a 
curved  surface,  which  Is  called 
the  \-a.V.eY4\  or  co-v\vex  c,\virxa.c,<i  oS 
VYxeccme.The  length  of  the  hi/poth- 
enuse  measures  the  <»\vi\v  W\qV\v^of 
the  cone.  A  V\<)V\V  co-v\t,  has  a  cir- 
cular base  and  a  curved  surface. 
The  xxxvsvnvw  of  a  cone  (or  pyr- 
amid) is  that  part  that  remains 
after  cutting  off  the  top  by  a 
plane  parallel  to  the  base.  T  He 
^eVvwe-Ve-v  is  the_  circumference 
of  the  base.  To  /md  the  entire 
surface  of  a  cone  (or  regular  pyr- 
amid), Multiply  the  perimeter  of 
the  base  by  half  of  the  slant 
height,  and  to  the  product^  add 
the  area_  of  the  base.  To  /itid 
the  solidity  of  a  cone  (  or  any  pyr- 
amid), Multiply  the  area  of(the 
base  by  one-third  of  the  altitude. 
To  find  the  entire,  surface  of  a 
frustrum  of  a  cone  (or  right  pyr- 
amid), Multiply  the  sum  of  the 
perimeters,  or  circumferences  of 
the  two  ends,  by  half  of  the  slant 
height,  and  to  the  product  add  the 


37 


areas  o  <f  the  two  ends.  To  find 
•the  solidity  of  the  frustrum  o/  a 
cone  (or  any  pyramid), Multiply 
together  the  areas  of  the  two  bas- 
es, and  extract  *he  square  root  of 
the  product.  This  roo-t  will  be  the 
area  of  a  base  which  is  a  -mean 
between  the  other  two. Take  the 
sum  of  the  areas  of  the  three  bas- 
es,and  multiply  it  by  one-third 
of  the  altitude;  the  product  will 
be  the  solidity. 

CONSEQUENT. -The  second 

tern^  o?  a  ratio.  \t  the  value  of 
a  ratio  is  given,  and  the  antece- 
dent is  known,  the  consequent 
may  be  found  by  multiplying  the 
ratio  by  the  antecedent. 
/ONTENTS.-The  cotitents  of  a 
plane  figure,  is  the  number  of 
times  which  the  figure  contains 
some  given  area  assumed  as  the 
unit  of  surface.  1 t  is  the  same 
as  the  area. The  contents  of  a 
solid,  is  the  number  of  times 
which  the  solid  will  contain  some 
particular  solid  assumed,  as  the 
u.nit  of  volume.  It  is  the  same 
as  the  volume. 

JONTOUR.-The  bounding  line, or 
perimeter,  o-f  a  plane  figure..  The 
contour  of  9round,  has  reference 
to  the  surface  of  any  part  of  t  he 
earth  with  respect  to  its  undula- 
tions and  accidents. 

CONTRACTION. -The  processor 

shortening  any  operation. For 
the  contractions  of  the  different 
operations,  as  Multiplication, Di 
vision,  etc.,  see  each  in  its  prop 
er  order. 

CONVEX. -Protuberant  outwards, 
as -the  outer  surface  of  a  sphere. 
The  opposite  of  concave. 

L/UBE,  or  Hexahedron.— A  regu- 
lar polyhedron  bounded  by^six 
equal  squares.  I*  is  the  unit  of 
measure  for  all  volumes  .The  vol- 
ume of  any  cube  is  equal  to  the 
product  obtained  by  taking  one 
of  its  edges  three  times  as  a  factor 
The  cube  of  a  num  ber  or  qw-anti 
ty,  is  the  product  obtained  by  tak- 
ing the  number  or  quantity  three 
times  as  a  factor. 

BORN. -Two  cubic  feet  of  good 
sound,  dry  corn  in  the  ear  will 
•make  a  bushel  of  shelled  com. 
To  -fittd,  then,  the  number  of 
bushels  of  shelled  corn  in  a  crib 
of  corn  in  the  ear,  Multiply  the 
length,  breadth,  and  height(all 
in  feet)  together,  and  divide  the 
product  by  2  .  (Sec  Bushel,  under 
Weights  and  Measures). 

£UBE  ROOT.- A  quantity  which 
being  taken  three  times  as  a  fac- 
tor, will  produce  the  quantity 
of  which  it  is  the  cube  root;  thus 
4  is  the  cube  roo-t  of  64,  because 
4x4  x4=  64.  To  /ind  -the  cube 
root  of  a  whole  nu-m ber, Sep- 
arate the  number  into  periods 
of  three  figures  each,  beginning 
at  the  right  hand;(the  left  hand 
period  will  often  contain  less 


than  three  figures). Find  the  great- 
est cube  in  the  left-hand  period, 
and  place  its  root  at  the  right,like 
a  quotient. Subtract  the  cube  of 
•this  root  from  the  left-hand  pe- 
riod, and  to  the  remainder  annex 
the  figures  of  the  next  period, and 
call  this  number  the  d  i  vi  dc^n  d. 
Take  three  times  the  square  of 
•the  root  found  considered  as  tens 
for  a  trial  divisor.  Find  how  ma- 
ny times  it  is  contained  in  the 
d  ividend,  and  write  the  quotient 
as  the  next  figure  of  the  root;  then 
multiply  the  divisor  by  this  last 
root  figure,  placing  the  product 
under  the  dividend. Multiply  the 
square  of  the  last  root  figure  by 
the  preceding  roo-t  figure  or  fig- 
ure.? considered  as  so  many  tens, 
and  this  product  by  3,  and  place 
the  product  under  the  last;  then 
under  these  two  products  place 
the  cube  of  the  last  root  figure, 
and  find  their  sum, calling  itthe 
subtrahend.  Subtract  the  subtra- 
hend from  the  dividend,  and  to 


the  remainder  bring  down  the 
next  period  for  a  new  dividend, 
with  which  proceed  as  before  till 
the  required  root  be  found.  If 
any  dividend  be  -too  small  to  con 
tain  the  trial  divisor,  place  a  ci- 
pher in  the  root,  and  then  pro 
ceed  as  before.  I/  -there  be,a  re- 
mainder after  the  last  period  is 
used,  annex  periods  of  ciphers  ark 
continue  the  operation  until  the 
requisite  number  of  decimal  pla 
ces  be  obtained.  Extract  the  cube 
root  of  both  terms  of  a  cowwo 
i\ac,V\ov\  when  they  are  perfect  pow 
ers;  otherwise  multiply  the  nurtier 
ator  by  the  square  of  the  denoni 
inator,  and  divide  the  root  of  the 
product  by  the  denominator,the 
result  will  be  the  root  required. 
To  extract  the  cube  root  of  dec- 
imals or  mixed  decimals, ciphers 
niust  be  added  to  fill  the  periods 
if  the  root  does  not  contain  suffi 
cient  decimal  places, prefix  ciphers. 
I-H  pointing  off  a  mixed  decinial 
into  periods,  begin  at  the  decimal 
point,  and  point  off  in  both  direc 
tions.  The  following  table  contains 


the  cube  roots  of  numbers  frmn 
I  to  232. 

CUBE     »,„  CUBE     M.    CUBE     K|.    CUBE 


No. 


35 


2.154- 
2.223 
2.289 
2.351 
2.410 
2.466 
2.519 
2.571 
2.620 
2.6S8 
2.714 
2.758 
2.802 
2.843 
2.884 
2.924 


17 
18 
'9 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 

26  2.962 

27  3 

28  3.036 

29  3.072 

30  3.107 
3.141 

32  3. 174 
3.207 
343.239 


3.271 


36  3.301 


3.332 
3,361 
3.391 
3.419 
3.448 
3.476 
3.503 


44  3.530 
3.556 


3.583 
3.608 
3.634 
3.659 
3.684 
3.708 
3.732 
3.756 
3.779 
3.802 
3.825 


3.848 
3.870 


3.892 
3.914 
3.936 
32  3.957 
S3  3.979 
S44 
S54.020 
S6  4.041 
674.061 
684.081 
694.101 
704.121 
714.140 
724.160 
734.179 
74  4. 198 
754.217 
76  4.235 
774.254 

78  4.272 

79  4.290 

80  4.308 

81  4.326 

82  4.344 

83  4.362 
844.379 

85  4.398 

86  4.414 
874.431' 

88  4.447 

89  4.464 
904.481 


4.497 


92  4.514 
934.530 
944.546 

95  4.562 

96  4.578 

97  4.594 
984.610 
99  4.626 

004.641 

4.657 

024.672 

4.687 

1044.702 

4.717 

064.732 

074.747 

084.762 


4.776 


104.791 
1114.805 
124.820 
1134.834 
1144.848 
154.862 
116k.  876 


1174.890 
18  4.904 
1194.918 
120  4.932 


121 


4.946 


1224.959 

1234.973 

I244.98S 

125 

126  5.013 

1275.026 

128  5.039 

129  5.052 


5.065 
5.078 
5.091 
5.104 


13415.117 
1355.129 


139 


5.142 
5.155 


138  5.167 


140  5.192 

141  5.204 
I42|5.2I7 
1435.229 
1445.241 
14515.253 
I46J  5.265 
14715.277 

148  5.289 

149  5.301 

150  5.313 


15! 


5.325 


1525.336 
1535.348 
1545.360 
1555.371 
1565.383 

157  5.394 

158  5.406 
1595.417 
160  5.428 


5.440 
5.451 
5.462 


164  5.473 

165  5.484 


5.495 
5.506 
5.517 
5.528 


169 

17015.539 
171  5.550 


No. 


177 


1755.593 
1765.604 


5.614 


178  5.625 

179  5.635 
1805.646 
181  5.656 


1885.728 


5.667 
5.677 
5.687 
5.698 
5.708 
5.718 


5.738 
5.748 
5.758 


192  5.768 


5.778 
5.788 
5.798 
5.808 
5.818 
5.828 


I99i5.838 
200  5.848 


205  5.896 


5.857 
5.867 
5.877 
5.886 


5.905 

5.915 

5.924 

5.934 

5.943 

5.953 

5.962 

5.972 

5.981 

5.990 

6 

6. 00$ 


2186.018 

219  6.027 

220  6.036 
221 i6. 045 

212  6.055 

213  6.064 
224  6.073 
2256.082 
226  6.091 
227; 6. 1 00 


6.109 
6.118 


112  5.561  2306.128 
173  5.572  231  6.135 
21216.144 

Wr  CUBIC  MEASURE. -used  for 

computing  the  contents  of  sol- 
id substances  or  volume  of  any 
space.  It  is  also  called  <->o\\k  \Y\e.aA- 
\vx&.  For  table  see  under  Weights 
and  Measures. 

CUBIC  UNITS. -Standard  meas- 
ures of  volume.  The  primary  cu- 
bic units  are_ — ;  cubic  yard, cubic 
foot,  and  cubic  inch. 

CURVE. -A  line  which  changes 
its  direction  at  every  point;  f.e. 
no  three  consecutive  points  of  which 
lie  in  the  same  straight  line. 


YLINOER.-Asolid  which 
may  be  gener  ated  by  revolv- 
ing a  rectangle  about  one. 
of  its  sides.  This  side  js  its 
a.x\=> .  The  .opposite  side  gen- 
erates a  single  carved  sur- 
face, called  the  to>vj«,*  or 
Y&ve,-va\  wvVacc,  of  the  cy  I- 
inder,  and  the  two  adjacent  s  ides 
or  ends  generate  circles  called 
NsAse?,  of  the  cylinder. The  dis- 
tance between  the  bases  is  call- 
ed the  a\V\vw.&e.  To  ( itid  the  con- 
vex surface  of  a  cylinder,  Multi- 
pit;  the  diameter  by  3.1416,  and 
this  product  by  the  length. To 
•find  the  solid  contents  of  a  cyl- 
inder,Multiply  the  square  of 
the  diameter  by  .7854,  and  this 
product  by  the  length. 
)AY.-The  natural  period  of  time 
which  elapses  between  two  con- 
secutive transits  of  one  of  the 
heavenly  bodies  over  the  merid- 
ian. (See  Day  under  Business 
Forms  and  Terms). 
DECAGON. -A  polygon  of  ten 
sides  and  ten  angles.  If  the  sides 
are  all  equal  and  the  angles  equal 
it  is  a  regular  decagon,  and  rr^ay 
be  inscribed  in  a  circle. To  find 
the  area  of  a  regular  decagori, 
Multiply  the  square  of  one  of  its 
sides  bm  7.6942. 

DECAGRAMME. -A  French  wei9ht 

often  grammes,  each  gramme 
being  equivalent  to  about  15.438 
grains  Troy. 

DECALITRE. -A  French  meas.ure 
containing  ten  litres,  eq  uiva 
lent  to  6  10. 28  cubic  inches. 

DECAMETRE. -A  French  -meas 
ure  containing  ten  metres,  or 
393.71  English  inches. 

DECIMAL. -Any  number  express 
cd  in  the  scale  of  tens;  but  a  dec 
irnal  fraction  is  generally  under 
Stood.  A  kacAYwaX  V*AC.X\orv  is  a 
fraction  whose  denominator  is 
some  power  of  ten  ;  as,  Jfq,  ^100 
>Tooo,etc.  I-H  writing  decimals 
it  is  common  to  not  express  the 
denominators ,  th  us  t  he  above 
fractions  would  be  written,  .7 
.07,  .007.  The  number  of  place1 
of  figures  which  follows  thedec 
imal  point  ind  icates  the  number 
of  O's  in  the  denominator.  TH 

I  &e.c\™a\  ^oVv\v  is  a  period  used 
to  separate  integers  from  deci 
mals,  and  when  no  integers  ar 
expressed,  the  decimal  point  is 
placed  at  the  left  of  tenths'  or 
der.  To  write  decimals ,  Write 
the  decimal  as  a  whole  riuwbe 
and  place  the  decimal  point  so 
that  the  right-hand  figure  shal 
be  of  the  lowest  decimal  order  tc 
be  expressed,  prefixing  ciphers  i 
necessary.  To  read  decirnals,Rea 
the  figures  as  in  whole  numbers 
and  add  the  name  of  tMe  low 
decimal  order  expressed. To  adc 
or  subtract  decimals, Write  the 
numbers  sothat^the  decimal 
points  shajl  fall  in  column, the 
proceed  as  in  whole  numbers. T< 


-multiply  decimals,  Multiply  as  in 
whole  numbers,  and  in  the  product 
point  off  as  many  decimal  places 
as  are  in  both  factors. To  divide 
decimals.  Divide  as  in  whole  num- 
bers, and  point  off  in  the  quotient 
as  many  decimal  places  as  the 
dividend  has  -more  than  the  divisor. 
IECIMAL  Currency.- A  curren- 
cy having  decimal  relations,  as 
the  various  denominations  of  the 
money  of  the  United  States,  call- 
ed Vate*a\  \Acme\>. 
IEDUCE.-  To  infer, or  draw  a 
conclusion  from  given  premises 
The  method  of  reasoning  is  call- 
ed o,e6,wcv\ve,  and  the  conclusion 
is  called  a  &e&\vcv'\o-*\. 
)EGREE.-The  360th  parto/the 
circumference  of  a  circle.  A  oe- 
q've-e  o4  \ax\Yw&a.  is,  the  length  of 
a  portion  of  a  meridian  between 
two  points,  whose  latitudes  dif- 
fer from  each  other  by  one  degree 
Owing  to  the  spheroidal  -form 
of  the  earth,  the  length  of  a  de- 
gree of  latitude  is  different  at 
different  distances  from   the 


equator.  At  20°  cither  north  c 
south  latitude, the  length  of  a 
degree  of  latitude  is  68.779  stat 
ute  miles;  at  2.5°,  58.821  tnlles 
at  30°,  68.  87 1;  at  35°,  68.925  ; 
at  40", 68. 984;  at  4-5°,  69.044; 
at  50°,  69. 1 04i  A  fceq^ee  o<c  \o 
Q\XAV&&  is  the  360th  part  of  an 
circle  of  latitude.  The  length  pi 
a  degree  of  longitude  varies  with 
the  length  of  the  circles  of  latitude 
from  the  equator,  where  it  isgrea 
est,  to  the  poles,  where  it  isnoth 
ing.  For  the  length  of  a  degree  o-i 
longitude  at  different  points,  see 
Longitude,  under  Weights  and 
Measures. 

DENARY  Scale. -A  unirorw  scale 
whose  ratio  is  ten. 

DENOMINATE  N  umber. -A  nuw 
ber  whose  unit  of  measure  is  a 
concrete  quantity,  as  Tfeet,  12 
pounds,  «4-0,etc.  A  Vvw^Ne  &e- 
Yvo-w'wva.te  ^\ww\3e,"ir  refers  to  units 
of  only  one  kind  or  value,  as  1 9  5 
bushels  ,  45  pounds, etc.  A  cow 
^O\X-YV&  &e^-\o-vY\\'wa.ve  /v\wYY\\je,'V  re 
fers  to  units  of  different  values 


but  of  the  same  variety  or  appli- 
cation, as  5  Ib.  6  oz.,  10  hrs.  15 
win.  30  sec.,  etc.  For  the  ta- 
bles relating  to  den  animate  num- 
bers, see  under  Weights  and  Meas- 
ures.  THc  ^c-'vcc-Yvvao/c-  o*  &C-\\O'YX\- 
X-waVe-  -vNVv-vnVje-vi  may  be  obtain- 
ed by  reducing  them  to  the  low- 
est denomination,  or  to  the  dec- 
imal of  the  highest,  and  then 
proceed  as  in  simple  numbers. 

DENOMINATOR. -That  term 
of  a  fraction  which  indicates 
the  value  of  the  fractional  unit, 
as  8  in  the  fraction  %,  indicat- 
ing that  the  fractional  unit  is 
J^TM Multiplying  the  denomina- 
tor divides  the  fraction,  and.di- 
viding  it  multiplies  the  fraction. 
The  denominator  of  a  decimal 
fraction  is  generally  suppressed 

DESCENDING  Series.- One  .in 
which  each  term  is  numerical 
ly  less  than  the  precedm9  one, 
as  8  :  4-  :  3.  :  I  :  etc.  o c 

DIAGONAL. -A strajght    A     T 

line  joining  the  vertices    /   •     /  \ 
of  two  angles  of  a  poi-  E< 
ygon,  which  are  not  ad- 
jacent, as  AC  and  AD 
in  the  polygon  A6CDE. 

DIAL. -An  instru-"~~ 
went-  for  deter- 
mining the  hour 
of  the  day  ,  by 
means  of  a  shad- 
ow cast  by  the 
sun.  Iti  the  con- 
struction of  a  * 
dial,  the  sun's  apparent  motion 
is  supposed  to  be  uniform  through- 
out the  day,  and  to  take  place  in 
a  circle  whose  plane  is  parallel 
to  the  equator. 

DIAMETER. -For  definition  and 
rules  for  finding,  see  Circle.The 
following  table  gives  the  diame- 
ters, areas,  and  circumferences 
of  circles  and  sides.o/  squares 
whose  areas  coincide  with  those 
of  the  circles.  By  combining  and 
multiplying,  the  area  of  any  cir- 
cle having  diameter  greater  than 
10  can  also  be  found. 
Diam  Circum.  Area,  Eqfs°q 


"TOO 
1.25 
1.50 
1.75 
2.00 
2.25 
2.50 
2.75 
3.00 
3.25 
3.50 
3.75 
4.00 
4.25 
4.5 
4.75 
5.00 
5.25 
5.50- 
5.75 
6.00 


"3.141592 
3.926990 
4.712388 
5.497787 
6.283185 
7.068583 
7.853981 
8.639379 
9.424777 
10.210176 
10.995574 
11.780972 
12.566370 
13.351768 
14.137166 
14.922565 
15.707963 
16.493361 
17.278759 
18.064157 
18.849555 


0.78539 

1.227184 

1.767145 

2.405281 

3. 141592 

3.976078 

4.908738 

5.939573 

7.068583 

8.295768 

9.621127 

11.044661 

12.566370 

14.186254 

15.904312 

17.72054-6 

19.634954 

21.647536 

23.758294 

25.967226 

28.274333 


0.88622 
.10778 
.32934 
.55089 
.77245 
.99401 
2.21556 
2.43712 
2.65868 
2.88023 
3.10179 
3.32335 
3.54490 
3.76646 
3.98802 
4.20357 
4.43113 
4.65269 
4.87424 
5.09580 
5.31736 


Diam  CiTCifm. 


19.634954 


20.420352 
21.205750 
21.991144 
22.77654S 
23.561994 
24.347343 
25.132741 
25.918139 
26.703537 
27.489935 
28.274333 
29.059372 
29.845130 
30.630518 
31.415926 


Area, 


30.679615 


33.183072 
35.784703 
38.484-550 
41.282490 
44.178645 
47.172977 


5.53891 


5.760*7 
5.98209 
6.10358 
6.42514 
6.64670 
6.86825 


50.265481 1  7.08981 


53.456161 
56.745017 
60.132046 
63.617251 
67.200530 
70.882194- 
74.661912 
78.539816 


7.31137 
7.53292 
7.75448 
7.97604 
8.  19759 
8.41915 
8.64071 
8.86210 


6.25 
6.50 
6.75 
7.00 
7.25 
7.50 
7.75 
8.00 
8.  25 
8.50 
8.75 
9.00 
S.25 
9.50 
9.75 
10.00  . 

DIFFERENCE.  -the  -result  obtai- 

ed  from  subtracting  one  sum 
from  another.  I*  is  generally  un- 
derstood that  the  less  quantity 
is  to  betaken  from  the.  greater, 
but  the  greater  may  be  -taken 
from  -the  less,  the  result  being 
a  negative  quantity. 

DIGITS.-  The  ten  characters,  1,2, 
3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,  by  the  aid  of 
which  all  -numbers  are  expressed 

DIMENSION.  -Extension  in  one 
direction.  Every  body  has  three 
dimensions,  \e-v\<)V\\,NoYea.&v\\,and 
V\e\QVv,or  v\A\cVvve'j'=,.  A  line  is 
extended  in  one  direction,  and 
a  surface  in  two  directions. 

DISCOUNT.  -Allowance  -made  (or 
the  payment  of  money  before  it- 
is  due.  The  actual  amount  to  be 
paid  is  called  the  7-ve=>e.>\*  vaAwe, 
and  the  difference  between  the 
amount  specified  and  the  present; 
value,  is^  the  &'\«COYUY\V.  Batik  dis- 
count is  discount  on  the  entire 
principal.  The  v^oceeAs  are  the 
principal  less  the.  bank  discount. 
True,  discount  is  discount  on 
such  a  sum  of  money  as  would 
;a/mcm,-va  to  the  -face  of  the  note, 
if  put  at  interest  at  the  given  rate 
and  -for  -fche.given  time.  The  ^YC.=,- 
e\Mc>  \NO\VV\  is  the  principal  a-mou.ru; 
less  the  true  discount.  Mercan- 
tile discount  is  any  allowance 
or  per  cent  off.  To  compute  bank 
discount,  Multiply  the  amount  by 
/-£  the  number  of  days,  includ  in9 
the  day  of  discount  and  ^he  three 
days  o/  grace,  and  in  the  product 
point  of^  three  decimals.  This  will 
9'ive  the  interest  at  6^.  For  any 
other  rate,  add  or  subtract  in  pro- 
portion as  the  given  rate  is  greater 
or  less  than  6%.To/i-nd  t-rue 
discount,  Divide  the  amount  by 
1.00  plus  the  product  of  the  -rate 
and  time;  the  quotient  will  be  the 
present  worth  ;  subtract  this  from 
the  amount,  and  the  remainder  will 
be  tha  true  discount.  (See  Compound 
Interest  Tables). 

DIVIDEND.  -A  quantity  which  is 
to  be  divided  by  another,  called  the 

ft\MVSOY. 

DIVISION.  -The  operation  of  find- 
mg.from  two  quantities  a  third, 
which  multiplied  by  the  first  shall 
produce  the  second.  The  -first  is 


called  the  &W\<io-v  ,  the  second,  the 
&'W\4«.'V\&I  and  the  third,  the  j\\xo- 
Vxfcw*.  Any  part  left  undivided, 
is  called  the  T4.wa.VvA  &«.-*.  To  prove 
the  accuracy  of  the  operation,  (I) 
Multiply  the  divisor  by  the  quotient, 
addin9  in  the  remainder,  if  any; 
the  result  should  equal  the  d  ivi- 


dend.(H)  Add  the 
excess  of  9's  inthe 
remainder  to  the  ex- 
cess of  91s  in  *  he 
product  of  the  ex- 
cess in  the  divisor, 
multiplied  by  the 
excess  in  the  quo- 
tient(without  the 
remainder  or  frac- 
tional part).  The 
excess  of  S's  i  n 
this  sumo/  excess 
es  should  eq  u  aj 


193)74020^383 
j>79_ 


Excess  om 
in  rem.         =2 

Excess  'mdivtsor=4 
»*  quot.  =  5 
*,  prod.(5,r4)  =_2 

Saw  o(  excesses  =  4 

Excess  i-ndivideTxl=4 


the  excess  of  9's  in 

the 

divide  by   10,  100,  IOOO,etc.,Cut 

off  from  the  right-hand  of  the 

dividend  as  many  -f^ures  as  there 

are.c'ohers  in  the  divisor,  or  re- 


move the  decimal  point  as  many 
places  toward  the  le-ft^as  there 
are^ciphers  in  the  divisor.  To 
divide  by  a  composite  number, 
as  36(9x4),  360(9x4xlO),etc.,Di- 
vide  first  by  one  of  the  (  actors, 
and  the  resulting  quotient  by  an- 
other -fac-tor,  and  proceed  thus  till 
all  the  factors  have  been  used.]G.x- 
?>L-v*\v\e.- Divide  21073  by  96% using 
factors  8,4,  and  3e. 

Operation. 
812(073 

412634  Rem.l=  I  unit  of  1st  dividend, 
3 ,     658   Rem.2(2x8)lS    "       '»        »» 
r~2'l9    Rew.l 

(1x4x8)=  31    ..       ,1 
Hence  true  Rew.=49 

DIVISOR.- That  factor  in  division 
by  which  the  dividend  is  to  be  di- 
vided. Any  number  is  divisible  by 
2  or  5  if  the  last  figure  is  divisible 
by  2,  or  5  ;  i*  is  divisible  by  4  or  25 
\(  the  last  two  figures  are  divisi- 
ble by  4  or  25  ;  i*  is  divisible  by 
8  or  125  if  the  las.-t  three  fiau-res 
are  divisible  by  8  or  125  ;  i*  is  di- 
visible by  3  or  by  9  if  the  smrt  of 


isibic  by  i  or  by  3 

poison      . . 

r  twelve  f  !\ 
-ibe  a  (  ) 
m  iti  a  X / 


its  figures  is  divisible  by  3  or  bu  9 

DODECAGON .  -  A  polygon 
of  twelve  sides  or  twel 
angles.  To  inscr" 
regular  dodecagon 
circle,  apply  the  radius 
six  times  to  the  circumference  as 
a  chord  ;  bisect  the  arcs  subtended 
by  the  chords,  and  join  each  of  the 
points  of  bisection  with  the  ver- 
tices of  the  consecutive  angles 
formed  by  the  chords. 

DOLLAR. -A  silver  coin  of  the  U- 
nited  States  whose  vaJue  is  iOO 
cents  or  10  dimes.  The  original 
form  of  the  sign  ^  vyast  proba- 
bly a  barred  8,^  signify ino8.V>e 
ate,  the  divisions  of  the  Spanish 
Dollar,  adopted  as  the  basis  of  the 
United  States  coinage. Some  re- 
gard the  sign  as  a  -monogram  of 
the  letters  U.S. 

DRY  MEASURE. -Used  for  meas- 
uring articles  no*-  liquid, as  salt, 
fruit,  grain,  etc.   For  table  see 
under  Weights  and  Measures. 

DUODECIMAL. -A  system  of  nurrt- 
bers  whose  scale  is  12,  the  unit 
of  each  order  being  equal   *o 
twelve  times  a  unit  of  the  next 
lower  order.  The  system  is  used 
by  artificers  in  estimating  the  su- 
perficial and  solid  contents    of 
their  work.  The  following  -table 
gives  the  names  of  the  units: 
12  foimhs("") .  .make  I  third.marked  "' 

12  thirds »     I  second,      »»     " 

12  seconds  .....    » »    I  inch  (prime) .»     ' 

12  inches  (primes)  »»     I  foot >•>  ft. 

Duodecimals  may  be  added, sub- 
tracted, multiplied,  or  divided, 
like  corn  pound  numbers,  but 
are  chiefly  use^d  in  multiplica- 
tion. To  -multiply  duodecimals, 
Write  the  multiplier  under  the 
multiplicand,  placing  units  of  the- 
same  order  in  column. Multiply, 
first  by  the  feet,  nexfc  by  the  inch- 
es, and  so  on,  recollecting  that 
the  product  will  be  of  that  de- 
nomination denoted  by  the  sum 
of  their  indices.  Add  the  several 
partial  products  together  ,  and 
their  sum  will  be  the  required 
product.  Exa-mple.-How  many 
sq.  ft.  in  a  board  9ft.  5  in.  Jong, 
and  2ft.  Sin.  wide? 

5'x2ft.=IOin.4j*2; 
9ft.x2ft.=l8  sq.ft. 


CCENTRIC.— Two  spheres,  sp^e- 
roids,  circles,  or  ellipses,  are  said 
to  be  ecce-nX'-vAc,  when  one  lies 
within  the  other,  but  has  not 
the  same  centre.  The  teVw  is 
opposed  to  coY\cC''v\^^xc •  > 

TDGE.—  The  line  in  which  two  fa- 
ces of  a  polyedral  angle  meet  each 
other. The  edge  of  a  polyhedron, 
is  the  line  in  which  two  adjacent 
faces  meet  each  other. 

ELLIPSE. -A  curved  line  having 
two  centres,  cal led  its  <oc\,and 
two  diameters, called  its  -mft-Yo-f 


and  rtxv'Yvo'Y  ^xc^. 
The  sum  of  the  dis- 
tances, from  any 
point  in  it  to  two 
fixed  points  is  equal 
to  the  longest  diam- 
eter, which  diameter  passes  through 
those  points.  Thus  EF  +  E&=A8.Ttie 
points  Fand  C  are  the  foci;  the 
point  0  is  the  centre  of  the ejlipse. 
To  find  the  area  of  an  ell  ipse, 
Multiply  the  product  of  the  long- 
er and  shorter  diameters  by  .7854. 

EQUIANGULAR. -Having  all  the 
angles  equal,  as  a  square. 

EQUILATERAL. -Having  all  the 
sides  equal,  as  a  square. 

EQUATION  OF.ACCOUNTS.-The 
process  of  finding  at  what  time 
the  Y>a.Ya-nc«.  o*  •a.rv  a.cco\w\*  can 
be  paid  without  loss  to  either  debt 
or  or  creditor.  (  It  is  also  called 
"Averaging  of  Accounts"  and 
"Compound  Equation  of  Pay- 
ments ").  To  Si-nd  the  equated 
*Ime,  Assume  the  earliest  date 
upon  which  any  item  of  the  ac- 
count becomes  due  to  be  the 
time  of  maturity  for  all  of  the 
items.  Multiply  each  item.by*he 
number  of  days  intervening  be 
tween  this  assumed  date  and  the 
date  upon  which  it  becomes  due, 
and  find  the  sum  of  these  prod- 
ucts on  each  side  of  the  account. 
Then  divide  the  &'\Ue-'V«A\ce.  be- 
tween the  sums  of  the  debit  and 
credit  products  by  the  balance 
of  the  account;  the  quotient 
will  be  the  time  for  consideration 
or  average  term  of  credit.  When 
the  difference  of  products  and 
the  balance  of,the  account  fall 
on  the  <siLV*\e  side  count  SoYvwaA'o; 
when  on  o^os'vv^  sides  count 
N»-i.cV.vMttYO,;  that  is,  when  the 
balance  of  account  and  balance 
of  interest  or  discount  go  to  the 
same  party  count  backward;  when 
they  goto  opposite  parties  count 
forward.  Example. 

^-y.  C'Y. 

Due.    &  Due      $ 

July3,l870,200x  2=    440  July  I,l870,200x  0= 
Oct.l,  „   125*  32=  Il50fl0ct.3,  „   150x94=14100 
Nov.lS,  ,,   200x137.  27400  Dec.20, 
Feb.24,1871, 140x238=  33320 


262  days  from  July  I, 
^^         ™  1870,  is  March  20, 187 1. 
EQUATION  OF  PAYMENTS.-See 

Average  of  Payments.    - 
EVEN    NUMBER. -Any  number 
divisible  by  2,  as  4,  10,  18, etc. 
EVOLUTION. -The  process  of 
finding  one  of  several  equal  fac- 
tors of  a  product.  It  is  also  called 

It  is  opposed  to  \r\^o\vvV\oY\.(See 
Cube  Root  and  Square  Root). 

EXAMPLE, -An  individual  orsin 
9|e  application  of  a  general  prin- 
ciple or  rule,  generally  given  *o 
illustrate  the  nature  of  the  rule 
or  its  mode  of  application. 

EXCHANGE. -For  definition, we 


under  Business  Forms.  To  /Jnd 
the  cost  of  a  draft  at  sight,  Add 
the  premium  *o  -the  face  of  the 
draft,  or  subtract  the  discount 
Example.  -How  much  must  be 
paid  for  a  draft  of  $$1000   on 
New  York  at  a  'premium  of  l/4%? 
l/i%  of*  1  000  =  *  15  premium. 

I  OOP  face  of  draft. 
3*1015  total  cost. 

Te/itid  the  face  of  a  draft,  the 
cost  and  rate  being  given,Divide 
the  cost  by*  I  plus  the  rate  of  pre- 
mium, or  ttl  minus  the  rate  of 
discount.  Example.  -A  draft  was 
purchased  on  Chicago  for«322S.05, 
at  a  premium  of  K%  ,  and  anoth  - 
er  on  Denver  for  ^2397.  88,  at  a 
discount  of  K  %  .  What  was  the 
face  of  each  ? 

I.OO-f-.005=l.005j3226.0Sib32IO  face  Q< 
draft  on  Chicago. 


face  of  draft  on  Denver. 
(See  Foreign  Exchange). 
EXPECTATION.  -The  valoe  of 
any  chance  which  depends  up- 
on some  contin9ent  event.  Thus, 


if  a  person  is  to. receive  the  sum  of 
46300  upon  the  occurrence  of  an 
event  which  has  an  equal  chance 
of  happen in9  or  failino,theexpec 
tation  of  the  sum  is  worth*  100. 
If  there  are  three  chances  of 
the  event's  fail Jn9,  and  only  one 
of  its  happening,  the  expectation 
is  worth  only  tt 50.  Expectation 
of  Li/e.- A  phrase  applied  to  the 
average  duration  of  life  after 
any  9iven  age  as  determined  .by 
the  tables  of  mortality.  If  it  is 
found  from  a  9reat  number  of 
recorded  exam  pies,  that  of  all 
the  individuals  who  reach  t.he 
£96  of  .30,  the  avera9e  rernain- 
1119  period  of  existence  is  34.34 
years,  then  is  the  expectation  of 
life  at  that  a9e  34.34  years. (See 
Carl  isle  Table  of  Mortality,  under 
Wei9hts  and  Measures), 
n-  EXTRACTION  OFROOTS.-The 
process  of/indinp  a  quantity, 
which  bein9  taken  as  a  factor  a 
certain  number  of  times ,  w  i  1 1 
produce  a  9iven  quantity. (See 
Cube  Root  and  Square  Root). 


EXTREME. -In  a  proportion,  the 
first  and  last  terms, a.re  called 
e%V*«Y(\e,s,  the  remaining  *wo 
the  /vn«.fcv\s.  When  the  proportion 
has  but  three  different  *erms, 
the  -middle  one  is  a  geometrical 
mean,  or  a  •vaei.'Yv  ^Yo^orvxo-wjA. 
between  the  extremes.  In  that- 
proportion 

3  :  9  ::  4-  :  12, 

3  and  12  are  the  extremes,  aTs« 
in  the  proportion 

3  ;  6  : ;  6  ;  12, 

3  and  12  are  extremes,  and  S 
is  a  mean  proportional  between 
them.lti  a  geometrical  progres- 
sion, any  term  is  a  mean  jrropor- 
tional  between  the  preceding  an^ 
succeeding  term,  and  if  there  is 
an  odd  number  of  t«rm$,th«  mid- 
dle one  is  a  mean  proportional  be- 
tween the  extremes.  Also  *  h^e 
product  of  the  two  extremes  is 
equal  to  the  product  of  any  two 
means  equally  distant  from  the 
extremes.  Iti  an  arithmetical 
progression,  the  sum  of  the  ex- 
tremes is  equal  to  the  sum  of  any 
pair  of  terms  which  are  situated 
at  equal  distances  from  the  extremes. 
The  sum  of  the  progression  is  e- 
<jual  to  the  half  sum  of  the  extremes 
multiplied  by  the  number  of  terms. 

FACE. -The  plane  surface  of  any 
solid. 

FACTOR. -A  quantity  which  will 
divide  another  is  said  to  be  a  <&c 
Vo-<  of  it.  To  resolve  a  quantity 
into  its  factors,  is  to  find  two  or 
more  quantities,  which  when 
multiplied  together,  will  produce 
the  given  quantity;  thus  the 
factors  of  4-2  are  2, 3,  and  T. 
The  v^'VttC-  ^acVo-t%  pf  a  quantity, 
are  those  factors  which  cannot  be 
exactly  divided  by  any  other q.uan 
tity  except  I,  which  is  a  prime 
factor  of  every  number  .The  pro 
cess  of -resolving  -numbers  into 
their  fac-tors  is  called  fcacioVvw) 
To  -resolve  a  number  into  its 
prime  factors,  Divide  thegiven 
number  by  any  prime  " 
number  that  will  ex- 
actly divide  it;  divide 
the  quotient  in  the 
same  manner,  and 
so  continue.lo  divide, 
un*il  a  quotient  is  ob- 
tained which  is  a  prime  number- 
the  jast  quotient  and  the  several 
divisors  will  constitute  the  prime 
factors  of  the  given  number.lSe 
_..  Divisor). 

*he  FALLING  BODIES. -In  falling 
from  a  height,  a  body  will  fall 
1 6  feet  the  fitrst  second,  three 
Jimes  that  distance  in  the  sec- 
ond, and  so  on,  the  space  passed 
over  in  each  successive  second  in 
creasing  as  the  odd  numbers,!, 5 
5,7,9,11,  e*c.  The  entire  space  pass 
ed  over  is  as  the  square  of.the(time 
To  -find  the  heig.ht  from  which  a 
body  falls,  Multiply  the  square  ot 
the  time  occupied  in  falling  by  16 
arid  the  product  will  be  the  height 


FIGURE. -A  character  employed 
to  represent  numbers.  The  follow- 
ing arc  the  Arabic  figures:  1,2,3, 
4, 5,  6,7,8,9,0.  By  proper  combi- 
nation these  are  sufficient  to  rep- 
resent every  possible  number.  (See 
Notation). 

•DOT. -A  linear  measure  whose 
length  is  13  inches.  In  other  than 
English  speaking  nations, thefoot 
varies  frorn  this. 

FOREIGN  EXCHANGE. -Bills  of 
Exchange  are  generally  drawn  .in 
the  tnoney  of  the  country  in  which 
they  are  -made  payable.  (See  Coin, 
under  Weights  arid  Measures,  al- 
so Bill,  under  Business  Forms  and 
Terms). To  -fi-nd  the  value  of 
*ter  I  in  g  ( Eng  I  is  h)  m  oney  ,Reduce 
the  shillings  and  pence,  if  any, 
to  the  decimal  of  a.  pound,  and 
multiply  by  the  given  rate  per 
pound.  (See  Sterling  Money). To 
charge  U.S.  m  one  y  to  Sterling, 
Divide  the  given  atnount  bythe 
value  of  <£!  at  the  given  rate.  Re- 
duce the  remainder,  or  the  dec- 
imal^ in  the  quotient,  if  any,  to 
shillings  and  pence. 

FRACTION  .-  One  or  more  of  the 
equal  parts  of  I.  One  of  the  e- 
qual  parts  is  called  a  <^cv'\ova.\ 
\vrnV;  thus  in. the  fraction^  , 
^3  is  the  fractional  unit.  Frac- 
tions are  either  co-m\v\oT\ (vul- 
gar^ or  AecVmaX.  For  the  expla- 
nation of  decimal  fractions, see 
Decimal.  Common  fractions  arc 
those  in  which  the  denominator 
is  expressed,  and  may  be  anyquan- 
tity.They  are  wr  i  tten  in  the  f  orm 
^4,  wh.ich  denotes  that  the  quan- 
tity Y*  is  taken  3  times.The  parts 
3  and  4-  are  ca.lled  fce-v"ms  of  the 
fraction,  3  being  the  -miweAaVoY 
and  shows,  how  many  parts  are 
taken;  A-  is  the  &e/v\o'w\Vwai>c<oY, a-nd 
shows  into,  how  many  parts  the 
unit  is.  divided.  A  v^o^e-v  i-vac^Ao- 
is  one  in  which  the  numerator 
is  less  than  the  denomina.tor,as 
J^i .  An  Vm^-vo^eY  $r».cV\orv  is  one 
in  which  the  numerator  is  great- 
er than  the  denominator^  9^. 
A  w'vxcA  $\acx\o\\  is  an  expression 
composed  of  two  parts,  one  part 
being  entire,  and  the  other  frac- 
tional, as  4/$. Multiplying  the 
numerator  of  a  fraction,  multi- 
plies the  fraction.  Dividing  the 
numerator  of  a  fraction, divides 
the  fraction.  M  ultiplying  the  3e- 
nominator  of  a  fraction,  divides 
the  fraction.  Dividing  the  denom- 
inator of  a  fraction,  multiplies 
the  fraction.  Multiplying  or  divid- 
ing both  terms  of  a  fraction  by 
the  same  number,  does  not  alter 
its  value.  To  reduce  a  fraction  to 
its  lowest  terms,  Divide  both  terms 
by  any  common,  factor;  divide  the 
resulting  fraction  in  the  s  ame 
manner,  and  so  on  till  no  num- 
ber greater  than  I  will  exactly 
divide  both  terms.  Or,  Divide 
both  terms  by  their  greatest com- 
mon divisor.  To  reduce  an  im- 


proper fraction  to  a  whole  or -mix- 
ed number.  Divide  the  numera- 
tor by  the  denominator.  To  -re- 
duce a  whole  or  mixed  number 
to  an  improper  fraction,  Multi- 
ply the  whole  number  b.y  the  de- 
nominator o.f  the  fraction;  add 
the  numerator  to  the  product,and 
write  the  sum  over  -the  denomina- 
tor. To  reduce  a  whole  number 
to  a  fraction  having  a  given  de- 
nominator, Multiply  together 
the  w.hole  number  and  *he  de- 
nominator, and  write  the  de- 
nominator beneath  -the  product 
To  -reduce  a  compound  fraction 
to  a  simple  one,  see  Compound 
Fraction.  To  reduce  fractions 
of  different  denominators  t-o 
equivalent  fractions  having  at 
common  denominator,  Mujti- 
ply  both  -terms  of  each  fraction 
by  the  product  of  all  *he  denom- 
inators except  its  own.  To  're- 
duce -fractions  of  different  de- 
nominators to  equivalent  frac- 
tions having  the.  least:  common 
denominator,  Find  the  leas* 


fcot,  and  -the  denominators  f  <> 
a  now  denominator.  To  divide 
a  whole  number  by  a  fraction,  or 
a  fraction  by  a  whole  number, 
Write  I  under  the  whole  num- 
ber fora,  denominator, and  pro 
ceed,  as  in  last  rule.To  reduce 
a  complex  fraction  to  a  simple 
fraction,  see  Complex  Fraction. 
FRUSTRUM.-  A  piece  or  part  of  a 
solid  separated  from  the  rest,as 
the  frustrum  of  a  pyramid  or 
cone.  To  find  the  solidity  of  a 

frustrum,  see  Oone. 

product.  FURLONG. -A  linear  unit  of  length 


To  subtract  fractions, Re- GEOMETRICAL 


common  multiple  of  the  denom- 
inators of  the  given  fractions, and 
multiply  both  terms  of  each  frac- 
tion by  the  quotient  of  the  least 
common  multiple,  divided. by  the 
denominator  of  the  fraction. To 
add  fractions,  Reduce  them  to 
a  common  denominator;  then 
add  their  numerators, and  place 
f  he  sum  over  the  common  denom 
inator.  To  sub^rac*  fractions,  Re- 
duce them  *o  a  common  denom- 
inator, find  the  difference  be- 
tween, their  numerators,  and 
place  it  over  the  common  de- 
nominator. To  multiply  afrac- 
tion  by  a  fraction,  Multiply  topeth- 
er  vhe  numerators  for  a.new  nu- 
merator, and  the  denominators 
for  a  new  denominator.  To  -mul- 
tiply a  fraction  by  a  whole  num- 
ber, or  a.whole  number  by  a  frac- 
tion,Write  I  under  the  whole 
number  for  a  denominator, and 
proceed. as  in  last  rule.To  divide 
a  fraction  by  a  fraction,  Invert 
the  divisor;  multiply  thenumer- 
ators  together  for  a  new  numera- 


aqual  to  660  feet  or  54  ofa-mile 
&AUGIN&.-The  operation  of  find- 
ing the  consents  of  casks  and 
vessels  of  any  formAJ\\/a.o,e/ 
is  the  difference  between  £he.act 
ual  contents  of  a  vessel  and  its 
capacity,  or  that  part  which  is 
empty.  To  fitid  the  contents 
of  a  cylindrical  vessel,  Find  the 
contents  in  cubic  inchest  see 
Cylinder),  and  divide  by  2150.42 
for  the  measurement  in  bushels; 
by  282  for  beer  gallons,  and  by 
231  /or  wine  gallons.Tofi-wd 
the  contents  of  a  cask, sec  Cask. 
To  /bid  the  contents  of  ul  lage 
casks,  when  .the  cask  is  standing 
Find  one-third  the  sum  of  the 
head,  mean,  and  bung  diameters, 
and  square  the  result; multiply 
by  the  heigh*  of  the  fluid  in  inch- 
es, and  that  product  by  .0034  for 
wine  gallons,  and  by  .00518  for 
beer  gallons. 

GENERAL  AVERAG-E.-FOT  defi 

nition,  see  under  Bu-sinessTerms. 
To  make  a  claim  for  G-eneral  Av- 
erage valid,  three  considerations 
are  necessary  :(l)  An  imminent 
common  peril  and  a  necessity 
for  some  sacrifice;(ft)  A  volunta 
ry  sacrifice  of  a  part  *o  save 
the  rest; (3)  The  success  of  the 
effort  to  save  a  part,  as  aresult 
of  the  sacrifice  made. To  -fi-nd 
General  Average,  Divide  the  to- 
tal loss  subject  to  average  by  the 
sum  of  the  values  of  the  contrib- 
utory, interests,  and  multiply 
each  interest  by  the  per  cent, 
thus  found. 

GEODESY. -That  branch  of  Sur- 
veying in  which  the  curvature 
of  the  earth  is  taken  into  account. 
PROGRESSION.- 
See  Progression. 

GEOMETRY. -That  branch  of  Math 
ematics  which  treats  of  the  re- 
lation, properties,  and  measure- 
ment of  solids,  surfaces,  I  ines, 
and  angles. 

GOLDEN  NUMBER. -The  number 
denoting  the  year  of  the  cycle. of 
19  years,  in  which  the  year  In 
question  falls. To  find  the  gold- 
en number  for  any  year,  Add  I 
to  its  number  in  the  Christian 
year,  and  divide  the  sum  by  19, 
the  remainder  is  the  golden  num- 
ber of  the  year,  unless  the  remain- 
der is  0,  in  wh  ich  case  the  golden 
•number  is  19;  thus  18544-1=1855; 


42 


dividing  1855  by  19,  the  remain- 
der is  12;  hence,  12  is  thegolden 
number  required. 
GOLDEN    RULE. -A  name  some- 
times given  to  the  Rule  of  Three, 
on  account  of  its  great  practical 
value  and  universal  use.  (See  Rule 
of  Three). 

GRAIN,  MEASURE..- TO  /jtid  the 

quantity  of  grain  in  a  bin, wag- 
on-bed, etc., Multiply  the  heig.hr, 
length,  and  breadth  together,  in 
inches,  and  divide  by  2 150.42; the 
quotient  will.be  the  number  of 
bushels.  To  find  the  quantity 
of  grain  when  heaped  on  the 
floor  in  the  form  of  a  cone  — 
Square  the  d.epth  and  square 
the  slant  height,  in  inches', take 
their  difference  and  multiply  by 
the  depth,  and  this  product  by 
.0005,  the  -result  will  be  t  he 
number  cf  bushels.  To  -f  ind 
the  quantity  of  grain  when 
heaped  against  a  straight  wall, 
Square  one-half  the  depth, and 
proceed  as  jn  last  rule.  (See 
Apples,  Bushel, and  Corn). 

GREATEST  COMMON  DIVISOR. - 

See  Common  Divisor. 

GUNTER'S  CHAIN.-  A  chain  us- 
ed for  the  purposes  of  land  sur- 
veying. It  is  4-  rods  or  66  feet 
In  length,  divided  into  100  links, 
each  link  7.92  Inches  in  length, 
every  tenth  one  being  marked, 
for  convenience,  in  counting.The 
advantage  o/ this  mode  of  divis- 
ion is,  tha.t  a  s.quarc  chain  or 
a  square  link  is  a  decimal  frac- 
tion of  an  acre,  and  if  the  area 
of  a  piece  of  ground  be  found  in 
square  chains  and  links,  it  way 
at  once  be  converted  into  acres 
by  pointing  off  a  suitable  timber 
of  decimal  places. 

HAY.-To/i-Md  the  amount  of 
hay  Jn  a  mow  or  stack,  Find 
the.nu-mbcr  of  cubic  feet,  and 
dlvid.e  by  the  number  of  cubic 
feet  in  a  ton,  as  given  under 
Hay,  under  Weights  and  Measures. 

HECTO-GRAMME.- A  French 
weight  of  100  grammes,  equal 
to  3  02.  8  drams  11.9848  grains 
Avoirdupois. 

HECTO-LITRE.-A  French  meas- 
ure containing  [00  litres,equai 
co  26  gallons  3  pints. 

HECTOMETRE.-A  Prench  rneas- 
ure  containing  100  metres, equal 
to  19  rods  4  yards  2  feet  7.019  in- 
ches. 

HEIGHT.  — Any  distance  estima- 
ted or  measured  upwards- 

HEMISPHERE. -One  of  the  two 
equa.l  parts  of  a  sphere, made  by 
passing  a  plane  through  its  cen- 
tre. 

HEPTAGON. -A  polygon  of  seven 
angles,  or  seven  sides.To     /^. 
construct  a  regular  hep-    \         \ 
tagon,  Divide  the  circum-    I        / 
Terence  of  a  circle  into        > — 
seven  equal  pa.rts,and  draw  the 
chord  subtending  each  arc. 

HEXAGONAL. -Having  six  angJes. 


HEXAGON. -A  polygon  of     / — v 
six  .angles  or  sides. To  in-   /      \ 
scribe  a  regular  hexagon    \     / 
in  a  circle,  Apply  the  ra- 
dius six  times  as  a  chord,  *  he 
resulting  figure  will  be  aregu- 
lar  hexagon. 

HEXAHEDRON. -A  polyhedron  of 
six  faces,  the  same  as  a  cube. 

HOGSHEAD. -A  rneasu-re  of  ca- 
pacity, equivalent  to  63  gallons 
of  wine,  or  54  gallons  of  beer. 
When  used  for  tobacco,  it  varies 
Jn  the  different  States  from 750 
to  1200  pounds. 

HORIZONTAL. -Parallel  to  the 
horizon.  A  V\oYvio-*\*&\  \V*\e,  is 
one  parallel  to  the  horizon, orto 
the  surface  of  still  water. 

HOUR.— A  period  of  time  equal  to 
one-twenty-^ourth  part   of  a^ 
day,  or  60  minutes. 

HYPOTHENUSE.-Theside  A 

of  a  right-angled  trian-        / 

gle  opposite  the  r  \q  ht      Z. IB 

angle, as  AC.  In  a  plane 
triangle  the  square  described  up- 
on the  hy  pothenusa  is  equivalent 


to  the  sum  of  the  squares  describ- 
ed  upon  the  other  two  sides. 

IMPROPER  FR  ACTION. -A  frac 
tion  whose  denominator  is  less 
than  Us  numerator,  as  ^^  (See 
Fraction). 

INCH. -A  measure  of  length  equal 
to  the  twelfth  part  of  a  foot.The 
length  of  a  simple  pendulum, 
which  beats  seconds  rji  the  Tow- 
er of  London,  is  taken  as  *  he 
unit,  and  an  inch  Js  39.13905 
of  this.  This  is,  in  the  City  Hall 
o(  New  York,  equal  to  39,|Oiao 
of  a  simple  seconds  pendulum. The 
length  of  the  seconds  pendulum 
serves  as  the  basis  of  a  system  of 
weights  and  measures. 

INCLINED  PLANE.— A  rigid 

surface,  sloping  at  an  angle  be- 
tween the  horizontal  and  vertical. 
To  /jnd  the  weight  which  can 
be  raised  on  the  inclined  plane, 
Multiply  the  power  by  the  length 
of  the  inclined  plane,and  divide 
the  product  by  its  perpendicular 
height. 

INCOMMENSURABLE. -With  re 
spect  to  each  other,  two  quantities 


of  the  same  kind  are  incommen- 
surable when  they  do  not  have  a 
common  uni-fc;  i.e.,  when  there 
is  no  quantity  so  small  that  it 
will  be  contained  in  both  anerac* 
number  of  times.  Thus,the  diago- 
nal and  -the  side  of  a  square  are 
incommensurable. 

NDEFINITE.- Unlimited  or  un- 
bounded. A  line  is  indefinite  if 
it  is  not  limited  by  points,  and 
space  is  indefinite  in  all  direc- 
tions, unless  limited  by  asiw/ace. 
When  the  number  of  terms  in 
a  series  is  unjirmted^as  4,7,10, 
etc.,  ad /Tif/Tti-tuin,  it  is  called 
an  \Yv&e.4Yw\xe.  %e,V\e%. 

INDEX.-A  -number  written  3  — 
ove-r  the  radical  sign  to  de-  v  125 
note  the  degree  of  the  root  to  be 
extracted. Thus,  3  in  the  above 
denotes  that  the  cube  root  of 
125  is  to  be  extracted. 

INFINITY. -A  term  used  to  ex- 
press a  quantity  greater  *han 
any  assignable  quantity  of  the 
same  kind.  It  is  also  the  limit 
or  last  term  of  the  scries  of  nat- 
ural numbers  in  an  arithmeti- 
cal progression.  I*  is  designated 


by  the  cymbol  co. 
INSCRIB 


E.-To  draw  within, 
as  one  figure  within  anothe 
A  straight  line  is  in- 
scribed in  a  circle 
w_hen  its  two  exjrertv 
it.'es  lie  in  the   c  i  r- 
cutn Terence,  as  A 8  in 
the  circle  AGCOO.   An 
angle  is  inscribed  when  itsverto 
lies  in  the  circumference,   and 
when  its  sides  form  chords  of 
the  circle,  as  ABC,  BCD,etc.  A  pol- 
ygon is  inscribed  jn  a  circle  when 
all  the  vertices  of  its  an9les  lie 
in  the  circumference,  as  A  BCD, 
ABC,  BCD,  etc. 
All  regular 
polygons  may  E 
be  inscribed 

in  a  circle.  A  A 

quadrilateral 

niay  be  inscribed  wnen  the  sum 
of  any  two  opposite  angles  is  e- 
<jual  tO(  !30°.  A  circle  is  inscribed 
in  a  triangle  or  other  polygon, 
when  it  is  tangent  to  every  side 
of  the  polygon,  as  the  circle  F&H 
in  the  polygons  ECB  and  A  SCO. 
A  circle  can  always  be  inscrib> 
ed  in  any  triangle,  and  in  any 
quadrilateral,  when  the  sum  of 
two  opposite  sides  isequal  to  the 
sum  of  the  other  two  opposite 
sides  The  square  and  rhombus 
are  the  only  para  lie  log  rarns  in 
which  acircle  can  be  i  rsscribed. 
A  polyhedron  may  be  inscribed 
in  a  sphere,  when  the  sur/ace  of 
the  sphere  passes  through  all  its 
vertices.  A  sphere  may  be  inscrib- 
ed in  any  regular  polyhedron,  and 
also  in  any  triangular  pyramid. 
To  -find  the  side  of  an  inscribed 
equilateral  frr'art^/e,.  Multiply 
the  diameter  by  .866025,  or  the 
circurn/erence  by  .275664. To 


43 


the  side  of  an  inscribed  square, 
Multiply  the  diameter  by. 701106, 
or  the  circumference  by. 225079. 

INSURANCE. 7For  definitions, 
see  under  Business  Terms. The 
arnoumk-  of  insurance  corresponds 
to  the  iase(in  Percentage),  the 
rate  of  premium  to  the  per  cent., 
and  the  premium  to  the  percen- 
tage. To  -find  the /ace  value  of  a 
policy  that  shall  insure  both  the 
property  and  the  premiums,  Di- 
vide the  amount  of  insurance  re- 
quired on  the  property  by  the 
difference  per  cent,  of  the  rate 
of  insurance.  Most  of  the  or- 
dinary problems  re/erring  to 
insurance  are  simple  problems 
iri  percentage,  and  require  -no 
further  explanation. 

INTEGER.-  A  whole  number, as 
3,7,  20,  etc.,  as  distinguished 
from  a  fraction. 

INTEREST.-Compensation  for 
the  use  of  money  or  value. The 
sum  /or  the  use  of  which  inter- 
est is  paid, is  the  Princi'pa/.The 
number  of  hundredths  of  the 
principal  that  is  paid  for  its  use, 
is  the  ffa4e\  as§  6%  is  %0.The 
cum  o/  the  principal  and  inter- 
est, is  the tA -mount,  interest  on 
the  principal  only,  is  Simple  In- 
terest. Interest  on  the  principal 
andton  interest  (of  a  previous 
period,  is  Compound  Interest.  - 
Interest  computed  by  the  rate 
established  by  law,  is  Legal  In- 
terest. Interest  greater  ft-han 
Ie9a!  .interest,  and  prohibited  by 
law,  is  Usury.  When  no  ra*et  is 
mentioned,  the  legal  rate  is 
always  understood. (For  -the  le- 
9^1  rate  in  the< different  States, 
see  under  Statistical  Bureau,  of 
the  United  Stages).  To  /itid  the 
time  between  two  dates,  om  it 
the  day  of  the  date  and  include 
the  day  of  maturity.  (See  Busi- 
ness Time  Tables;  see  also  Time, 
under  Business  Terms). For  a 
quick  and  easy  method  of  com- 
puting simple  interest,  without 
the  use  of  /ractions,  see  Instanta 
neous  Method  of  Computing  In- 
terest. From  this  method,  the 
interest  on  any  sum, /or  any 
time  and  rate,  may  be  /ound 
by  simply  adding  the  results  ob- 
tained mentally  from  thetables. 
To  /ind  the  interest  at  any  rate 
per  cent,  per  annum  for  any  giv- 
en time*  Multiply  the  principal 
by  the  rate, expressed  as  a  decimal; 
the  product  will  be  the  interest 
/or  I  year.  Multiply  this  inter- 
est by  the  time  expressed  in  years 
and  fractions  o/ayear;  the  re- 
sult will  be  the  interest  required, 
Or,  Find  the  interest  /or  the 
years  as  above,  and  take  aliquot 
parts  /or  the  months  and  days. 
The  following  brie/ rules  may 
be  preferred  by  some  parsons:  At 
•£•  per  cent.,  M  ultiply  the  prin- 


cipal by  -the  number  o/  days,  cut 
of  the  right-hand  /igure  anddivide 
by  9.  At  O  per  cent.,  Multiply  by 
the  rumber  of  days  and  divide  by 
72. At  ff  percent.,  Multiply  by 
by  the  num  ber  of  days  ',  cut  off 
the  right-hand  /igure  and  divide 
by  6.  At  8 per  cent.,  M  ultiply 
by  the  number  of  days  and  divide 
by  45.  At  9  per  cent.. Multiply 
by  the  number  of  days;  cut  off 
the  right-hand  figure  and  divide 
by  4.  At  JO  per  cent.,  Multiply 
by  the  tiuniber  of  days  and  divide 
bjj36.Por  time  at  which  tnoney 
dou-blcs  at  different  rates  of  in- 
terest, see  Time  at  which  Money 
Doubles,  etc.,  under  Weights  and 
Measures.  To  (\t\A  the  Principal, 
when  the  time, rate  per  cent., 
and  interest  arc  given,  Divide 
the  given  interest  by  the  interest 
on  ONE  DOLLAR  for  the  given  rate 
and  time.  To  -find  the  ftate^per 
cent.,  when  -the  principal,  time, 
and  interest  are  given,  0  i  y  5  de 
the  given  interest  by  the  inter- 


est on  the  principal  at  ONE  percent 
To  /itid  the  Tirne,  when  the  prin- 
cipal, rate,  arid  interest  are  given, 
Divide  the  given  interest  by  the 
interest  on  the  principal  /or  ONE 
DAY;  the  quotient  will  be  the  requir- 
ed time,  in  days.  To  /itid  the  Prin- 
cipal, when  the  time^rate,  and 
arnount  are  given, Divide  the 
given  amount  by  the  a/inounj 
of  ONE  DOLLAR  for  the  given  rate 
and  time. 

INTERIOR. -Lying  on  the  inner 
side.  An  interior  angle  of  a  poly- 
gon is  an  angle  included  .between 
two  adjacent  sides  and  lying  with- 
in the  polygon. 

INTERMEDIATE  TERMS.-l-n  a 
progression,  all  the  terms  except 
the  first  and  last,  which  are  call- 
ed extremes. 

iNTERSECT.-To  pass  through  or 
cut  each  other.  Two  lines  inter 
sect  when  they  cross  each  oth- 
er, and  have  one  point  in  cow 
mon.  Two  sur/aces  intersect  when 
thr.y  cut  each  other,  and  have  a 
line,  or  lines,  in  common. 


NVERSE.— Two  processes  or  oper- 
ations are  said  to  be  inverse, when 
one  is  exactly  contrary  to  the  other, 
or  when  being  performed  in  suc- 
cession upon  a  given  quantity,  the 
result  will  be  that  quantity ;_  as  Ad- 
dition and  Subtraction  are  inverse 
operations.  For  Inverse  Propor- 
tion,see  Proportion. 

N  VERSION  .-The  act  or  opera- 
tion o/changing  the  order  of 
the  terms.  Thus,  in  the  propor- 
tion, 3  :  9  : :  5  : 15  ,  by  inversion 
it  is  9  :  3  : :  15:5.  For  Inversion 
of  Series,  see  Series. 

INVERT. -To  turn  or  place  in 
a  con trary  position. Thus  the 
fraction    24-  becomes  %  when 
inverted. 

INVESTMENTS  AND. DIVIDENDS. 
To  -find  what  rate  of  income  wit) 
be  derived  from  any  given  invest- 
ment, Multiply  the  income    by 
100,  and  divide  the  product^  y 
the  amount  invested. To  /i-wd 
the  rate  of  dividend, Multiply 
the  dividend  by  100, and  divide 
bw  the  par  value  of  the  stock. To 
/itid  what  rate  must  be  obtain- 
ed, that  a  given  sum  invested  may 
bring  a  given  income,  Multiply 
the  given  income  by  100,  and 
divide  the  product  by  the  sum 
in  vested. To  /ind  the  dividend 
on  any  given  num  ber  of  shares 
of  stock,  Multiply  the  par  val- 
ue of  the  stock  by  the  rate  of 
dividend,  and  divide  the  product 
by  100.  To  /ind  what  must  be 
paid  /or  stock  purchased  through 
a  broker,  Multiply  the  bonds  or 
shares  by  the  rate,  and  add  the 
brokerage.  I/  purchased  on  acred- 
it  of  more  thari  3  days,  add  in- 
terest for  the  whole  time.  To 
/ind  what  sum  must  be  invest- 
ed that  a  given  income  may  be 
obtained,  Divide  the  required  in- 
come by  *he  rate  of  income  per 
share,  or  per*  1 00,  for  the  num- 
ber of  shares  or  bonds  required, 
arid  multiply  the  quotient  by 
the  given  price.  To  /itid  the  par 
value,  when  the  premium  ordis- 
count  is  given,  Divide  the  91  vert  value 
of  the  stock  by  I  increased  by  the  rate 
per  cent,  of  premium,  or  diminished 
by  the  rate  percent,  of  d  iscourit.The 
followin9  table  shows  the  raw  of  inter- 
est received  on  Stocks  pu.rchasedfrow25 
9i  discount  to  25  9£  premium: 


Purchase 
Price. 


tth 


75. 

80. 

85. 

90. 

95. 

97.5 
100. 
105. 

no. 

115. 
120. 
125. 


6.250 
5.882 
5.555 
5.263 
5.128 
5. 000 
4.751 
4.545 
4.347 
4.166 


4.000  4.800 


CEIVEO  ON  STOCK  8EARIN&  INT. 


8.000 
7.500 
7.143 
6.666 
6.316 
6.156 
6.000 
5.714 
5.454 
5.130 
5.000 


L333 
8.750 
8.235 
7.777 
7.263 
7.179 
7.000 
6.666 
6. 363 
6.086 
5.833 
5.600 


10.666 
10.000 
9.411 
8.888 
8.421 
8.205 
8.000 
7.619 
7.272 
6.956 
6.666 
6.400 


13.333 
12.500 
11.764 
11.111 
10.526 
I0.a56 
10.000 
9.523 
9.090 
8.695 
8.333 
8.000 


INVOLUTION. -Operation  of  find- 
ing any  power  of  a  Divert  quan- 
tity. I*  is  Hie  reverse,  of  evolu- 
tion, and  is  perforrned  bu  con- 
tinued multiplication.  A  /Bovv- 
er is  the  product  obtained  by  in- 
volution. The  r«0£,  or  first  pow- 
er, is  the  number  rnu.lt! plied. The 
different  powers  derive  their 
name  from  the  number  of  times 
the  root  is  taken  as  a  /actor.  The 
number  denoting  the  power 
to  which  the  root  is  to  be  rais- 
ed, is  the  index  or  exponent  of 
the  power.  It  is  placed  on  the 
right  a  little  NtfHrr *hftn *h« 
root.  Thus,  2' =  2,  the  Is*  power 
o/2;  2*=  2  x2=4,the  2d  pow- 
er, or  square, of  2  ;  23  =  2x2*2  = 
8,  the  3d  power,  or  cute,  of  2; 
2^  =  2x2x2x2  =  16,  the  4th  pow- 
er of  2;  etc.  To  /irtd  any  given 
power  of  a  number,  Multiply  the 
number  by  itself,  till  it  is  used 
as  a  factor  as  many  times  as 
there  are  units  in  the  index  of 
*hc  power.  A 

ISOSCELES. -A  term  ap- 
plied to  a  triable,  when 
two  of  its  sides  are  equal. 
Thus,  in  the  triable  ABC,    a 
AB  and  AC  being  equal,  the  trian- 
gle is  isosceles. In  an  isosceles  tri- 
anglz,  the  angles  opposite  the  e- 
qual  sides  arc  equal,  and  a  line 
drawn  from  the  vertex  of  the 
equal  sides,  to  *he  middle  point 
of  the  base,  is  perpendicular  to 
the  base,  it  bisecting  the  base, 
and  also  the  angle  at  the  vertex. 
KILO-GRAMME. -A  French  weight 
of  1000  grammes,  equal  to  2>§ 
pounds  avoirdupois. 
KILO-LITRE. -A  French  measure 
of  1000  litres,  equal  to  264gal- 
lons   I  pint  1.9638  gills. 
KILO- METRE. -A  French  measure 
of  1000  metres,  eaual  to  about 
HJ  of  a  mile. 

LATERAL. -Relating  to  the  side. 
The  lateral  faces  of  a  prism  are 
those  which  have  a  side  lying 
in  the  perimeter  of  each  base: 
the  lateral  faces  of  a  pyramid  are 
those  which  meet  at  the  vertex. 
LATITUDE. -The  angular  dis- 
tance of  a  place, on  the  surface  of 
the  earth,  from  the  equator, 
measured  on  the  meridian   of 


the  place.  (See  Degree}. 
LEAST  COMMON   MULTIPLE.- 
The  /eas£  common  multiple  of 
two  or  more  n um bers,  is    the 
/eas£  number  that  can  be  divid- 
ed by  each  without  a  remainder 
Thus  35  is  the  /east  common  mul 
tiple  of  5  and  7.  To  /itid  the  least 
common  multiple  of  two  or  more 
numbers, Write  ,->  2)4  10  12  14 
the  numbers  in    tp2|2~ 
a  line, and  divide    V  I 
by  any  prime  divis-    ^.aift.i  P  M 
or  of  two  or  more  of    '*4-*0-L.C.N. 
them,_writinq  the  quotients  and 
undivided  numbers  undern*a*h. 


Divide  these  resulting  numbers 
by  any  prime  divisor  of  two  or 
more  of  them,  and  so  continue 
until  no  two  of  the  resulting  nu.m- 
bers  have  a  common  prime  divis- 
or. The  product  of  the  divisors  and 
the  last  resulting  numbers  will 
be  the  least  qonrmon  -multiple  re- 
quired. To  fetid  the  least  common 
multiple  of  several  fractions,  Re- 
duce them  to  their  lowest  terms; 
then  write  *he  L.C.M.  of  *tieir 
numerators  over  the  &.C.  0.  of 
their  denominators. 
.ENGTH.-One  of  the  three  at- 
tributes of  extension,  generally 
the  greatest  horizontal  dimen- 
sion of  a  body. 

.EVEL.-A  surface  issaid.to  be 
level  when  it  is  concentric  with, 
or  parallel  to,  the  surface  of  the 
sea. 

.EVER. -A  solid  bar  turning  up- 
on a  pivot,  which  is  called  its 
fulcrum.  To  /bid  *he  weight  which 
can  be  moved  by  a  lever,  no4  ac- 
count b-alng  *aken  of  the  weight 


of  the  lever,  M  ulti ply  the  pow- 
er by  its  distance  from  the  ful- 
crum, and  divide  by  tHe  distance 
of  the  weight  from  the  fulcrum. 
LIFE. -Of  100  lives.equajlu  good, 
any  one  may  expect  to  live  til  I 
50  are  deceased.  This  period  is 
called  the  probable  life. The  mean 
duration  of  life  is  found  from  the 


tables  of  mortality,  which  give  out 
of  a  certain  number  born,  the 
number  living  at  each  successive 
birthday.  (See  Carlisle  Table  of  Mor- 
tality, under  Weights  and  Measures). 
LIFE  ANNUITY.- See  Annuity. To 
-find  the  final  value  of  an  annu- 
jty  at  simple  interest,  Multiply  the 
interest  on  the  annuity  for  I  year 
by  the  number  of  years  less  I,  and 
this  product  by  one-half  the  num- 
ber of  years.  Then  add  the  product 
of  the  annuity  multiplied  by  the 
number  of  years. T.xnw^\a.-What 
will  be  the  amount  or  final  value 
of  an  annuity  of  »IOO  for  8 
y«ars  at  6X?  So/ut/'orr.-\-ntvr- 
CStonOlOO  for  lyear=*6;  6x7 
=.42  ;  42x4  =  168;  100x8=800; 


1 68  +  800  «  0968  Arts. 
the  present  value  of  an  annuity 
at  simple  in-tercs*,  Find  the  final 
value  of  the  annui*y,  and  then 
find  the  present  value  of  that 
amount.  To  /J-Md  the  final  value 
of  an  annuity  at  compound  In 
terest,  Multiply  the  amount  of 
*l,  as  given  in  Table  4  (of  the 
Compound  Interest  Tables),  by  the 
annuity;  the  product  will  be  the 
final  value.  To  /tad  the  present 
value  of  an  annu-ity  at  compounc 
interest,  Multiply  the  present 
worth  of  *5l,  as  given  in  Table 
3  (of  the  Compound  Interest  Ta- 
bles), by  the  given  annuity.  To 
/i'Md  the  present  value  of  an  an 
nuity  in  reversion,  Pind  t  Me 
present  worth  of  the  final  val- 
ue of  the  annuity  from  the  pres- 
ent time  to  the  time  it  termi- 
nates.^.*'&.'Mv\^\e..-A  father  leaves 
an  income  of  *500  per  year  to 
his  son,  to  commence  in  5  years 
and  to  continue  for  10  years. What 
is  the  present  worth  of  the  lepacy, 
at  6  per  cent.  ?  So/ut/orr.-fty'Ta. 
ble  3.  present  worth  of  *  I  for  15  yrs.  ,*  9.7 1 2  2 
,,  ,,  *l  .,  5  ..  4-.2I23 


$5.4999  x500f 462749.94,  Ans. 

LINE. -A  magnitude  which  has 
the  attribute  of  extension, call- 
ed length,  but  neither  breadth 
nor  thickness.  A  straight  line. 
is  one  which  does  not  charge  its 
direction  between  any  two-  of 

its  points,  as A  curved 

line  is  one  which  changes  its 
direction  at  every  one  of  its 
points,  as  s^  -^  .  A  broken 
fine  in  one  -made  up  of  lini- 
ited  straight  lines  lying  indif- 
ferent directions,  as  _ — ^/^S~- — . 

LINEAR. -Relating  to  aline.  A 
If  near  unit  is  a  standard  meas- 
ure of  length,  as  an  Inch,  foot, 
yard,  etc. 

.INK. -A  unit  of  measure  equal 
to  the  hundredth  part  of  (runter*! 
chain  (which  see),  which  is  7.92 
inches. 

LIQUID   MEASURE. -Used  for  the 
measurement  of  liquids,  such 
as  liguors, molasses,  water,  etc. 
For  Table,  see  underweights  and 
Measures. 

LIQUIDS,  PRESSURE  OF.-TH* 
area  (a)  of  the  base  of  a  regular 
vessel,  the  heigh*  (K)  of  the  flu- 
id in  feet,  and  the  weight  fw)  of  a 
cubic  foot  of  the  fluid  being  giv- 
en; required  the  pressure  (p)  in 
pounds  on  the  bottom  of  the  ves- 
sel: Formula.  -aX/zXtv=/>.The 
height  (h)  of  a  column  of  fluid, 
in  feet,  and  the  yve.ight  of  a  cu- 
bic foot  of  the  fluid  being  given; 
required  the  press ure(/>) in  pounds 
of  the  column  per  square  inch: 
Fo-r-mutiL.-h  V  **-•*- 144  *p.  The 
diameter  in  f«et  of  the  base  (A) 
of*  cylindrical  reservoir,  and  the 
depth  in  feet  (J)  of  fresh  water 


contained  *  Here  in  btma  «iv*tt; 
required  *he  pressure  (/>)  in  powtids 
upon  the  slaves:  Formu.1* — b  X 
3. 14-16  X  d  X  ( d+1)  X  62.5  =;> . 
•ITBE.-A  French  measure  of  ca- 
pacity, whose  volume  is  equal  -to 
a  cube  whose  edge  is  Xo  of  a  me- 
tre, and  whose  capacity  is  >fooo 
of  a  cubic  trot-ip .  I*  is  equal  to 
6 1. 027+ cubic  inches. 

LOG,  and  LOG-LINE. ~A-n  in- 
strument, of  the  -nature  of  a 
float, having  a  line  of  about  ISO 
fathoms  attached,  /or  determin- 
ing the  velocity  of  a.  ship  when 
passing  -through  the  wa*er. 

Lq&ARITHMS,(log.).<~Are  in- 


dices empowers.  Every  number 
"may  be  regarded  as  some  pow- 
er  of  10,  which.is  called  the 
base,  and  logarithms  are  *he 
indices  of  these  powers  of  10, 
most  of  them  being  proper  or 
improper  fractions.  Thus  the 
index  or  logarithm  of  1000  is 
3,  that  is,  1000  is  the  3d  power 
o/IO;  the  log.  of  251.19  is  about 
2.4  or  ft,  that  is, 251. 19  is  the 
I0*h  root  of  the  24-th  power  of 
10;  251. 19  =  10??  =IOa>4-. 

LONGITUDE     The  arc  of  the 
equator  intercepted  between 
the  meridian  of  a  place,  and 
the  meridian  of  some  other 
place  from  which  longitude  is 
reckoned.  Longituda  is  general- 
ly -reckoned  from  the  meridian 
of  Greenwich  (near  London),  but 
sometimes  from  the  meridian  of 
Washington.  For  the  length  of 
a  degree  of  longitude  for  each 
degree  of  latitude,  and  for  eo  in- 
verting longitude  info  titridi 
and  i//ce  versa,  sea  Longitude,  wt\ 

.  der  Weights  and  Measures, 

LUMBER  MEASURE. -see Board 

MAGNITUDE.  -  Anything,  t  hat 
can  be  increased  or  d ini in i sh- 
ed, as  a  Una,  surf  ace,  number, 
angle,  time,  space,  e*c. 

MARKING  PRICES. -Tor -meth- 
od of  marking  goods,  see  Mark 
ing  Goods,  lender  Business  Terms, 
To  change  the  price  of  goods, 
•marking  them  higher  or  lower, 
at  a  certain  per  ce.nl;  on  the  o  Id 
price,  Find  the  d if/ereticc  between 
the  old  and  new  per  cent,  of  gain 
or  loss.  Divide  this  by  the  0  Id 
amount  or  difference  percent, 
the  quotient  will  be  the  percent 
advance  or  discount  from  the 
old  price.  IvIultiplLj^the  old  price 
by  the  Amount  or  difference  per 
cent,  just  found,  and  the  p.rod- 
uct  will  be  the  required  price.— 
^LX3i-W7\fe«,-What  adva-nce  or 
discount -rnust  be  made  on  the 
price  of  cloth  marked  @/*2.60 
to  secure  a  profit  of  26  5>o  or 
14-  <y*  if  £he  present  price  affords 
a  prof  it  of  20  <&>  ?  What  is  the 
*M»h«  price? 


^.)-:-.=.;*.x  .=*.. 

MARINER'S  MEASURE.  -Used 
in  measuring  distances  at  sea. 
For  Table,  see.  under  Weights  and 
Measures. 

MATHEMATICS.  -That  science 
which  treats  of  the  relations 
and  measurement  of  quantities, 
and  of  the  operations  and  pro- 
cesses, by  means  of  which  these 
relations  are  ascertained. 

VlEAN.  -Lying  between,  as  *he 
mean  of  *wo  quantities.  An  A- 
rith-metical  -mea-M^  or  average 
of  several  quantities  of  the  same 
kind,  is  their  sum  divided  by 
their  number.  Thus  the  mean 
of  10,12,17.  and  25  is  ^  or  16. 
A  yeo-metrica./  -mean  o  f  t  w  o 
quantities,  is  the  square  root  of 
their  product:  thus  the  geomet- 
rical mean  of  2  and^  isVT6">4-. 
The  greateY  of  the  given  quan- 
tities is  as  many  times  greater 
than  the  -weaw,  as  £he  •mean  \  s 


x  l.05»*2.73. 


and  the  screw,\  See  each  in 
proper  order. 
MENSURATION.- That  branchof 
applied  geometry  which  relates 
to  the  computing  of  the  length 
of  lines,  the  area  of  surfaces,  and 
the  volume  of  solids.  For  inf  or- 
ma.*ion  concerning  any  particu- 
lar subject  under  Mensuration , 
refer  to  it  under  its  appropriate 
title.  The  following  list  of  titles 
will  aid  in  reference: 


greater  t.han  the  less  quantity. 
Bn  an  arithmetical  progression, 
each  >--er-m  is  an  arithmetical  wean 
between  the  preceding  and  suc- 
cecdi-fig  terms.  In  a  gee-metrical 
progress  ion,  each  ter-w  is  a  geo- 
metrical mean  between  the  pre- 
ceding and  succeeding  terms. 
MEASURE. TThe  extvn*  orval 


ue  of  a  quantity,  in  terms  of  an- 
other quantity  o/thesatne  kind, 
taken  as  a  unit^of  measure.  The 
measure  of  a  line  is  thetiuitiber  MILL 
of  Ijnear  units,  as  feet,yards,etc., 
which  i*  contains.  The -measure 
of  a  surface  is  the  number  of 
square  units  of  surface,  as  square 
feet,  square  yards,  etc.,  which  it 
contains. The  measure  of  a.vol- 
ume  is  the  number  of  cubic  u- 
nits,  as  cubic  feet, etc.,  which  it 
contains. .(See  any  particula-r 
measure  in  its  alphabetic  order, 
or  under  Weights  and  Measures'). 
MECHANICAL  POWERS.-The 
mechanical  powers  are  the  lever, 
the  wheel  and ax/e,  the  pu,lley 
the  tttclhted p/a-ne,  the 


Acute 

Altitude 

Angle 

Apples.e*c. 

Arc 

Area     ' 

Board  Mcas're 

Chord 

Circle 


Circular  Rmo 

Cistern 

Cone 

Concetitric 

Convex 

Co-«cave 

Corn 

Cube 

Cylinder 

Decagon 

Diameter 

Dodecaaon 

Ellipse 


Frustruitt 


tran 
Hay 

Hsiqht 


Hexagon 

Inscribe 

Lateral 

Length 

Line 

Lumber 

Mechanical 


Obtuse 

Octagon 

Parallel 


Parallelopr'-m  Utideca9on 


Patallelopip'n 


Pyramid 
Potatoes 
Prism 


adius 
Rectili-neal 
Rhomboid 
Rhombus 
Sector 
Seoment 
Solid 
Sphere 
Square 
Surface 
Trapeiiutn 
Trape7.oid 
Triangle 


Vertex 


Volu-nie 
Weiohts.etc. 
Width 
Zone 


Peri-itieter 

Point 

Polygon 

MERIDIAN.  -The  meridian  of 
a  place,  is  the  intersection  of  the 
surface  of  the  earth,  with  a  plane 
passing  throuph  the  axis  of  the 
earth  and  the  place.  It  isthesame 
asanorth  and  south  line. 

WlETRE.  -A.French  measu-na  of 
{ength,  equivalent  to  the  ten  -mill- 
ionth part  of  the  distance  from 
the  equator  to  the  north  pole, 
or  about  39.37  inches. 

METRIC  SYSTEMo-The  French 
system  of  denominate  numbers, 
having  /or  its  fundamental  unit 
the  Af0lrv,and  havi'ng  10  as  the 
constant  ratio  in  its  scale  of  no- 
tation .(See  Metric  System,  un- 
der Weights  and  Measures}. 

MlDDLEc-  In  a  straight  line, 
the,middle  point  isthe  point 


which  is  the  same  distance 
from  the  two  extremities;  in 
general,  it  implies  equi-distant 
from  the  extremes. 
/IILL.-ln  the  money  of  the 
United  States,  the  unit  of  the 
lowest  denomination,  and  is 
equal  to  the  tenth  par-t  of  a 
cent,  or  the  thousandth  part 
of  a  dollar. 

MILLION  .-A  number  written 
thu.s  1,000,000.  It  is  a  thousand 
thousand. 

MINUEND. -In  Subtraction,the 
quantity  from  which  another 
is  to  be  taken. 

MINUS. -The  sign  of  subtrac- 
tion. It  is  a  horizontal,  war  k^ 
thus  -  .  The  number  at  its  riflht  is 
taken  from  the  otic  at  its  left. 


by  10, 100,  JOOO, etc.,  Annex  to 
the  multiplicand  as  many  ciphers 
as  there  are  ciphers  in  the  -multi 
plier.  To  multiply  by  a  conveni- 
ent part  of  10, 100,  1 000,  etc.,  as  3x 
I2>L  16/3,33/1,  etc.,  Multiply  bi 
10,100,  1000, etc.,  and  divide  the 
product  by  the  number  of  times 
*he  multiplier  has  been  increase* 
Thus,  to  multiply  459  by33/$,an 
nex  two  ciphers,  and  divide  by  3.. 
To  tti Multiply  when  the  multipli- 
er is  3  figures,  2  of  which  can  be 
evenly  divided  by  the  third, then 
only  two  partial  mn-l*i plications 
need  be  used.  Thus,  to  multiply 
47  123  by  328  and  by  832  .' 
47123  47123 

832 


MINUTE. -In  time  measare,  *he 
60*h  part  of  an  hour,  or  1440th 
part  of  a  day.  In  angular  meas- 
ure, the  60th  part  of  a  degree, 
or  5<WO*h  part  of  a  right  angle. 

MIXED  NUMBER  OR  QUANTITY. 
A  number  or  quantity  consist 
ing  of  both  Integra.!  and  frac- 
tional, parts,  as  I  OX,  or  10.25. 
AJI  mixed  numbers  or  quanti 
ties'  can  be  reduced  to  the  form 
of  simple  fractions.  «• 

MOMENTUM. -The  quantity 
of  motion  in  a  body. To  fi-nd 
women  turn ,  M  u  1 1  i  p  I  y  the  wei?ht 
by  the  velocity .  Thus,  the  momen- 
tum of  a  body  weighing  25  Ibs, 
and  moving  at  the  rate  of  80 
feet  per  second,  is  2000  Ibs.,  i.e. 
it  is  equal  to  the  momentum 
of  a  body  weighing  2000  Ibs. 
and  moving  one  foot  persecotid 

MONEY.  -  For  table  of  U.S.  Mon- 
ey, and  for  ttie  value  of  foreign 
coins,  see  under  Weights  and  Meas- 

MONTH. -The  twelfth  part  of 
a  year.  The  number  of  days 
in  each  of  the  calendar  months 
is  shown  in  the  Perpetual  Cal- 
endar. The  number  of  days 
from  any  day  of  any  one  month 
to  the  same  day  of  any  other 
month,  is  shown  under  Busi- 
ness Time  Tables.  A  /uvar month 
embraces  the.period  between 
two  consecutive  new  m  oons, 
and  is  about  29x3  days  in  length. 
(Sec  Time  Table,  under  Wei9hts  and 
Measures). 

MULTIPLE. -A  -multiple  of  any 
number  is  a  number  which  it 
MM!!  exactly  divide,  as  24  is  a 
11..  itipleof  2,  3,4,6,  8, and  12. 
(See  Least  Common.  Multiple). 

MULTIPLICAND. -in  Muitipji- 

cation,  the  quantity  which  is 
to  be  repeated  or  multiplied. 

MULTIPLICATION. -The  oper 

ation  of  finding  the  product 
of  two  quantities.  The  product 
is  the.  quantity  obtained  by  mul- 
tiplying. The  multiplier  is  the 
quantity  denoting  how  many 
times  the  multiplicand  is  taken. 
The  -multiplicand  is  the  quantity 
to  be  multiplied. To  prove  the 
accuracy  of  *he  operational) 
Reverse  the  factors  ;(Jl)  Divide  the 
product  by  one  of  the  factors;the 
quotient  should  be  the  other; (3) 
Find  the  excess  of  9's  in  each 
of  the  factors,  whether  two  or 
more.  Then  find. the  excess  in 
the  product  of  the.  excesses  in 
the  factors;  this  should  equal  the 
excess  in  the  entire  product. ^Lx- 
k.- Multiply  23045  by  70800. 

23045  ^^^FEc'c ess 


Prod.  163 


first  multiply  by  8  in  each  case, 
and  then,  multiply  that  product 
by  4  (which  is  equivalent  to  mul 
tiplying  the  original  number  by  32 
In  multiplying  by  8  in  each  case, 


put  the  first  figure  of  the  prod- 
uct under  the  8,  and  in  niH-tti- 
plying  by  4  (32),  place  the  first 
figure  of  the  product  under  the 
2  of  the  32.  To  multiply  2  fig- 
ures by  II,  Place  the  sum  of  the 
figures  between  the /igures;thus, 
45  xll  =435. To  multiply  by  5, 
Add  one  0,and  divide  by  2  ;  <£o 
multiply  by  15,  do -the  same,  and 
then  add  the  quotien*  to  the  d  iv- 
idend;  to  multiply  by  25,   add 
two  O's,  and  divide  by  4; to  -mul- 
tiply by  75,  do  ehe  same,   and 
then  subtract-  -the  quotient  from 
the  dividend.  To  ttmltiplij  by 
any  member  ending  with  9, Mul- 
tiply by  the  next  higher  -number, and 
subtract  the  multiplicand. 

MULTIPLIER. -In  Multiplication, 
f hat  factor  of  a.  product  which 
indicates  thenumber  of  times 
which  the  other  /actor  is  to  be 
faken. 

NAUTICAL. -Pertaining  to  nav- 
igation. A  -na.u.tica.1  mile,  is  the 
60th  part  of  a  degree  of  latitude: 
f*  is  equal  to  G*%  English  miles. 


NEGATIVE. -A  term  applied  to  a 
quantity  preceded  by  the  ?/e^a 
£/Ve  or  minus  s/'pn,  thus  —140 
A  result  affected  by  the  rninus 
sign,  is  to  be  interpreted  in  a 
sense  exactly  contrary  to  what 
it  would  have  been  interpreted, 
had  it  not  been  preceded  bu  the 
minus  sign,  or  by  the  positive 
sign  (the  plus  sign  +).  The  op 
erations  indicated  by  the  signs 
-r-  and  —  are  diametricaljy  op 
posed  to  each  other,  a«d  if  a 
quantity  in  an yt particular  sense 
is  considered  positive,  in  the  op- 
posite sensejt  should  be  regard' 
ed  as  negative. 

NINE.-  Among  the  remarka- 
ble and  valuable  properties  of 
the  number  9 ,  is  that  made 
use  o^  in  proving^the  accuracy 
o/ certain  operations  in  arith 
nietic,  by  casting  out  the  9's, 
or  by  finding  the  excess  of  9's. 
For  an  explanation  o/this  prop 
erty,  sesAddition, Subtraction, 
Multiplication,  and  Division. 

NOTATION.-  Yhe  art  of  -rep- 
resenting or  expressing  math 
ematical  quantities  and  opera- 
tions by  means  of  symbols.  The 
two  methods  of  expressing  num- 
bers, in  general  use,  are  the  Ara- 
bic and  the  Roman.  Arabic 
Notation. -By  this  method  mm 
bers  arc  expressed  by  one  or  more 
of  ten  characters  or  figures. 
These  are  1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0. 
Ro-mati  No  tat  ion.- By  this 
method  numbers  are  expressed 
by  one  or  more  of  seven  capi- 
tal letters.  These  are  I, denot- 
ing one;  V,/ive;  X,  ten;L,f  i/- 
ty  ;  C,  one  hundred;  D,/5ve  hun- 
dred; M,  one  thousand. Repeat- 
ing a  letter  repeats  jts  value, as 
111=  3,  etc.  Annexing  a  letter 
to  another  letter  of  greater  val- 
ue, adds  the  two,  VI  denotes 
V-fI  =  6.  Prefixing  a  letter- 
to  another  of  greater  value,  in- 
dicates their  difference,  as  IV 
denotes  V -I  =  4.  A   dash    or 
vinculum  placed  over  a  letter, 
denotes  a  thousandfold  its  val- 
ue, as  V=  5000  ;  XXV=  25,000. 
The  following  table  contains 
the  principal  combinations  of 
Roman  numefals: 


1=    I 

11=   2 

111=   3 

IV  =  4 

V=  5 

VT=  6 

VII  =  7 

VIII-  8 

IX  =  9 

J=IO 
CB 
»I3 


V=I5 


XVI=IS 

XVII  =17 

XVI II  =18 

XIX=I9 

XX  =  20 

XL  =40 

L  =50 

LV=r55 

LTX=70 

LXXX=80 

XC=90 


0  =  100 

OX  =  110 

CC  =  200 

CCC=300 

D=500 

DC  =  600 

CM=900 

M  =  IOOO 

MD  =  I500 

MDG=I600 

MM=2000 

MMD-2500 

XX  =^20000 

M =1000000 


NUMBER. -Quantity  conceived 
as  made  up  of  parts,  or  theweas- 
ure  of  the  relation  between  quan- 
tities of  the  same  kind,  and  an- 
swers to  the  questjon,  <c  H  ow 
many?"  Thus,  distance  is  a 
quantity;  but  if  that  distance 
is  called  5,  the  notion  is  convert- 
ed into  number.  A  number  is 
an  expression  for  one  or  wore 
units.  An  Integra.!  number  con- 
sists of  entire  or  whole  units, 
as  I,  7,  IS,  etc.  A  fractional  -num- 
ber consists  of  parts  of  units, 
as  Yi ,  ^  »  x^3,etc.  A  mixed '-num 
ber  consists  of  integral  and  frac 
tional  units  being  combined,as 
4-J4,  1.6  /*  ,  etc.  A  concrete  of  de- 
nominate number  consists  of 
concrete  units,  as  I  pen,  6  ox- 
en, 100  bushels, etc.  Anabstract 
truwier  consists  of  abstract  u- 
nits,as  I,  5,  17,  etc.  A  simple 
number  consists  of  units  of 
only  one  kind,  as  10,  25  pounds, 
#75,  etc.  A  compound  number 
consists  of  units  of  different 
kinds, as  15  pounds  10  ounces, 
Smiles  10 rods  6 -feet 4 inches. 
A  prime  number  is  one  which 
cannot  be  exactly  divided  by  any 
other  number  except  I,  as  1 1, 17, 
1999,  etc.  A  composite  number 
is  one  consisting  of  the  product 
of  the  factors  of  other  numbers, 
as  4,  25,  192, etc. 

NUMERALS..- The  characters  by 
means  of  which  numbers  are 
expressed,  as  figures  in  the  Ara- 
bic notation,  and  letters  in  the 
Roman. 

NUMERATION. -The  art  of  read 
ing  numbers,  when  expressed  by 
means  of  numerals.  For  the  con- 
venience of  reading  n  um  bers, 
they  are  separated  into  periods 
of  three  places  each  as  per  table. 


number  o£  fractional  un  i  ts 
that  are  taken.  (See  Fraction). 

OBLATE. -Flattened  or  depress- 
ed. If  an  ellipse  be  revolved  about 
its  minor  avis, the  volume  gen- 
erated is  called  an  oblate,  sphe- 
roid. The  earth  being  flatten- 
ed a*  the  poles,  and  protruded 
a* the  equator,  is  in  the  i:orw 
of" an  oblate  spheroid.  _ 

OBLIQUE. -Deviat 


ing  from  the  per-     ^- — 

pendicular.  Thus 
the  line  BD  is  oblique  to    t  he 
line  AC. An  oblique.  a.ngfe.   is 
one  either  greater  or  less  than 
aright  angle,  the  angl.es  DBA 
and  DBC  both  being  oblique  an- 
gles. An  oblique  triangle  is  one 
in  which  all  the  angles   are 
oblique.  An  oblique  culinde -T 
or  cone  is  one  whose  axis  i  s 
oblique  to  the  plane  of  its  base. 
OBLONG. -A  rectangle  whose 
adjacent  sides  are  unequal.  In 
9eneral,  any  body  or  volume 
which  is  longer  than  it  is  wide. 


equal  to  each  other.  The  angle  at 
the  center,  ACS, is  45°,  and  the 
angle  at  the  vertex  of  any  an^te 
ACD,  is  135°. The  area  of  a  regu- 
lar octagon,  whose  side  is  Ijisequal 
to  4.8284271. 

OCTAGONAL. -Pertaining  to  an 
octagon. 

OCTANGULAR. -Having  eight  an- 
gles. 

OCTANT. -The  half  of  a  quadrant, 
or  the  eighth  part  of  a  circum- 
ference of  a  circle. 

ODD. -Not  divisible  by  2  with- 
out a  remainder.  The  alternate 
numbers  beginning  at  I  ,  as  1,3, 
5,7,  etc.,  form  the  series  of  odd 
numbers. 

OPERATION. -Something  to  be 
done,  as  a  transformation  to 
ba  made  upon  quantities.  5uch 
transformation  is  indicated  ei- 
ther by  rules  or  by  symbols.(See 
Symbol). 

OPPOSITE   ANGLES. - 
Angles  lying  on  oppo- 
site sides  of  two  inter- 
secting lines.  Thus,th*  ati$le$  ACO 
and  ECB  are  opposite. 

OUNCE. -A  unit  of  weiflht.   In 
avoirdupois  weight,  it  is  the  six- 
teenth part  of  a  pound,  and  con- 
tains 437/H  grains;  in  Troy 
weight,  it  is  the  twelfth  part  of 
a  pound,  and  contains 480  grams. 

OVAL.- A  figure  resembling  an 
ellipse,  or  egg-shaped. 

PAR  VALUE. -The  full  value 
represented  on  the  face  of  a, 
note,  bond,  or  other  certificate 
of  property.  (See  Par,  under  Bu- 
siness Terms). 

PARALLEL. -Having  the  same  di 

rection,and  equklir-    

tan  t 'in  alj  parts. Two 


straight  lines  are  parallel  toeach 
other,  when  they  lie  in  the  same 

Psnodof  Periodof  Period**  Pferiodof  Period  of  Teriod  of  Period  »f~  feriod  of  Period  (rf  taiodof  feriodof  Period  Period   Periodof  Periodof  feriodof  Periodo/ 
DecilPs.  Noimill*.  Dctill's.  Septic   Skill's,  tymilft.  QuadrillV  Trillions.  Billions.  Millions.  Thons'ds.  of  Units.  Thous'ths-Mill'ths.  Bill'ths.  TrHl'ihs.  QuadriH'*hs 


i  «  w    J  OJ  °     J  «»  u     3  o>  (»     3«tt     3  w          ~  "  **    ~ 

000000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000 


w     M    v»5g  ^7  ^-2-5 
£      |.    X£5     0|J     o?) 

|?2  FSl  * l!=  P!'^ 


To  read  ann  tiu.mbcr,0etcrtnme 
the  order  and  name  of  each  sig- 
nif  icant  figure  in  the  tiuttiber  to 
be  read;  then  begin  at  the  left 
Hand  *«d  nan-ie  the  significant 
fioure*  in  each  period  .together 
with  their  relative  unit  va^lua, 
»f  the  prri od . 
«  Mrtn  of  a 
icate*  the 


with  «hcir  relative  u. 

Ua4^*Mra^ 

1   fraetion  which  indict 


OBTUSE. -Not  point- 
ed,sharp,  or  acute. 
Ati  obtuse  Angle  ' 
ftti 


angle,  as  ABD. 
OCTAGON. -A  polygon 
of  eight  sides  or  tidies. 

A  f fl?u/«r  octagon  is 

one  whose  sides  and 
angles  are  r«»y«ctively 


000.000    000    000 


direction, 

tained  in  the  same 

cannot  touch  or 


' 


:^  : 


s  P~  t 

«  3  *•  v     ~ • 

I-IH  »-  I  <T 
000    000 
and  are  therefore  con- 
plane,  and 
ntersect.how 


or  -wore  straight  lines  are  paral 
lel  to  each  other  when  they  have 
the  same  direction.  Two 
or  ttiors  circles  are  said 
to  be  parallel  to  each  oth* 
•r  when  they  are  concentric. 


48 


PARALLELOGRAM. -A  quadri- 
lateral whose  opposite  ?t — ?^..c 
sides  arc  parallel, and  al-.-.'.L^lLd 
so  equal.  If  one  angle  / 
of  a  parallelogram  is  a  right  angle, 
all  the  other  angles  arc  also  right 
angles,  and  the  parallelogram  is 
a  rectanp/e,'**  ABCD.  I/  two  ad- 
jacent sides  of  a  parallelogram  are 
equal,  the  figure  is  a  rhombus',  'if, 
in  addition,  the  inclu-ded  an9le  is 
a  right  angle,  the  figure  is  a  square. 
I*  a  parallelogram  is  oblique-an- 
gled, it  is  a  rhomboid,  EFCD.The 
area  of  a  parallelogram  is  equal 
to  the  product  of  its  base  by  its 
altitude. 

PARALLELOPIPEDON.-A  polyhe- 
dron bounded  by  six     ^vm^^TTZXj 
parallelograms.  The     f 
solid  is  a  rectangular    [          '^J? 
paralleloptpedon,  if 
the  parallelograms  are  rectangles. 
If  they  are  squares,  it  is  a  cube. 
The  area  of  a  paralleiopipedon 
is  equal  to  the  product  of    its 
length,  breadth,  and  thickness. 

PARTIAL  PAYK/iENTS.-.Pay- 
ments  made  at  different  times 
of  part  of  a  note  ,  bond, or  other 
obligation.  These  payments  should 
be  indorsed  upon  the  back  of  the. 
note,  bond,  etc.  The  /oil  owing  rule 
(of  computing  interest  when  par- 
tial payments  have  been  -wade 
has  been  adopted  by  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States,  and 
by  several  of  the  States, and  is 
called 

The  United  States  Rule. 
J.  The  rule  for  casting  interest 
when  partial  payments  have  been 
wade,  is  to  apply  the  payment,  in 
the  first  place,  to  the  discharge  of 
the  interest  due.  II.    If  the  pay- 
ment exceeds  the  interest, the 
surplus  g_oes  towards  discharging 
the  principal,  and  the  subsequent 
interest  is  to  be  computed  on  the 
balance  of  the  principal  remain- 
ing due.  ///.    If  the  payment  be 
less  than  the  interest,  the  surplus 
of  interest  must  not  be  taken  to 
augment  the  principal;  but  inter- 
es*  continues  on  the  former  prin- 
cipal until  the  period  when  the  pay- 
ments, taUen  together, exceed  the 
interest  due,  and  then  the  surplus 
is  to  be  applied  towards  discharging 
«he  principal,  and  interest  is  to 
be  computed  on  the  balance  as 
aforesaid. 

Among  merchants  where  it 
is  customary  to  make  settlements 
yearly,  or  oftener,  the  following 
rttle  is  much  used  by  them, and 
ic  called 

The  Merchant j'RuU. 
/.  Find  the  interest  on  the  prin- 
cipal from  the  ti-me  it  become*  du« 
to  «h«  time  of  settlement.  a>id 
tdd  it  to  the  principal.  //.  Find 
the  interest  on  each  p«yn-i«nt 
from  the  rime  it  was  -mad*  >»  *h« 


time  of  settlement,  and  add  the 
sum  of  the  interest  thus  found  to 
the  sum  of  the  payments.///.  De- 
duct the  sum  of  the  payments  and 
the  interest  thereon  front  the 
amount  of  principal  and  interest, 
and  the  difference  will  be  t  h  e 
balance  due. 

The  Vcrttto-Ml:  Ru-le  is  the  same 
as  the  Merchants'  Rule,  except  in 
the  latter,settlement  is  made  not 
later  than  a  year  after  the  date 
of  the  note,  while  in  the  former, 
settlement  is  not  made  until  the 
final  adjustment  of  the  account, 
which  may  be  less  than  a  year, 
or  many  years.  The  difference 
between  any  two  of  the  three 
rules  may  be  seen  from  the  fol- 
lowing Exattiplc:-A  -note  of 
SIOOO  runs  4  years  at  S^  inter- 
est, on  which  were  made  quar- 
terly payments  of  *50.  What 
was  the  amount  due  at  settlement? 
&440.82 
432.23 
400.00 


It  will  be  seen  by  the  above  exam- 
ple that,  for  periods  longer  than 
one  year,  the  United  States  Rule 
is  most  favorable  to  the  credit- 
or, then  the  Merchants'  Rule, 
after  which  the  Vermont  Rule; 
while  they  favor  the  debtor  in 
the  opposite  order. 

PARTNERSHIP. -For  definitions 

and  forms, see  under  Business 
Forms  and  Terms. To  /itideacH 
partner's  share  of  the  gains  or 
losses,  when  the  shares  are  in 
proportion  to  the  investments, 
Place  the  amount  invested  by 
each  partner  as  a  numerator, 
and  the  whole  capital  of  the  firm 
AS  a  denominator:  the  several 


its  were  95600,  to  be  divided  in 
proportion  to  their  capital.  What 
was  each  partner's  share? 
Operation. 

*6000+*5000+*300<M>  14000,  Firmij  capital. 
J4§00=?«  A's  share.  5600xf  -SUMfl.A's^ain. 


jJjJg^'C's    •.    5500x|=*iaOO,C's  i. 

Another  method  is  To  multiply 
each  partner's  capital  by  the  per- 
centage which  the  gains  or  loss- 
es may  be  of  the  capital  of  the 
firm.  Thus 


&6000  X40  ?<  =#2400,  A'soain. 
«5000x40%=S2000,B's  » 


To  fitiA  each  partner's  interest 
at  closing:  I.  Find  the  firm's 
net  capital  or  net  insolvency, 
at  commencing  and  at  closing. 
//.  Find  the  firm's  net  gains 
or  net  losses,  and  each   part- 
ner's share.  Trien,///-  To  each 
partner's  original  investment 
add  any  additional  investments 
or  sums  to  which  he  may  been- 
titjed,  and  his  share  of  the  net 
pains,  if  any,  also  deduct  the 
amounts  withdrawn  by  him, 
and  obligations  assumed  by  the 
firm  for  him,  and  his  share 
of  the  net  losses,  if  any.  If  the 
original  agreement  entitles  him 
to  any  other  sum,  or  makes  him 
responsible  to  the  firm  for  any  sum, 
add  or  subtract, as  the  case  may  be 

PENTAGON. TA  pol- 
ygon of  five  sides  or 
five  angles. A  regu- 
lar pentagon  is  one 
whose  sides  and  an- 
gles are  all  equal  each 
to  each,  and  may  be  inscribed  in 
acircle. 

PENNY-WEIGHT. -A  unit  in  Troy 
weight, equivalent  to  'Ao  of  an 
OM.nce. 

PERCENTAGE.- A  general  desig- 
nation for  all  processes  involving 
the  method  of  reckoning  by  the 
hundred.  The  result  obtained  by 
taking  a  certain  per  cent,  of  ft 
number  is  called  the  Percent*?*. 
The  number  on  which  the  per- 
centage is  reckoned  is  called  the 
Base.  The  sum  of  the  base  and 
the  percentage  is  the  Amount. 
The  excess  of  the  base  overtha 
percentage  is  the  0/SSerertce  . 
The  number  used  as  a  rnultipli 


fractions  will  express  each  part-  ,T  ;„  obtaining  any  required  per 
n«r't  share.  Then,  multipjy  the  •  c^,.  of  a  given  number,  is  tha 
gain  or  loss  by  the  fraction  ex-  Rtt*.  To  find  the  percentage, 
pressing  each  .  pttHirrVs  hmv  the  btse  and  rfte+ei-ng  glvm, 
and  the  product  w.ll  be  .h  .«  MuUiply  the  base  by  the  r«t« 

•vprcssed  decimally  ,  or  remove 
*H«  decimal  point  two  pi  acts  to 


lharc  of  the  o«n  or  loft.^x«m 
.  -  *  ,  B,  and  C  /oritted  a  part 


nrrchip.  A  invested  <fc«006  ,  B 
•  5000,  and  C  »3000.  Their  pro/ 


*h«  l«f«.  and  multiply  the  result 


by  the  •ratc.''E.x«M(\vVe..-  What 
is  4%  of  515614.50? 

1st  Method.  2d  Method- 

S674.50  »  6.7450 

4 


. 

To  /ind  the  rate,  the  base  and 
percentage  being  given,  Ann  ex 
two  ciphers  to  the  percentage 
and  divide  by  the  ba^e.^.x-a.Yxx^Va.- 
What  rate  per  cen';.  of  400  i  s 
24?  2400  ±400  =  ff.  Ans.  ff^. 
To  ^ind  the  base,th-3  rate  and 
percentage  being  given,  Annex 
two  ciphers  t-o  the  percentage  and 
divide  by  -the  •yate.^E.*ftVAV\e.-What 
is  the  -ttu/m  ber  of  which  300  is 
60^c?    3OO  00-r  €0=500  An  s. 
Tc  /etid  5ks  base,  the  r?.re  and 
the  a/rrtc^r.i^cv  >J'.^  v-s&e,  and 
difference  bt-r^g^jiven  ,  Divide 
the  arnoL^r.i;  fcy  I  increased  by  the 
rate-  per  CC-K-?.  (expressed  decimal- 
ly).   Divide  i-iie  difference  by  I 
diminished  b^  the  -rate  percent; 
(  e  x  pressed  dec  i-r^a  I  ly  )«^,X'a.'\n7\e5.- 
SOO  is  dO  ^o  n-iore  than  what 
number?   c7^  -r  /.^^f  ^<?  >*  7r  "  • 
What  nu.r«bcT  dl-minished  by 
10  %  of  ?*se!V  equals  400?^^^ 
+  .80^500  A-no. 


line  is  perpendicular  to 
another  straight  I  •  n  e 
when  they  meet  so  as 
to  make  the  two  angles 
formed  equal.  Thus  A  B 
and  DC  are  perpendic- 
ular to  each  other.  Straight  lines 
and  curved,  s-traight  lines  and 
planes,  planes  and  planes, etc.,  may 
be.  perpendicular  to  each  o^he-^. 
PERPETUITY. -The  sum  of -money 
which  will  buy  an  annuity  to  last 
forever.  To  find  any  perpetuity, 
Multiply  the  annual  payment  by 
the  reciprocal  of  the  rate  per  cent. 
at  which  the  perpetuity  is  compu- 
ted .  ^.x-aw<j\«. .-  What  is  the  value 
of  a  perpetuity  of  ^100  per  an- 
•vt  urn   at  5  %  ?  Solution.  -  5  ^ 
=  ^foo  ~/4o  ;  the  reciprocal  of  Ao 

'ERSPECTIVE.-^'uch  a  represen- 
tation of  an  object  upon  a  sur- 
face as  shall  present  to  t  he  oeye, 
situated  at  a  particular  point, 
the  same  appearance  that  the  ob- 
ject itself  would  present,  were 


Per ce«*.  =  baseXrate  percent. 
Rate  per  ce«*,  =  per  cent,  -r  base. 
Base  =  per  cen •?.  -f  ra*e  per  cer;t. 
D          jf  Amount -f  ( I  ->-ra*e  percer. 
'  =  l  Difference -K I  -tase  per  cent.}. 

PERCH. -A  unit  of  -/Measure  for 
surfaces.  It  is  a  square  rod, and 
is  equivalent  to  30^4  square  yards  3 
or  272/4-  squars  fee*.  !t  istt-sad 
chiefly  in  lar;d  tre^surmo. 

PERIMETERc-Ths  line  thai; 
bounds  a  plane  {igu-re.  In  a  pol 
ygon  its  lengi!-?  is  cqu,?J  Po  fche 
sum  of  a!!  the  c-ldes  of  the  polygon. 

PERIOD. -in  Mu-wieratton,  a. 
group  of  three  orders,  as  Peri- 
od of  Units,  Period  of  Thousands, 
etc.  In  Extraction  of  Roots,  a 
number  of  figures  considered 
together. 

PERMUTATION. r  The  resui*s 

obtained   by  writing  any  num 
ber  of  factors  in  every  possib-'e. 
order,  so  that  each  shaN  ente-x 
eve-ry  result  and  en*er  ft  but 
once.  Thus,  the  -two  letters 
a  and  3  can  be  placed  i-n  o^ly 
two  positions,  «3  and  bo..  The 
three  letters  a,  3,  and  c  can  be 
placed,  in   6  different  positions. 
The  first  four  letters  of  the  al- 
phabet can  be  placed  in  24  dif- 
ferent positions,  and  the  1X5 
letters  of  the  alphabet  admit  of 
403.29 146 1,I26,605,S35,584,OOQOOO  d  if  fer- 
ent  positions.   To  find  arty  _  re- 
sult in  permutation,  Multiply 
together  *he  numbers,  1,2,3,4, 
e*c.,  from  \  *o  the  given,  num- 
ber1, the  Ifvst  product  will  be  the 
t-equired  resu.1*. 

PERPENDICULAR. -One  straight 


face  of  pile,  21,  one-third  of  which 
is  7;  6+6+1  =  13;  l3xl=9Mw. 
INT,-A  unit  of  mcasw-re, equiv- 
alent to  'A  of  a.  gallon,  o-r  28 /& 
cubic  inches. 

PLANE.-  A  surface,  of  such  nat- 
ure that,  if  any  two  points,  be 
taken  and  joined  by  a  straight 
line,  that  line  will  lie  wholly  in 
the  surface. 

PLUMB-LINE. -A  line.or string, 
having  a  weight  attached,  and 
used  for  the  purpose  of  ascertain- 
ing a  vertical  direction. 

POINT.  -Position,  without  ex- 
tension, it  having -neither  length, 
breadth,  nor  thickness. 

POLE. -A  unit  of  measure, equiv- 
alent to  16/i  feet-,or  5'A  yards. 

POLYGON.- A  plane  figure  bound- 
ed  by  straight  lines.  These  lines 
are  called  the  sides  of  the  poly- 
gon, and  the  points  iti  which 
they  meet  are  called  vertices  of 
the  polygon,  Polygons  are  class- 
ified according  to  the  number  of 
their  sides  or  angles. The  follow- 
ing table  exhibits  the  angles  and 
areas  of  all  the  polygons, upto  the 
dodecagon,  viz.,  the  angle  at  the 
centre,  the  angle  of  the  polygon, 
and  the  area  o*  the  polygon  when 
each  side  is  I  :- 
No. of    INI  awe  of    Anpie  Ati9.of      A-,,,, 
Sides.      Polygon,    acc  ' 


the  surface  re-vnoved- 
Pi  LING  SHOT.- 

Shot,  shells, 
etc.,  arc  gen- 
erally piled 
!  n  reg  u  I  a  -r 
piles  of  a 
pyramidal  or 
wedged-shaped  form.  The  piles  are 
named  from  the  form  o(  their 
bases,  square,  rectangular,  and 
triangular.  To  find  the  n um- 
ber of  balls  in  any  pile,  Add  to 
the  number  of  balls  in  the  longest 
side  of  the  base  t  he  _n  umber  in  the 
parallel  side  opposite,  and  also 
the  number  i-n  t  he  paTal  Ie  I  top 
row;  multiply  this  sum  by  one- 
third  of  the  number  of  balls  in 
the  triangular  face  of  the  pile, 
and  the  result  wiN  be  the  num- 
ber of  balls  in  the  pile.^LX'&w^XQ..- 
HOW  many  balls  in  the  above 
pile?  So/utt'on.  -The  number  in 
|  We  longest  side  of  the  base.is  6; 
in  opposite  parallel  side,  6;  In  par- 
allel top  row,  I ;  in  triangular 


iangle 
Square 
Pentagon 
Hexagon 
Heptagon 
Octagon 
Nonagon 
Decagon 
Undecagon 


32-fr-  I4?£ 
150 


0.4330127 
1.0000000 
1.7204774 
2.5980762 
3.6339124 
4.8284271 
6.1818242 
7.6942088 
9.365S399 
11.1961524 


12     Dodecagon      -„ 

To  /itid  the  area  of  any  regular 
polygon,  Square  the  side,  and  rnul- 
tiply  that  square  by  the  area    in 
that  part  of  the  fifth  column  of 
preceding  table  correspond!™}  with 
the  number  of  sides.   To/ifid 
the  area  of  an  irregular  />o/y- 
gor<  of  four  or  more  sides, Divide 
the  figure  into  triangles  by  diago- 
nals connecting  some  one  angular 
point  with  each  of  the  ot  hers; 
then  compute  the  area  of  each 

triangle,  and  find  their  sum. 

POLYHEDRON .  -  A  solid,  whose 
sides  or  faces  are  polygons.  The 
lines  in  which  the  faces  meet 
are  called  edyes,  and  the  vertices 
of  the  polyhedral  angles  are  call- 
ed vertices  of  the  polyhedron.  A 
regular  polyhedron  is  one  whose 
faces  are  regular  polygons. 

POSITIVE. -A  term  applied  to  a 
quantity  affected  with  the  sign 
+  .  (See  Negative). 

POUND. -A  unit  of  weigh*,  as  £ 
pound  Troy,  abound  Avoirdypois, 
etc.  A  Tro(y  pound  con*aitlS 
5760  grains,,and  an  Avoirdupois 
pound,  7000  grains.  A  cubic  incH 


50 


TABLE  OF  PRIME  NUMBERS  TO  6000. 

To  use  the  table,  look  for  the  re- 
quired thousand  over  one  of  the  sub- 
tables,  then  under  it  look  for  the  requir- 
ed hundred,  -following  down  the 
coluttin,  if  the  remaining  figures  of 
the  number  occur,  it  is  prime;other- 
wise,'not.^.xttwvq\9..-339l  is  prime;  3397,  not. 

of  distilled  water,  a*  62°  Fahr., 
the  barometer  being  30  inchas, 
weighs  252.458  Troy  grains, 
which  is  taken  as  the  unvary- 
ing standard  of  comparison.  A 
Pound  is  aJso  a  unit  of  curren- 
cy in  the  British,  and  several 
other  foreign  systems;  -the  Brit- 
ish pound  sterlin9  being  equiv- 
alent to  about  3S4-.86. 
'OWER.-See  Involution. 
>RACTICE.-A  concise  and  easy 
method  of  apply  ing  arithmet- 
ical -rules  to  questions  which  oc- 
cur in  trade  and  business.  It  is 
a  particular  case  in  *he  use 
of  aliquot  parts  and  of  t  he 
Rule  of  Three,  in  which  the 
first  term  is  1.  To  solve  any 
problem  according  to  this 
method,  Take  the  sum  o/such 
aliquot  parts  of  the  given  num- 
ber of  things,  as  thepiven  price 
is  of  the  unit  of  currency  of 
the  next  higher  order,and  the 
result  will  be  the  price  of  the 
thing  in  terms  of  that  u,ni*. 
^.*<9i'w\\i\a.-  Required  the  cost 

to  6000.  The  Prime  Factors  of 
a  number,  are  the  prime  num- 
bers that  will  exactly  di.vide  it. 
To  resolve  a  number  into  its 
prime  factors,  see  Factor. 
PRINCIPAL.-Thename  given  to 
a  sum  of  money  put  out  at  in- 
terest. See  Interest. 
PRINCIPLE.  -A  self-evident  *ruth, 
or  one  which  has  been  proved. 
PRISM.  -A  solid  whose  sides      A 
or  faces  are  parallelograms,    ''  •» 
and  whose  ends  or  bases     I 
are  equal  and  paral  1  el 
polygons.  A  prism  is  tri- 
angular, quadrangular,    \M\ 
pentagonal,  etc.,  accord-    *—  J 
ing  as  its  bases  are  trian  q  1  c  s  , 
squares,  pentagons,  etc.To  fitid 
the  entire  surface  of  any  right 
prism,  Multiply  the  perimeter,  or 
circumference  of  the  base,  by  the 
height,  and  to  the  product  add 
the  area  of  the  two  bases.  To 
•find  the  solidity  of  a  prism,  Mul- 
tiply the  area  of  the  base  by  the 
perpendicular  height. 
PROBABILITY.  -In  the  doctrine 
of  chances,  the  likelihood  of 
the  occurrence  of  an  event.  If 
a  small  cube  be  thrown  into  the  | 
air,  it  will  necessarily  fall  upon 
one  of  its  six  faces,  and  the  prob- 
ability of  its  falling  upon  atiy  one 
face  is  said  to  be  V*  ,  and  the  prob 
ability  that  a  given  face  will  not 
turn  up  is  ?/6  .  The  following  are 
different  phases  of  probability  : 
I.  Probability  of  the  occurrence 
of  one  event  out  of  any  g  i  v  en 
number.  II.  Probability  of  the 
simultaneous  occurrence  of  two 
or  more  events.  III.  Probabili- 
ty of  successive  events  occu.rr!fig 
in  any  given  order.  Ilf.  Proba- 
bility derived  from  experience. 
(9ee  Expect  at  fort).  To  /itid  the 
probability,  Divide  the  nw-mber 
of  favorable  chances  by  the  whole 
number  of  chances,  both  favor- 
able and  unfavorable,  and  the 
quotient  (which  is  always  in 
the  form  of  a  fraction)  will  be 
the  probability. 
PROBLEM.  -A  question  propos- 
ed for  solution.  To  solve  a  prob- 
lem, is  to  find  such  a  val  ue  or 
values  as  will  satisfy  the  given 
conditions  of  the  problem.  To 
sta*c  a  problem,  is  to  translate 
the  conditions  of  the  problem  in- 
to -mathematical  language. 
PROCESS.  -Course  of  proceed- 
ings or  operations. 
PRODUCT.-The  amount  or  result 
obtained  by  taking  one  number 
or  quantity  as  many  times  as 
there  are  units  in  another.The 
confiTtu.ee/  product  of  any  num- 
ber of  factors  is  the  resuft  .ob- 
tained by  multiplying  the  -first 
•factor  by  the  second,  that  result 
by  the,  third,  that  by  the  fourth, 
e*c.,  until  all  the  factors  have 
been  used. 

o 

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9111 
-.99 

,i 

19 

43 
47 
59 
61 
11 
73 
ffi 
91 

7 
13 

1 

62 

SS 
91 
99 

•• 

II 

17 

S 

23 
39 
41 
47 
51 
59 
11 
81 
83 
92 

7 
13 
11 
23 
31 
31 
42 
59 
11 
13 
11 
91 
91 

S 

1 

23 
SI 
67 
63 
79 
93 
91 

2I'I 
2317 
3319 
4123 
5129 
533 
6343 
1141 
8151 

of  24  yards  of  muslin  at  12/4 
cts.  per  i)ard.S'o/ut/ort.-ll(t&  1 
a  yard  it  is  worth  .$£24.00.  At 
12  Yi  cts.  a  yard  it  is  worth  on 
ly  l/*  of  3*24.00,  which  is&3.00 
PRESENT  WORTH.  -The  Pres- 
ent Worth  of  a  debt  payable  at 
a  future  time  without  inter- 
est, is  *hat  sum  which,  at  a 

4000 

50 

) 

| 

specified  rate  percent,  for 

<=>  c= 

i 

o|| 

§ 

the  same  time,  would  awou-nt 
to  the  debt.  To  -ritid  the  pres- 

\ 

2 

1 
13 
19 
21 
21 
49 
51 
51 
73 
79 
91 
93 
99 

M 

21 
29 
32 
33 
53 
57 
59 
71 

11 

|!27 
1131 
1139 
1949 
2957 
3163 
41,13 
4391 
53:37 

ifc 
83!.. 
391.. 

9 

2 

23 
41 
4' 
51 
57 
63 
81 

9? 

.. 

13313 
1321  21  13  9 
I13T23I1I9 
19139  293l'3l 

22  43  3S  fi  12? 

3   1,9 
9  721 
M  1331 
211  19133 

234121 

i 

S 

81 
87 
92 
99 

7 
13 

n 

19 
31 
31 
41 
43 

! 

n 

19 
82 

1 
3 

7 
19 

31 
51 
63 
G9 

S 
3! 

23 
39 
41 
41 
51 
53 
51 
59 
69 
83 
89 

" 

1 
II 
11 

21 
41 
43 
49 
79 
83 
9, 

i 

132? 
2139 
2153 
32:8 
43,87 
49'. 
5l!. 
59'. 
61. 

I; 

811. 
SI. 

ent  worth,  D  ivide  *he  given 
debt  by  the  amount  of  Sfcl.OO 
for  the  given  time,  atthegiv 
en  -rate  per  cent.^c.x-Kvw^Xc,.- 
What  is  the  Present  Worth  of 
3*22.4,  due  two  years  hence., 
without  Interest,  money  be- 
ing worth  6^0  per  annum? 
So/ut/orr.-'The  amount  of  $£  1 
for  2  years,  at  69*  ,  is  3$  1.12  : 
35224  -fi£  1.12  =  3*200  Ans. 
PRIME.-  A  number  is  prime 
when  it  cannot  be  exactly  di- 
vided by  any  other  number  ex 
cept  1.    See  the  table  At  the  left 
(or  all  the  prime  num  bers   up 

41 

49 

8 
S 

91 

;; 

•• 

435171  31 
5I597W3 
5l83i895l 
S3I81..J51 

73189..  |S7 

us 

SI 

..|..|..|.. 

39 
51 
59 
11 
81 
81 
99 

5361 
6112 
Il!l9 

19:81 

89J91 
91.. 

51 


PROFIT  AND  LOS5.-/V0//V  Is  any 

pain  realized  from  an  i-ncrcase 
or  appreciation  of  value  in  com- 
modities, or  any  other  property 
Los?  is  £jte  awou.n£  which  the 
selling  price  of  any  commodity, 
or  other  property,  is  less^than 
its  cost;  also  any  depreciation 
in  value.  To  /irtd  the  93111  or 
loss,  when  the  cost  arid  rate  per 
cent,  are  given,  Multiply  the  cos) 
by  the  rate  per  cent., ex-pressed 
decimally.  tiX-ai'm^Xa*.— Clot  H 
costing  &250,  was  sold  at  \5% 
advance.  What  was  the  gain? 
Solution.  -3S250  X.I5=*37.50  >fw. 
A  bale  of  cotton  cos-ting  ^80, 
was  sold  at  S^o  loss.  What  was 
the  loss?  .SW^/V  «-.-$£  8  OX.C8  = 
3S6. 40  /JTW.  To  /i-wd  the  -rate 
percent,  when  the  cost  and  9ain 
or  loss  are  given, Divide  the  gain 
or  loss  by  the  cost,  and  £hequo- 
*ien-t,  expressed  in  hundredths, 
will  be  the  rate  per  cent.l.X'a-m 
^\e.- Cloth  costing  &4  a  yard, 
was  sold  /or  ^5  a  yard.  What  was 
the  gain  per  cent.  ?  So/u-t/'ort.  - 
«5 1  (the  gain)  +  &4  (the  cost)  = 
.25  or  25  %  Ans.  To/Jtid  the 
cost  when -the  gain  or  loss  and 
the  rate  pe.r  cent,  are  given, Di- 
vide the  gain  or  loss  by  the  rate 
per  cent.,  expressed  decimal  I  y.- 
^LxfetnvXtt..-  Cloth  sold  at  a  gain 
of  &  I  per  yard,  pays  a  profit  of 
25  % .  Wha*  was  the  cos*  per 
yard?  Solution. -&  1. 00-?-. 25  = 
364.00  A-ns.  To  find  the  cost 
when  the  selling  price  and  the 
rate  per  cent,  of  gain  or  loss  are 
given,  Divide  the  selling  price, 
by  I  plus  or  minus  the  rate  per 
cent. ^LxTfm^Xo,.-  Cloth  sold  at 
S5.00  a.yard,  pays  25%  prof- 
it :  required  the  cost  price  per 
yard.  Solution. -S65.00-f  1.25  = 
s$4.oo  x???*.  Formulas. 
Gam  or  Joss  =  cost  X  rate  % . 
Rate  per  ceti*.=9ain  or  loss -cost. 
Cos*  =  gain  or  loss  -f-  rate  % . 
Cost  =  selling  price -f/ 1  +  rate%. 

PROGRESSION. -A  series  m  which 
the  terms  increase  or  decrease 
according  to  a  uniform  law. An 
Arith-metio&l  Progression  is  a 
series  which  increase  or  decrease 
by  a  COY«\VI\OY\  &\  H  eve,  \\c«..  Thus, 
1,4,7,  10,13,  etc.,  is  an  \K\cwa.*- 
\v\q  <58.Y\e9,  while  20, 17,  14,  I  1,8, 
5,  etc.,  is  a  &acfea«,Vv\9  sa/ve-sThe 
numbers  forming  the  series  are 
called  terms;  the  first  and  last 
terms  are  the  extremes,  and 
the  other  terms, the  means. 
To  find  the  sum  of  all  the  terms 
of  a  scries,  when  the  extremes  and 
number  of  terms  are  given,Mul- 
tiply  the  sum  of  the  extremes  by 
the  number  of  terms:  half  the 
product  will  bethe  sum  of  the 
series.  \LxiAW7\t..- How   many 
strokes  does  the  hammer  of  a 


clock  strike  in  12  hours?  Solu 
t/'on.-  I  4-  12  (theextremes)=l3 
13  X  12  (number  of  terms)  =  156 
1 56 -r  2  =78  /to*.  To  find  the 
common  difference, when  the 
extremes  and  the  nu/mberofterw 
are  given ,  D  ivfde  the  d  ifference  of 
the  extremes  by  the  number  o 
terms  less  one;  the  quotient  wil 
be  the  common  difference.^.xaw 

?\e.-The  first  term  of  a  series  is 
,  the  last  300,  and  £he  -number 
of  terms  10:  what  the  com.dif." 
Solution. -  300-3  =  297-;  297 ~ 
9  =  33  /4?75.  To  /ind  the  lastter-m 
when  the  first  term-j  the  com- 
mon difference,  and  the  number 
of  terms  are  given,  Multiply  the 
common  di//erencs  by  tHenu/tti 
ber  of  terms  less  one;  if  an  in- 
creasing series,  add  the  product 
to  the  first  term;  if  a  decreasing 
scries,  subtract  the  produ-ct  /row 
the  first  ter-m .  ^ttm^ta. - T  h  e 
f  ir9t  term  of  an  increasing  ser- 
ies is  2,  the  common  difference 
3,  and  the  number  of  terms  50; 


what  is  the  last  term?  Solution. 
-3  X  49=  147;  147  +  2  =  149  Ans. 
A  Geometrical Proyresf/ott  is 

a  series  increasinp  by  a  constant 
multiplier,  or  decreasing  by  a  con 
stant  divisor.  Thus,  2,4,  8, Iff,  32, 

64.  Cl^C.)  is   311  \'V\C'V&2L*&\'Y\tt  QC.OYVMiX'- 

V\c»*\\«,s,  while  64,32, 16, 8, 4, etc. 

constant  multiplier  or  divisor  is 
called  the  ratio.  To -find  the  sum 
of  all  the  terms  of  a  geometric  se- 
ries, Multiply  the  greatest  term 
by  the  ratio;  from  the  product  sub 
tract  the  least  term,  and  djv  i  de 
the  remainder  by  the  ratio  less 
l.txiL-m^Vi..- John  Jones  gave  to 
his  daughter  on  New  Year's  day 
#1;  he  doubled  it  on  the  first  day 
of  every  tnon-thtfor  a  year:  what 
sum  did  she  receive?  Solution. -f\m 
ratio  is  2;  the  least  term  I:  the 
greatest  ter-m  2048  (found  by  rais- 
ing the  common  ratio  to  a  power 
whose  degree  is  one  less  than  the 
number  of  terms,  and/ multiply- 
ing the  1st  term  by  it.  (2"XI -- 


2048  X2  =  409S;4096-I=4095 
4  09  5  -H  =  409  5;  /Ivs.&AOSS. 
PROOF  .  -Verification  of  a  rule,o 
of  the  accu-racy  of  an  operation 
In  many  operations  a  converse 
rule  will  verify  the  accuracy  of 
the  work.  For  proofs  of  Addition 
Subtraction,  Multiplication,  anc 
Division,  see  each  of  these  subject 
PROPORTION  .-The  relation  whic 
quantities  of  fche  safne  kind  bears 
to  another,  with  respect  to  mag 
nitude  or  numerical  value.  An 
equality  o/  ratios  (see  Ratio)  is 
a  Proportion.  Thus,  3  :  6  I  '  9  :  18 
expresses  that  the  ratio  between 
3  and  6  is  £he  same  as  between  9 
and  18,  and  is  read,  3  is  to  6  as 
9  is  £ol8.Tha  first  and  fourth 
terms  are  called  the  extremes; 
the  second  and  third,  the  -means. 
The  product  of  the  means  always 
equals  the  product  of  the  extremes 
Sit*iplePropor£<ioTi(orRuJeofThiee 
i;  an^quality  of  two  ratios,  and 
consists  of  four  terms.  Three  of 
the  members  of  a  proportion  be- 
ing given,  two  of  them  must  be 
of  the  same  kind,  and  *hc  other 
mus^  be  of  the  same  kind  as  tha 
fourth  term,  or  answer.  Hence, 
To  find  any  required  term  of 
a  proportion,  PI  ace^the  number 
ofthesan-ie  denomination's 
l^he  answer  sought,  for  the  third 
term.  If  tMe  answer  is  £o  be 
greater  than  the  third  term, 
place  the  greater  of  the  other 
two  numbers  for  the  second 
term,  and  the  less  for  the  first. 
If"  the  answer  is  to  be  /ess  than 
the  third  term,  place  the  less  of 
the  other  two  numbers  for  the 
second  term,  and  the  greater  for 
the  first.  Reduce,  if  necessary,  the 
first  and  second  tertns  to  the  same 
denomination,  and  ifthethird 
term  is  a  compound  number,  re 
duce  it  to  the  lowest  term  men- 
tioned in  it.  Then  divide  *he 
product  of  the  -means  by  the  toomi 
extreme,  or  divide  the  product  of 
the  extremes  by  the  known  mean; 
the  quotient  will  be  the  term  re 
quired.  ^.x-etftw^Ne,.-  If  25  barrels 
of  flour  cost  #165,  what  wi/135 
barrels  cost?  So/ut/'ort.- 

25:35  ::&I65:  (Answer). 


«23I  /?wr.  A  Compound  Propor- 
tion is  one  which  involves  two 
or  more  simple  ones.  All  of  the 
terms  of  a  compound  proportion 
appear  in  couplets,  except  one,  which 
i$  always  of  the  same  kind  as  t  he 
answer  sought.  To  /ind  any  re- 
quired term  of  a  compound  p^o- 
portion,  Write  the  number  which 
is  of  the  same  kind  as  *  he  answer 
sought,  for  the  *Mird  *ertti  .  Ar- 
range the  two  terms  of  each  ra- 
tio separately,  as  in  simple  pro- 
portion. Then,  if  an  extnm**nn 
b»  required,  i*  will  be  equal  to  *ho 


quotient  of  the  product  of  the  mean; 
divided  by  the  product  of  the  known 
extremes,  and  if  a  mean  term  be 
required,  it  will  be  equal  to  the  prod- 
uct of  the  extremes  divided  by  the 
product  of  the  known  means.^Lx- 
a\Y\^\c..-lf  12  wen  in  30  days  of 
10  hours  each  earn  ^270  ,  how 
many  dollars  will  18  men  earn 
in  36  days  of  12  hours  each? 


12  !    18  ::  270  :( Answer) 
30  :  36 

10  :  12 

18  X  36  x  12  X  270=2099520:  12 
X30  X  10  =  3600!  2099510-3600 
=  5,8 3. 2,0  ;  #583.20  Ans. Distrib- 
utive Prpportio-M  is  the  meth- 
od of  dividing  a  nu-mber.orquan 
ilty,  into  parts  which  are  pro- 
portional to  given  numbers. 
To  divide  a  number  or  quan- 
tity thus, Multiply  the  whole 
quantity  to  be  divided  by  each 
proportional  number,  and  di- 
vide each  product  by  the  sum 
of  the  proportional  numbers. 
^.x-a.'\n\\fc. -Divide  «I200  propor- 
tionally arnong  4  men  whose 
shares  are  to  each^ther  as  3,4, 
5,  6.  Solution. 

3  +  4. +  5 +6  =  18, 
18  : 1200  : :  3  :  200  first  man's  share. 
18: 1200  ::4:  266%  second  "     »» 
18: 1200::5  :333>i  third  »     •' 
18:  1200::  6:  400     fourth"      .» 

PULLEY. -A  small  wheel  fixed 
in  a  block  and  turning  on  an  ax- 
is by  means  of  a  cord  which  runs 
in  a  groove  formed  on  *he  edge 
of  the  wheel.  A  system  of  pulleys 
is  a  number  of  pulleys  so  arrang- 
ed that  great  weight  way  be  rais- 
ed by  a  small  expenditure  of  pow- 
er.  To  -f  i  nd  the  weig  h  t  which  may 
be  raised  by  a  system  of  pulleys, 
Multiply  the  power  by  twice  the 
number  of  movable  pulleys,  or, 
when  the  end  of  the  rope  is  at- 
tached to  the  movable  block,  by 
twice  the  number  of  movable 
blocks,  plus  one. 

PYRAMID. -A  solid, or 
polyhedron,  of  which 
the  base  is  a  platie  rec- 
tilinear figure,  and 
the  sides  are  triangles, 
converging  to  a  point 
a*  the  top  or  'apex.' 
Pyramids  take  their    « 
names  from  the  na- 
ture of  their  bases, 
and  may  be  triangu- 
lar, quadrangular,  etc., according 
as  their  bases  are  triangles,  guad- 
r//atera/r,etc.A  right  pyramid 
is  one  whose  base  is  a  regular  pol- 
ygon, and  in  which  a  perpendic- 
ular let  fall  from  x  he  vertex  up- 
on the  base,  passes  through  its 
centre. A  -regular pyramid  is 
one  bounded  by   four  equal  e- 
quilateral  triangles.  For  the 
rules  to  find  the  area  of  the  sur- 


face  of  a  pyramid, or  its  solid! 

ty,  see  Cone. 
etUADRANGLE.-A  figure  having 

four  angles  and  sides. 
QUADRATIC. -De-noting  a  square 

or  pertaining  to  it. 

of  QUADRILATERAL. -A  poiygonof 

four  sides, or  four  angles.  Sec. 
each  of  the  following:  Trapezi- 
um, Trapezoid,  Parallelogram, Rec 
tangle,  Rhomboid,  Square, Rhom 
bus. 


the  quadruple  of  a  given  area 
is  an  area  four  times  as  "much. 

(QUANTITY. -Any  fchin<?  that  can 
be  Increased,  diminished, or -meas- 
ured; as, number,  space, weight, 
time,  etc.  A  Unit  of  Quantity 
is  a  standard  of  measure, or  cow 
putatlqn,  used  for  determining 
or  Indicatin9  extent,  weight? 
value,  duration,  and  Intensity 
(UART.-A  unit  of  measure  e- 
quivalentto  2  pints  or^  gal- 
lon; also  57 H  cubic  inches. 

QUARTER. -In  avoirdupois  weigh* 


a  quarter  is  25  pounds.  In  Eng 
land,  the  quarter  is  28  pounds; 
it  is  also  a  measure  of  capacity, 
equivalent  to  8  bushels. 

QUINTAL. -A  weight  consist- 
ing of  100  pounds. 

QUOTIENT- -The  number  re- 
sulting from  dividing  one  •num- 
ber by  another. 

RADICAL. -An  indicated  root  of 
an  irnperfect  power  of  the  de- 
gree indicated.  If  it  be  a  perfect 
power,  it  is  not  a  radical,  but  a 
rational  quantity  under  a  radi- 
cal form.  The  Ra.dicalSign  is  a 
character -v/      ,  placed  before 
a  number  to  show  that  its  root 
is  to  be  extracted.  A  small  figure 
placed  above  the  radical  sign, 
is  called  the  index  of  the  root. 
Thus,v'a;5    denotes  the  second 
or  square,  root  of  25;  (The  index 
is  usually  omitted  in  square  root); 
•3T5  denotes  the  third  or  cube 
root  of  25;  -\X5~5  denotes  the 
fourth   roof  of  25;  -^5    de- 
notes the  sixth  root;  e*c. 


RADIUS. -The  distance  frorn  *  he 
centre  of  a  circle  to  its  circum- 
ference, or  haU  the  diameter. 

RATE  PER  CENT.-in  compute 

interest,  the  part  of  one  dollar 
which  is  paid  annually  for  the  use 
of  the  money.  See  (nterest. 
RATIO. -The  relative  magnitude 
of  two  numbers  oftMc  sarne  kind, 
or  the  measure  of  the  relation  of 
one  quantity  to  another,  as  ex- 
pressed by  their  quotient.  Thus 
the  ratio  of  3  to  12  is  4,  and  of 
12  to  3  is  V*.  The  two  numbers 
compared  are  called  the  te-r-mso 
of  the  ratio,  the  first  term  being 
the  antecedent,  and  the  last  the 
consequent.^  ratio  is  denoted 
by  two  dots  similar  to  a  colon 
thus,  4-  .'  12. ,  expresses  the  ratio 
of  4  to  12,  and  is  read,  As  4  is  fo 
12. 

RECIPROCAL. -The  reciprocal  o/ 
a  number  is.the  quotient  ans 
ing  from  dividing  I  by  thenum 
ber;  thus,  the  reciprocal  of  4  is 
K;  of  12., Xi;  of  l»,Jfe:*«t..* 
The  reciprocal  of  a  fraction  is 
expressed  by  the  fraction  invert 
ed:  thus  the  reciprocal  of  %  is 
%  ;  of  'Xj  ,  %;  etc.  The  recipro 
cal  of  a  ratio  is  expressed  by  the 
ratio  inverted;  thus,  the  recip 
rocal  of  5  :  15  is  1.5:5.  It  is  call 
ed  an  inverse  ratio. 
RECKON. -To  calculate  or  com 

pute  by  figures.          A 

RECTANGLE. -A  par-    f^3p 
allelo^ram  whose      \^^ 
angles  a-re  all  right   D 
angles.  If  it  is  also  equilateral,! 
1;  a  square.  Us  area  Is  equal  to 
the  product  of  its  base  and  al 
titude. 
RECTANGULAR. -Having  right  an 

gles,  as  a  square. 
RECTIL;NEAR(AL). -Relating  to 
right  lines.  A  rectilinear  polygon 
is  one  bounded  by  straight  lines. 
REDUCTION. -The  process  of  chano 
ing  the  form  of  an  expression  wit 
out  altering  it's  value,  or  the  op 
eration  of  finding  an  equivalent 
expression  in  terms  of  a  differ- 
en  t  un  ft.  Reduction  Ascending 
is  reducing  numbers  to  units  of 
higher  orders,  by  dividing  the  •num- 
ber of  units  of  the  kind  express 
ed,  by  the  number  of  them  equiy 
alent  to  a  unit  of  the  order  requir- 
ed-Thus,  360  inches  =30  feef,or 
[0  yards.  Reduction  Descending 
Is  reducing  units  to  numbers  of 
lower  orders,  by  multiplying  the 
number  expressed,  by  the  num- 
ber of  units  of  the  kind  required 
equivalent  to  one  of  *he  kind  ex- 
pressed. Thus,  2  yards  =  6  feet,  or 
72  inches.  To  reduce  a  number 
to  one  of  a  higher  order,  as  inch- 
es to  yards, I.  Divide  the  given 
number  by  the  number  requir- 
ed fo  make  one  of  the  next  h  igh- 
er  order,  fl.  Divide  the  quotient 


53 


thus  obtained  as  before,  and  so  pro- 
ceed to  the  denomination  required. 
The  last  quotient  with  the  several 
remainders  will  ba  the  answer.^.* 
v*w^\«..- Reduce  4050  gills-to  gal- 
lons. So/utiort. 

2 pints--!  quart.  Oi  )IO|3  pints  and  2g  i  I  Is. 
4 gusrts-l gallon.  4)506  quarts. 

1 16  gallons  and  2quans. 
Arts.  I26gals.  2qts.  and  Spills 
To  reduce  a  denominate  number 
to  one  of  a  lower  order,/".  Multi- 
ply the  number  of  the  highest  de- 
nomination by  the  number  which 
one  of  this  denomination  makes 
ofthene*t  lower.  II.  Add  to  the 
product  the  number  in  the  next 
lower  denomination,  if  anu.IIJ. 
Proceed  in  the  same  way  through 
the  lower  denominations  to  the 
one  required. ^x-a.'rv\^\c.—  How 
many  pints  i'n  7tbushels,3  pecks, 
4quart'j,  and  I  pint? 
S  o/ut  /o  n. 

7bu.,3pk.,4qt.,lpt. 
I  bushel  =4  pecks.      4 

31  pecks. 
lpeck=8quiTts.    8_ 

252  quarts. 
I  quart  =  2  pints.    2_ 

505  pints  —Answer. 
To  reduce  a  fraction  of  a  higher 
to  one  of  a  lower  denom)'riation,or 
to  inte9ers,  Multiply  as  in  whole 
numbers,  described  above,  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  for  the  multfplica 
tion  of  fractions.  (See  Fraction}. 
tL*'a.-w\^i\«,.- Reduce  I/a  of  a  gallon 
to  integers  of  lowerdenoninations. 

Sol  u.tiortS' 
7 


and  Measures).  To  re 
ducc  U.S.  money  to  foreign won 
ey,  Divide  the  amou.-nt  expressed  in 
U.S. money  b.y-the  U.S.  value  of  a 
u-nit  o/*he  kind  of  money  requir 
ed.  See  Ster/ina  Monet/. 
REGULAR. -Co-n formed  to  a  rule.  A 
regular  polygon  is  one  wljich  is 
both  efui/a.£era./  and  eq u-i3LTifn.lv 

REMAINDER. -The  part  of  the 

subtrahend  which  remains  af 
ter  taking  away  the  minuend. 

REPETEND.  -The  part  of  a  dec! 

mal  which  is  continually  repeal 
ed,  as  64  in  the  decimal  num- 
ber 4-.  646464. 

RESOLUTION. -The  operation 
of  separating  &ny  number  07 
quantity  into  its  factors.  See 


8)TT(  I  pint.' 


. 

1.000  pint 
/?/?.?.  3 quarts,  I  pint. 


A  vs.  3  quarts,  I  pint. 
To  reduce  a  fraction  o^f  alowe., 
to^  orie  of  a  higher  denomination, 
Divide  as  in  whole  numbers,  as 
described  above,  according  to  the 
rules  for  the  division  of  fractions. 
^.x-a.'wv^'V.G,.- Reduce  /-§  of  a  pint 
to  the  fraction  of  a  peck .  —  So/u- 

/^4  pk.  =  /w5i.  To  fedu.ce  a  quan- 
tity composed  of  one  or  more  de- 
nominations, to  the  fraction  of 
another  quantity  consisting  of  one 
ormore  denominations,  Reduce 
both  quantities  to  the  lowest  de- 
nomination in  either;  the  less 
will  be  the  numerator,  and  the 
greater  the  denominator  of  the 
required  fraction,  which  reduce 
tojts  Jowest  terms. ^Lx»v*\\>\«,.-2ft. 
6  in.  is  what  part  of  6  ft.  S'in.?-So- 
/uf'on.-^ft.  6  in.  =  30  !n.;6ft.8in. 
=  80  in. ;  %0  =  ^a  Arts.  To  reduce 
foreign  money  to  U.S. -money, Mul- 
tiply the  amount  expressed  in  units 
of  the  foreign  money  by  the  value 
of  one  of  these  units  expressed 
in  U.S. money.  (See  Coins  under 


REVERSION. -A  payment  not  due 
till  the  occurrence  of  some  con- 
tingent event,  as  the  death  of 
a  person  now  living.  See  Artnu 

RHOMBOID. -A  parallelogram  all 
of  the  sides  of  which  are  no*  e- 
qual.  The  rhombus  is  but  a  par 


ticular  forrn  of  th&  rhomboid,in 
which  the  sides  are  all  equal. 

RHOMBUS. -A  parallel-  D^ »c 

ogram  the  sides  of  which     V  -..  /'A 


are  equal.  If  its  angles 

become  each  equal   to 

90°  ,  it  becomes  a  square. 

Its  diagonals  bisect  each  other 

right  angles,  and  its  area  is  e- 

qual  to  Half  the  product  of  its 

diagonals. 
Rl&HT  AN&LE.-An  an 

gjeof  90°.  If  one straijh* 

line,AB,  -meet  another  A 

straight  line,  DE,  so  as 

to  make  the  adjacent 

angles, ACD,  and  BCD, 

equal,  both  angles  are  right  an- 
gles, and  the  two  lines  are  perpen 

dicular  to  each  o-fcher. 
RIGHT  ANG-LEO.-Con-taining  a 

right  ,an g  I  £_.  A  right  zingled  -tri- 

a.rr$/&  is  a  triangle  containing  one 

right  angle. 
?OO.-A  measure  of  length  e- 

qual  to  IG'/T. -feet ,  or  5/4  yards 

I*  is  used  chiefly  in  land 
IOMAJM  NOTATION.-! 
IOOD.-A  unit  of  sur 


used  in  land  surveying.  I*  cs  equa 
*o  40  perches, or  %  acre. 
ROOT. -The  root  of  any  rtu.-mbe 

is  a  number  which,  being  -taken 
certain  number  of  times  asafai 
tor,  will  produce  the  given  num. 
be-r.  See  Cube  Root,  Square  Roo 
and  Radical,  also  l-nvo'/u.-t/fln. 
ROUND. -A  term  applied  indiscnw 
inately  to  the  shape  of  coriieaf,cif 
indrfcal,  spherical,  spheroidal,  an 
annular  bodies. 

RULE. -The  prescribed  mode  ^o^ 
direction  given  for  perfortnin 
•the  operations  necessary  to  ob 
tain  a  certain  result. 
lULF;  OFTHfiEE.- A  method  of 
so!vir;9  practical  questions  by  a 
ratio  or  proportion.  I-?  is  so  call 
ed  becau-cs  the  answer  fs  obtaine 
by  finJi-.ig  one  term  cf  a  proper 
tion  whose  other /-/7/-ef>  ter-ms 
arc  known.  \f  is  also  called  5/77; 
/>/<2  Proportion.  Dcu.t?c  Rule  o/ 
Three  is  *he  same  as  Compound  Pri 
pc-rtion.  See  Proportion. 
ALIEWT.-Projecrrng  outwarc 
as  an  angle.  Opposed  to  -re-enter 
ing. 

SCALE. -The  various  'radices 
which  determine  -the  form  ant 
digits  of  the  number  expressing  ani 
numerical  quantity.  The  decimal 
scale  is  the  only  M/tti&ttH  scale 
that  is  of  ituporta'dce,  all  others 
possessing  inlsfcst  o-^ly^s  mat 
terc  of  curiosity.  !n  v^ryitig  scales 
the  base  is  soma  u*:?v  of  meisure 
arbitrarily  aosumed,  C3  in  com- 
pound nu.ni  bers. 

SCALE?  (Balances). -To /i-?id  the 
true,  weight  with  fraudulent  bal 
ances,  when  the  weights  arc  ac- 
curate, Find  what  weights  will 
balance  ths  substance  to  be  weigh 
nd 
du.cc 

multiply  to 

gether  tha  two  "weights  thus  found, 
and  extract  the  squ-are  root  of 
the  prodtict. 
SCALENE  TRIAW&LE.-A  triangle 

whose  sides  are  all  unequal. 
SECAN7.7A  straight  line  cut-ping 
a  curve  in  -two  or  more  poiri-is. 
CREW. -A  cylinder  worked  by  a 
lever,  and  having  upon  ita  thread, 
which  is  a.  wind  ing  inclined  planei 
Ta  es£i-wa*e  the  advantage  of  a 
screw,  Multiply  the  power  by 
ths  circumference  of  the  Circle 
which  it  describes, and  divide  the 
product  by  the  distance  the  wei9ht 
is  raised  by  one  revolution. 
SECOND.-  A  unit-  o^f  measure  em- 
ployed, in  estimating:  time,  and 
is  equivalent  to  the  60th  part  of 
a  minute.  It  is  also  a  unit  in  cir- 
cular measura,  equivalent  to  the 
3600  part  of  a  degree. 
ECTION.-A  tract.of  land  one 
mile  square,  containing  640 acres 
See  Land  Measure  under  Weights 
and  Measures. 

-The  part  of  a  cjrcle  in- 
cluded between  two  radii  and  an 
arc.ro  ^itid  the  area  of  a  sector, 


aance       s  susnce  o  e  we 
cd;  ths-M  trarispose  *5-;e-Ki,  a 
find  the  weigh*  that  will  prod 
an  equilibriu-i-n;  thsn  multiply 


at  SCREW. 


1  '  
Multiply  the  arc  of  the  sector  bM 

SOUNDING.  -A  measured  dep*h   of 

riaht  angles.  The  <zrea  of  a  square 

half  of  the  radius. 
SEGMENT.-  The  part  of  a  circle 

water,  ascertained  bu  means  of  a 
line  and   lead. 

is  equa^  to  the  product  of  two  adja- 
cent s'des. 
SQUARE  ROOT.  -The  square  root 

arc  which  it  subtends.  (See  Circle}. 

nite  distance  in  all  directions.  It 

of  a  quantity,  is  a  quantity  which, 

To  fi-nd  the  area  of  a  segment, 

is  co-extensive  with,  and  insepara 

being  taken  twice  as  a  factor,  will 

From  the  area  of  a  corresponding 

ble  from,  the  sensible,  external,ar 

produce  the  given  quantity.  Thus, 

sector,  subtract  the  area  of  the 
triangle  formed  by  the  chord  and 

Object  World. 
SPHERE.  -A  solid  bounded  by  a  curv- 

the square  root  of  49_  is  7.  The 
following  table  contains  the  square 

radii,  for  a  segment  less  than    a 

ed  surface,  every  point  of  which 

roots  of  numbers  from  1  to  232: 

semicircle,  but  add  these  areas  for 

is  equally  distant  from  a  point 

He 

Square 

No 

Square 

NoJSquare 

...    iSfluare 

a  segment  greater  than  a  sertncir- 

within  called  the  centre.  A  line 

Root. 

Root. 

Root. 

*°-  Root. 

cle. 

passing  through  the  centre,  and 

I 

59 

7.681 

117 

10.816 

175  13.228 

SERIES.  —  An  infinite  number  of 

terminated  each  way  by  the  surface 

< 

1.414 

60 

7.745 

118 

10.862 

176 

13.266 

terms  which  follow  one  another, 

is  called  the  dia'meter  or  ax/j.The 

• 

1.732 

61 

7.810 

119 

10.908 

177 

13.304 

each  *erm  be'\nq  derived  from  one 

radi'us  is  a  line  extending  from 

4 

2 

ea 

7.874 

120 

10.954 

178  13.341 

or  more  of  the  preceding  ones,  by 

the  centre  to  the  surface.    To 

c 

2.236 

63 

7.937 

12! 

179 

13.379 

a  fixed  law,  called  the  law  of  the 

find  the  surface  of  a  sphcre,Mul 

( 

2.449 

64 

8 

122 

11.045 

180 

13.416 

series.  (See  Progression). 
SEXTANT.  -The  sixth  park  of  the 

tiply  the  diameter  by  -the  circum- 
ference. Or  Multiply  the  square  of 

i 

2.645 
2.828 

65 
66 

8.061 
8.124 

123 

m 

11.090 
11.135 

181 
181 

13.453 
13.490 

circumference  of  acirclc. 

the  diameter  by  3.1416.  To  /itid 

3 

8.185 

125 

II    IRfl 

183 

13  527 

SEXTUPLE.-  S  ix  times  as  much,  or 

the  solidity  of  a  sphcretMu|tiplw 

10 

3.152 

68 

8.246 

I26|  II.  224 

184 

13.564 

six  fold. 

ihecube  of  the  diameter  by  3.14(6, 

I 

3.316 

69 

8  306 

127  Ml  261 

185 

13  60) 

SHILLING-.  -An  English  coin  equiv- 

andtaUe one-sixth  of  tne  product, 

12 

70 

8.366 

I28ll  1.313 

186 

13.638 

alent  to  about  24  Vs  cents. 

Or  Multiply  the  area  of  the  sur- 

i • 

3.'S05 

71 

8.426 

129 

11.357 

187 

13.674 

SHINGLES.  -Wten  exposed  four 

face  by  one-sixth  of  the  diameter. 

M 

3.741 

72 

8.485 

130 

11.401 

188 

13.711 

inches,  9  are  required  for  each 

SPHERICAL.  -Relating  to  a  sphere, 

I  C 

3.872 

73 

8.544 

131 

11.445 

!89 

13.747 

square  foot  of  surface;  if  exposed 

as  a  spherical  angle,  etc. 

16 

4- 

74 

8.602 

131 

11.489 

190 

13.784 

four  and  a  half  inches,  8;  If  expos- 

.^^~^-=^- 

n 

4.123 

75 

8.660 

133 

11.532 

191 

13.820 

ed  five  Inches,  T/s  . 

cr^HB           f^^^  *Wjfifitc     *^^~           &&t 

18 

4.242 

76 

8.717 

i34 

11.575 

192 

13.856 

SlG-N.-A  symbol  employed  to  indi- 

*"vu* -jr^        ^irnP~2§           **^,  *W* 

19 

4.358 

77 

8.775 

125 

11.618 

193 

13.892 

cate  the  relation  between  quanti- 

f           fpr"  ;8           »k 

a 

4.472 

78 

8.831 

136 

11.661 

194 

13.928 

ties,  the  operation  to  be  perform- 

jZ&OSt*^                               ^Sf-  •*\ 

2 

4.582 

79 

8.888 

137 

11.704 

195 

13.964 

ed  upon  them,  to  show  the  result 

/  IJBJr?^^^    jnntiiurj    ^^^B^MjV 

22 

4.690 

80 

8.944 

138 

1  1  .747 

196 

14 

or  nature  of  some  previous  opera- 

/j^jS^Sk ^/&  juxmij.!^  ^^F    •i^S*^ 

23 

4.795 

81 

9 

139 

11.789 

197 

14.035 

tion,  or  to  indicate  the  sense   i  n 

f    ^^^//^~^^^^^^  \ 

24 

4.898 

e 

82 

oo 

9.055 

91  1  A 

140 

11.832 

198 

1  QQ 

14.071 

\A     1  AC 

be  considered.  (See  Symbol  ). 

SIGNIFICANT.  -A  «>rm  applied  to  f.> 

^^N^'1%^ 

27 

5.099 
5.196 

00 

84 
85 

.110 
9.165 
9.219 

|4  1 
142 
143 

IL9K 
11.958 

1  99 

200 
201 

14.  1  UD 

14.142 
14.177 

ures  standing  for  numbers,  as  op- 

N!       ^&^&^&$    V^  */&  &/^^§b*.     i 

28 

5.291 

86 

9.273 

144 

12 

202 

14.212 

posed  to  0. 

\   3s5^    \§L^^^&^^&r  j(ff/      j^^T  .'! 

29 

5  -.385 

87 

9.327 

145 

12.041 

203 

14.247 

SIMILAR.  -A  term  applied  to  f^ures 

V^S^i     '-^«m   ssraoi  ^*fa>  ^fm^  / 

2', 

5.472 

S8 

9.380 

146 

12.083 

204 

(4.282 

composed  of  the  same  number  of 

%_  •Sli^ktf^^  BT^^^B   ^^^tt&Sw^jf 

5.567 

8S 

9.434 

147 

12.124 

205 

14.317 

parts,  which  are  arranged  In  trhe 

'  ,->*!r                                          ^V'.    f 

31 

5.656 

90 

9.486 

148 

12.165 

206 

14.352 

same  manner.,  being  of  *he  same 

"^^s,                              Jbfc3'~£'>jlJ|                                 V^^       1 

3? 

5.744 

91 

9.539 

149 

12.206 

207 

14.387 

form,  but  differ  'ng  in  magnitude. 

&.          ^^»~                *^|B3^                     /T                 If!!! 

K 

5.830 

92 

9.591 

150 

12.247 

208 

14.422 

SIMPLE.  -Not  combined,  compli- 
cated  or  compounded  A  Sitnp/Q 

9kb    ~^^^^^^^^       ^ 

35 

5.316 

93 

9.643 

151 

I2.28J 

209 

14.456 

Number  Is  a  number  expressed  In 
a  uniform  scale.  A  Simple  Quanti- 

SPHEROID. -A  solid  resembling  a 
sphere  in  form,  having  a  major 

3E 

n 

6.082 
6.  164 

94 
S5 
96 

9.695 
9.746 
9.798 

1  5-2 
153 

154 

1  2.  .  32$ 
12.369 
12.409 

'2  1  G 
211 

14-  .  4$  1 
14.525 
14.560 

ty  is  one  containing  only  a  single 
term.  A  Si-mple  Equation  is  one  of 
the  first  degree.  For  Simple  Propor- 

and a  minor  avis  ,  and  which  tnai; 
be  generated  by  revolving  an  ellipse 
about  one  of  its  axes.  An  oblate 

8 

4-3 

6.244 
6.324 
6.403 

97 
98 
9S 

9.848 
9.899 
9.949 

155 
I5S 
!57 

12.449 
12.489 
12.529 

ao 

214 
215 

14.594 
(4.628 
14.662 

tion,  see  Proportion. 
SOLID.  -A  magnitude  having  the  at- 

spheroid is  one  generated  by  re- 
volving an  ellipse  about  its  conju- 

- 

6.480 
6.557 

00 
01 

10 
10.049 

158 
159 

12.569 
12.609 

216 
217 

14.696 

14.731 

tributes  of  length,  breadth  and  thick- 

gate ax-is.  A  prolatetspheroid\so'ne. 

*4 

6.633 

c: 

10.099 

160 

12.649 

218 

14.764 

ness.  Same  as  volume. 
SOUDITY.-The  number  of  times 

generated  by  revolving  an  ellipse 
about  Its  transverse  axis.  To  find 

j 

6.708 
6.782 

03 
04 

10,148 
10  198 

161 
162 

12.688 
12.728 

219 

210 

14.798 
14.  832.  • 

that  a  solid  or  volume  contains 

the  solidity  of  an  oblate  spheroid,  Mu.| 

4T 

6.855 

05 

10.246 

163 

12.767 

221 

14.866 

another  solid  or  volume,  taken  as 

tiply  the  square  of  the  greater  d  i  - 

4S 

6.928 

05 

10.295 

164 

12.806 

222 

14.899 

a  unit  of  measure. 
SOLUTION.  -The  operation  of  find- 
ing such  value   or  values  for  the 

a.me-ter,  bu  the  less,  and  thisprod- 
uct  by  .5236.  To  -find  the  solidity 
of  a  prolate  sphere  Jd,Multiply  the 

:i 
51 

7 
7.071 
7.141 

07 
08 
99 

10,344 
10.392 
10.440 

165 
i66 
161 

12.845 
12.884 
12.922 

223 

034 
2J!5 

14.933 
14.366 
15 

unknown  parts  of  a  problem,  as 
will  satisfy  its  conditions. 
SOUND,  VELOCITY  OF.  -The  velocity 
I     of  sound  in  still  air  a-t  31°  Fahr.,  is 
1090  feet  per  second.  As  the  tem- 

square of  the  less  diameter,  by  the 
greater,  and  this  product  by  .5236. 
SPHEROlDAL.-Rclafcing  to  a  sphe- 
roid, as  a  spheroidal  triangle.  — 
>PIRAL.-A  curve  gener-        ---^X 

52 
si 

4 

7.211 
7.280 
7.348 
7.416 
7.4.83 

10 
II 
12 
13 
14 

10.488 
10.535 
10.583 
10.630 
10.677 

!68 

£3 

no 

17! 
172 

12.961 
13 
13.038 
13.076 
J3.  IF4 

we 

227 
228 
029 
230 

15.033 
15.066 
J5.099 
15.132 
15.165 

perature  rises,  the  velocity  increas- 
es at  the  rate  of  1.  12  feet  for  every 
degree  Fahrenheit.  The  following 

a  ted  by  moving  a  po  In*       /*T)  '•  ) 
along  a  straight  J  ine,     V..T.  •'/ 
in  the  same  direction,  ac-      ^—  -^ 

58|7'.6I5 

15 
16 

10.723 
10.770 

173 
174 

13.152 
13.190 

231 
232 

15.198 
15.231 

table  gives  the  velocity  in  feet  per 
second  in  some  other  substances: 
Oxygen.     ...  1040  Silver  5717 

cording  to  any  law,  while  the  straight 
line  revolves  uniformly  about  a 
fixed  point,  always  continuing  in 

To^itfd  the  &qttarc  rooJo/artu.-ni- 
ber,  J'.  Scpztrate  theoiven  -num- 
ber into  periods  of  two  figures 

Hydrogen  4  1  64  Steel  and  G-lass  .  1  6600 
FreshWatcr  ...  4700  Pi-ne.  10900 

the  same  plane.. 
SQUARE.  -A  quadrilateral  whose 
sides  are  equal,  arid  it;  angles 

each,  beginning  at  the  place  of 
uni*s.  //.  Find  *he,9reates*  square 
>n  the  left-hand  period,  and  place 

Lead  4030  Ash  15314 

55 


its  root  /or  the  ^irst  /igw/re  o(  the- 
required  root  Q\c\<&&\cm 

Subtract  the  50964.(ia5.75-t- 

s<]uare  of  this          4 

figure  from  the  42.JT09 
le  ft- hand  period,  94 

and  to  the  re-  4-45)2564 
•mainder  anriex  2225 

the  next  period  4507)  33900 
(01  a  div  idcnd.  3  154.9 

///  Double  the  4.5 14-5  ]~T35TOO 
root  a  I  read  u  225725 

found,  *ov   a 

trial  divisor  ,  ftvid  how  often  it  is 
contained  I-M  th<?  di"ide-nd,p.xr.lu,sive 
o/  the  right-hand  ^igure.,  and  pi  arc 
thp  result  in  khe  root,  and  also  at 
the  right  o/  the  trial  dluison/K  MH!- 
tiply  thp  romplp.te  d'visor  bij»  Che 
last  fiou.re  «/  the  root;  s  ubfract 
the  product,  from  t-he  dividend, and 
to  the  rpwaindei  annex  *ne  next 
ppn'od  *ot  a  new  dividend  .J^  Proceed 
in  the  samp,  manner  with  all  the 
period*  to  the  last.  The  result  will 
be  the  square  root  required. 

STERLING  MONEY,-  The  currency 

o*  Great  Britain.  For  rule  fco  re- 
Au.ce  to  U.S.  rnongy,see  Foreign 
£ xcha-nge.  For  table,  see  English 
Money,  under  Weights  aw)  Measures. 

STRAIGHT  LINE. -A  line  which 

docs  -not  change  Its  direction  be- 
tween anw  two  of  its  points. 

SUBTRACTION. -The  operation  of 

finding  «he  deference  between  two 
numbers.  The  Minuend  is  the  great 
p.r  number;  the.  Subtrahend, t  he 
less;  arid  the  Re-mai-nder,  the  dif- 
ference. To  prove  the.  accuracy 
of  the  operation,  7".  Add  the  true 
rpn-iai-ndpr  to  tHe  subtrahend, arid 
the  surn  i/ulll  equ,al  the  minn/end. 
//.  Find  the  %M  «.•*<*<&$,  o*  Vs. 
excess  o*9"s  Minuend.  87138641  I 
inthesubtra  Subtrahend  223568  8 
hend  and  inthe.  Remainder  84302.361  2 
remainder,  arid 
take  their  su.rn,  from  which  C&St 

ou*  the  9's,  and  find  the  fe  xcess. 
Find  tht  Pircpss  of  9's  in  the  rn 
u-e-iid,  avid  I/  these  results  are  equal, 
the  work  is  prohablu  correct. 

SUBTRAHEND,  sec  above. 

SUM. -The  agoreaate  o^  two  or  more 
quantities-  THe  sum  is  greater  t 
any  ol  Us  part?. 

SUPERFICIAL.  -  Relatiri^  to  asar/ace, 
as  superficial  coriterits,etc. 

SURFACE. - F  xtension  itiar^aon 
iy.  A  pia-ne  surface  ortends  in  the 
same  direction  throughout,  but 
a  curved  surface  changes  its  direc- 
tion, 

SYMBOL. -Aviw  character  used  to 
re.prp.5pnt  a  quantity,  an  opera- 
tion, a  relation,  QT  an  abbrevia 
tion.  The  sign  4  ,  called  plus,  in- 
dicates addition.  The  sign  —Call- 
ed miftuSj  indicates  subtraction. 
The  sign  X  indicates -multiplica- 
tion. The  sigrj  -?- ,  or  :  ,  indicates 
division.  The  sign  —  ,  called  sign 
of  equality,  denotes  that  the  ex- 
pressions between  which  ft  is  placed 
are  equal .  The^  signs  (  ),  [  ],  {  },and 
a  horizontal  line  over  a/riu.mber 


are  symbols  of  Agg-regAtion ,  and 
signify  that  the  expressions  enclos- 
ed are  to  be  taken  as  a  v/vhole.The 
colon,  .  ,  written  between  num- 
bers indicates  the  ratio  of  the  for- 
mer to  the  latter,  (See  tfa£/0).The 
double  colon,  : '  ,  indicates  the  e 
quality  of  two  ratios. I  See  Proper 
tion).  For  the  sign  v~  ,  see  ffad 
ical  The  period,  ,  p laced betweet 
two  nun-ibers ,  thu-S,  4- -5  ,  denote.? 
that  they  are  to  be  multiplied  to- 
gether. The  dividend  writte 
tHp  divyisor,  thus,  ^  ,  'n»  hpt-ween 
tviuo  ru.rved  I  irips  ,  \A/ith  Khp  d  i»/i? 
or  at  HIP  lef  t,»  hu5,  4)  Ifil  ,<ndi. 
CatPC  Hi  vision. 

ABLE, -A  collection  of  P?.rticM. 
!ars.  in  a  srnal!  space,  for  refer- 
ence and  ready  application, su.ch 
as  weights, irteasitrss, etc. 

TANGENT.-A  ri9Mt 

line  which  touches  a 
curve  but  does  Mot 
cut  it,  as  AB  is  tangenfc  to 
curve  C80. 

TETRAGON. -A  polygon  Ha 

four  angles  and  four  sides. 


TAXES  .-  Sums  of  money  assessed 
on  persons,  property,  incomes,  or 
products,  usually  for  some  public 
purpose.  A  Capitation  or  Pall  Tax, 
is  a  fa*  assessed  on  persons.  Prop 
ei-ty  Tax  i?  a  tav  assessed  on  real 
or  persona!  property.  To  ^s"Md 
what  sum  must  be  assessed  to 
raise  a  given  net  amount,  S  u  b- 
tract  tHe  rate  allowed  for  collection 
from  «!,  and  divide  the  net  amount 
to  be  raised,  by  the  remairider  ',  the 
quotient  wfll  be  the  entire  sum 
to  be  assessed.  ^c.x«.-\y\\\«-.-  A!  low- 
ing 5^o  for  collection,  what  sum 
must  be  assessed  to  raise  ^950,000, 


9*950000  4  ,95  =  ^1000000   Ans. 
If  there  be  a  specific  tax  (of 
any  purpose,  it  must  be  deducted 
f  rorn  the  total  amount  *o  be  rais- 
ed, Then,  To  ^itid  how  n-i  u.c  h 
must  be'paid  on  each  dollar  of 
taxable  property  to  raise  the  re- 
mainder of  the*a*,Divide  the 
amount  tobeTaised  by  theatnoinit 
of  taxable  property,  less  that  part 
on  which  nothing  can  be  collected. 
o  -  The  property  of*  a 


certain  town  is  valuedat*2SOOOOO; 
i-fs  tax  assessment  i?* 37500.  What 
rate  per  cent,  is  the  ta.*?  Mow 
much  will  be  paid  by  a  man  whose 
property  i<?  valued  at  &  12000?  — 
Solution. -  375QO ~ 2500000=. OlS, 
or,  \y^  r-.ts.  tax  per  dollar  *  Ans. 
to  first.  12000  X  !>5<?S=«;I80  = 


•?  -''  .042 
A.   i  .056 
.  .070 
084 


.112 


.560 


14.000 
28.000 
42.000 
56.000 
70.000 
84.000 
98.00 
112.000 
,<  126.000 
140.000 

420  700  ,.    9.800  20000  ,,280.000 
420.000 


038  200 


300 


,125400 
500 
600  M 


.840 
.980 
1. 120 

1.260 
1.400 
2.800 
4.200 
5.600 
7.000 
8.400 


800  .,  11.700 


1000  - 
2000  1 
3000  < 
4000 
5000 
6000 
7000 
8000 
9000 
1 0000 


30000 


fc  He  THICKNESS. -One  of  the  dimension! 
of  a  solid,  usually  the  lesser  one 

TIME  MEASURE. -Used  to  com 
pute  the  passage  of  time.  For  ta 
b!e,  see  under  Weights  and  Measures 

TOTAL. -The  whole  sum,  arrtount, 
or  aggregate  of  several  particular. 

TRAPEZIUM.- A  quad 
r i lateral  Having  >->  o 
two  sides  parallel.  To 
fi-wd  the  area  of  a  trapezium, 01 
other  irregular  polygon.  Divide 
the  figure  into  triangles  by  di- 
agonals connecting  some  one  an 
gular  point  with  each  of  the  oth 
ers;  then  compute  the  area  of 
each  triangle,  and  ( ind  their  sum. 

TRAPEZOID.-Aquad 
rilateral  having  only 
two  of  it*;  sides  paral 
lei.  To  find  the  area  of  a  t 
Zoid,  or  any  other  quadrilateral 
having  two  sides  parallel, Multi- 
ply half  the  sum  of  the  two  par- 
allel sides  by  the  altitude,  or  per 
pendicular  distance  between  the 
two  parallel  sides, 

TRIANfrLE.-A  poi 
ygon  having  three 
sides  and  three  art 
gles.  No.  I  isan/ras 
celes  triangle,  and 
has  two  sides  equal. 
No. 2  is  a  right  an 
gled  triangle,  and 
has  one  right  angle. 
No. 3  is  an  obtuse 
angled  triangle, and  Hasone obtuse 
angle.  No.  4  >s  an  equilateral  tri- 
angle, and  has  all  its  sides  equal. 
No.  S  is  a  scalene  triangle ,  arid 
has  no  two  sides  equal.  No. 6  is 
an  acute  angled  triangle,  and  has 
all  its  angles  acute.  To  find  the 
area  of  a  triangle,  /.  Multiply  the 
base  by  half  the  altitude;  or,Il. 
From  half  tlie  sum  of  the  three 
sides  subtract  each  side  separately; 
then  multiply  together  the  half  sum 
and  the  three  remainders,  and  ex- 
tract the  square  root  of  the  prod- 
uct :  the  squ-are  root  will  be  the 
required  area. 


TRI  ANGLED,  or  Triangular.  -Having 
three  angles. 

TRIGON.-A  polygon  having  three 
sides.  Same  as  triangle. 

TROY  WEIGHT.  -Used  for  weigh- 
ing precious  metals,  gems,etc.For 
table,  sec  under  Weights  and  Meas- 
ures, The  Troy  pound  is  the  stan 
ard_  of  all  other  weights  ;  it  '?  th 
weight  o*  22,794-4  cu.  !n.  of  pur© 
water  at  its  greatest  density  (39,2° 
Fahr.).  The  grain?  mentioned  in 
Avoirdupois  Weight  ar?  Troy  grains. 

TRUE  DISCOUNT,  -Sec  Discount, 

TRUNCATED  CONE,  or  .Pyramid. 
That  portion  of  a  cone  or  pyra- 
mid included  between  the  b  a?e 
and  a  plane  oblique  to  the  base 
passed  between  it  and  the  vertex. 
Sec  Cone. 

UNDECAGONt-A  polygon  having 
eleven  sides  or  angles. 

UNEVEN  NUMBER.  -A  number 

not  exactly  divisible  by  2,  as  1,3, 
5,7,  etCj  Same  as  odd  'nu.rnber.An 
unevenly  uneven  number  is  one 
which,  being  divided  by  4,  leaves 
a  remainder  of  I,  as  I,  5,9,l3,etc. 
UNIT.,-  A  single  thing  of  any  kind 
regarded  as  a  whole.  An  abstract  u- 
nit  i<  the  same  as  I.  A  unit  ofcur- 
renct/  is  a  monetary  unit,  as*l: 
I  dime,  I  cent,  etc.  A  denominate 
wr  concrete  unit  is  one  in  which 
the  kind  of  thing  is  named,  as  I 
foot.,  I  hour,  I  pound,  etc.A  </"0</ec 
intaf  unit  is  one  in  the  scale  of 
I2's»  A  fractional  unit  is  one  of  a 
fraction,  as  >£  ,  xi,%o,etc.An 
inteoral  unit  is  the  unit  l,t  he 
unit  of  whole  numbers.  A  unit  of 
measure  is  a  quantity  of  the  same 
kind,  with  which  the  quantity  is 
compared,  as  I  inch,  I  yard,  I  foot, 
etc.  The  following  is  the 


'Things 


stract. .  Ones 

JlMITY.-An  entire  collection  re- 
garded as  a  single  thing.  Thus, 
100  yards.considered  as  a  single 
distance,  is  unity. 

VALUE. -That  which  has  procur- 
ing, or  purchasing  power,  or  pos- 
sesses exchangeabi  I  ity.  The  numer- 
ical value  of  an  expression  is  the 
result  obtained  by  making  each 


Class,      Species.     Kind 
fMbids....  Names. 


[Animals  ]/•..__ 
.Material  ^  Vegetables  \^ 

lMinerals//Mawcs- 

[Distance..  Ft.,  yds.,ek 
Extent  iArea  .....  Sq.iti.,ctc. 

.Volume  .  .  Cu.m.,etc 


Number 


Weight  ...Gravity...  (rains,  etc, 

Value Currency. .  Dollars,etc. 

'nte-nsity .  Forces  . . .  Dc9rees,etc. 

/Things. .]Words 

IGluantity 

Letters 


qu,*ntiri»  entering  the  expression 
equafto  some  number,  and  then 
performing  the  operations  indicated 

VELOCITY. -See  Fa///'«?  JWA»,also 
ra£/£  of  Velocities  elsewhere  in  this 
book. 

VERIFICATION. -The  act  of  test- 
ing or  proving  computations, op 
^rations, etc.,  to  be  correct.  See 
the  fcests  g-iven  in  con-nection 
with  the  different  operations, as 
Addition,  Subtract! on.  etc. 

VERTEX. -Apoint  ./c 

at  which  the  sides         ^^ 
o^  an  angle  meet. 
Thus  A  is  the  vertex  of  the  angle 
CAB. 

VERTICAL. -Perpendicular  to  the 
plane  o/*he  horizon. A  vertical 
angle  is.  an  angle,  the  pi  ar7£  o/ 
whose  sides  is  vertical.  A  verti- 
cal line  is  the  direction  assumed 
by  a  plumb-line,  with  a  weight 
at-t ached  to  one  extremity,when 
it  is  /reely  suspended  -from  the  oth- 
er extremity. 

VOLUME. -Dimensions;  space 
occupied;  the  number  o/ cubic 


units  contained  in  a  body.  See  So- 
lidity. 

VULGAR. -Common. A  vulaar frac- 
tion is  one  whose  denominator  does 
not  confornOo  the  scale  of  tens, 
in  contradistinction  to  decimal 
fraction. 

WARPED  SURFACE.-A  surface 
conforming  to  that  generated  by 
a  straight  jine  moving.so  t  h  at 
no  two  of  its  consecutive  p  o  s  i- 
tions  shall  be  in -the  same  plane. 

WEDGE.— A  solid 

bounded  by  five 
plane  figures, and 
represents  two  in- 
clined planes.  The  advantage 93 
cd  by  its  use  may  be  approximately 
reached  bm  the  rule  given  for  the 
Inclined  Plane.  The  parallelogram, 
AB&H,  is  called  the  back.  The  two 
trape^oids,  OCG-H  andABCO,  are 
called  faces. The  two  triangles 
ADG-  and  BCH,  are  called  ends  of 
the  wedge,  and  CO  is  the  edge. 
VAfEIG-HT.-The  resultant  of  the 
forces  exerted  by  gravity  upon  all 
the  different  particles  of  a  body. 


The  standard  unit  of  weight  is 
the  pound.  (Sec  Troy  We/j?/7/).The 
standard  avoirdupois  pound  of  the 
United  States,  as.dete mimed  bu  Mn 
Hassler.  is  the  vyeiobk  of  27.7015  cu- 
bic inches  of  disH'l.'ed  watcr.weigh- 
ed  in  air,at  the  temperature  of 
maximum  density  (39.2°  Fahr.), 
the  barometer  being  30  inches. 
For  net  and  gross  weight,  see 
under  ffus/rtess  Ter-ms  and  Forms. 
For  the  various  tables  relating  to 
weights  and  measures, sec  Weights 
end  Measures  elsewhere  in  this 
book.  The  French  system  of  wci9hts 
is  one  of  the  most  perfect,  as  we  1 1 
as  the  most  simple,  of  all  systems 
that  have  ever  been  adopted.  See 
Me  trie  System  under  Weights 
and  Measures. 

WELL  or  Cistern. -To  ascertain 
the  capacity  of  a  well  orcfstern, 
Multiply  the  square  of  thediam- 
eter  in  inches  by  .7854,  and  this 
product  by  the  depth  in  inches; 
divide  this  product  by  231,  and 
the  quotient  will  be  the  contents 
in  gallons.  I/  the  actual  quanti- 
ty of  water  be  required, multiply 
by  the  depth  of  the  water,  and  not 
by  that  of  the  well  or  cistern. Sec 
C/'sfem; 

WHEEL  AND  AXLE, -A  kind  of  lev- 
er,  in  which  the  radius  of  thewheel 
and  the  radius  of  the  axle  ate  parts 
o/the  lever,  and  the  center  of  the 
axle  is  the  fulcrum.  To  find  the 
weight  which  can  be  raised  by  the 
wheel  and  axle, Multiply  the  pow- 
er by  the  radius  of  the  wheel,  and 
divide  the  product  by  the  radius  of 
the  cylinder  or  axle. 

WIDTH,  or  Breadth. -One  of  the 
three  attributes  of  extension, the 
other  two  being  length  and  height 
or  thick-ness.  Width  is  usually  ap- 
plied to  the  intermediate  dimen- 
sion of  a  body,  length  to  thepreat- 
est,  and  thickness  to  the  least. 

WINE  MEASURE. -Used  in  meas- 
uring nearly  all  liquids,  such  as 
Iiquors5rnolasses,  water,  etc.  For 
table,  see  under  Weights  and  Measures. 

YARD. -A  measure  of  length  equal 
to  3  feet,  or  ?.6  inches. In  C/oth 
Measure,  the  yard  is  now  divid- 
ed into  binary  parts,  tHe  old  di- 
vision into  quatenary  parts  of 
quarters  and  nails(na.=2/4i'".)be- 
ing  now  seldom  used. 

YEAR. -A  unit  of  time,  determin- 
ed by  the  revolution  of  the  earth 
in  its  orpi£.  The  year  is  either  as- 
tronomi'cal  or  civil.  The  length  of 
the  solar  year  is  365  days,  5  hours, 
4-8  minutes,  and  49.7  seconds. The 
civil  year  is  the  year  of  the  calendar. 

ZENITH. -The  poln^  in  the  heav- 
ens in  a  line  with  the  spectator  s 
position  and  the  center  of   the 
earth.  The  nadir  is  the  point  d  i- 
rectly  under  the  spectator's  feet. 

ZERO. -The  character  0,. which 
signifies  no  number.  See  Cipher. 

ZONE.-The  area  of  aione  is  equal  to 
the  circurmference  of  the  circle  of  the 
sphere.ntultiplied  by  the  zone's  altitude. 


57 


STANDARD-WEIGHTS-^  MEASURES. :: 


ix. -t;  oiarei,  u.j:  wuracoa,  xi.u;  tioer,  3.3; 
Gooseberry,  11.8;  Hock,  11.6;  Lisbon,  18.5; 
Moselfe,  9.6;  Malaga,  H.3;  Malmsey,(9.1; 
MarsaJi,  20.2;  Madeira,  2 1.0;  Maraschino, 
34. Oj  Orange, IJ.2;  Porter,  4.5;  Port,  23.i 
Perry,  8.8;  Rhine,  ll.O;  Sherry,  )9.0;Scotcfi, 
54.3;  Tokay,  11.2;  Vermont,  o.o;Whiskey 
V.o\4,\A\vts^,  53.9;  WniskeyV\VvbV\\53.9:  Whis- 
key^coXc.\\\54.3.  •---*—  - 


Scruple;  3  Scruples  13 )  =  I  Dram;  8  Drams 
(3)- I  Ounce;  I20unces(5)=l  Pound (tl).). 
V\so,  60  MitirmsCM)-  I  Fluidram;  8  Flui- 
drarnslf  3U  I  Fluidounce;  16  Flu-tdomioesffS] 
=  1  Pint;  8  Pints(0)=  I  &allon(Cong.) 

V\so,  I  Common  teaspoonful  =  45  drops;  I 
com.  tea.spoonfu.U-fc  com.  tablespoonfui=  I  Hit- 
id  ram:  I  com.  tablespoonful  =  %  com. teacup 
=  about  ^  tluidounce;  I  com.  teacup*  about 
4  fluidounces;  I  Pint  of  water=  about  I  pound 

\SAKXtAV  V4t\o,VX.-  I  Carat=  10  Pwt.Trou;  I 
Carat  grain=  2 pwt.  I2gr.  o\60gr.Troy;  24 
Catats=l  Pound  Troy.  (cSce  Volume  of  Air. 

•CTVIVOSVV^XC  NN^-VSVW.-ln  whole  now 
bers  the  atmospheric  presurc  par  square  inch 
is  15  pounds.  KViMK^\\c\\t  Kvt.-  A  column, 
I  inch  square,  full  height  =  14.73  pounds. 
Wv«CWCv^.-A  colunm,  I  inch  square, and 30 
inches  high=  14.73  pounds.NNtkXex.-  A  col- 
umn, I  inch  square,  and  33.95 feet  high  = 
14.73  pounds.  — 

>Nfc\fcto\>?OY&NNv&Vrt.- 16  urams=  I  Ounce; 
16  Ounces=  I  Pound;  25  Pounds=  I  Quarter; 
4Quarters  =  l  Cwt.;  20Cwt.=  ITon. 

=  I  Bw*,.       ^  ^  °*        '  -    P°U71 


. 

i\>o\/«.V\\t  «.v\e\i«.\.—  IOOOH.,29.i)l  inch- 
es; 2000ft.,  X7.  86  in.;  3000H.,  26.85 
in.;  4000  ft.,  25.87  in.;  5000ft.,  14.93 
i-n.:  I  mile,  24.  67  In.;  2miles,20.29iru: 
3rniles,  IG.esin.;  4-miles,  I3.72in.;  5 
miles,  II.  28  in.;  10  miles,  4.24in.;  l5Tniies. 
1.  60  inches.  > 

KWVBw%£K%V&.VtC>.-15  Pourkls=l  Keq  o^ 
powder;  56  lbs.=  I  Firkin  o*  butter;  100  Ibs. 
=  1  Cental  of  arain;  100  Ibs..  I  Cask  of  rai- 
sins; I00lbs.=  l  auintal  of  dried  -fish; 
196  Ibs.-  1  bbl.  of  -Flour:  200  lbs.=  I  bbl.  ol 
beef,  pOTk,orfish;  256  lbs.=  l  bbl.  o<  soap; 
280lbs.=  I  bbl.  of  salt.  -  .  , 

Ofr»ttVteAc,\we..-See  Lumber  Measurs  on 
another  paqfc        '•.,-•»- 
- 


eWA^W&^-xtWvrftX?,  ts\<->yi«s  c^.-The  prin- 
cipal sizes  o<  books  are  four,  namelij:  Vo\\o, 
*  lonq  book;  Q^u\-\X,o(4to),  nearly  squaref  Is 
similir  to  -this  Manual),'  OcXaNO(8vo),  lh«(jen- 
tral  si7e;  and  t)uo4i(!.t\^c\p(amo),asrnaJ!  book. 
Other  smaller  forms  ire,  S\xXm\  r<\s(l6mo1, 
"^NNe.^\\.^-Xo\ic>(  WvoW^rno^^VNN^MfXxNo  \t\o 
(32wo},  and  Vw\\^  t.\o^)v  wo  1.4  8  mo). 

VOUO.-The  standaid  s'ne  of  book  paper 
is  25  x  38  inches:  one  half  -of  the  sheet 
being  19  v25  inches,  which  folded  in  two 


leaves,  with  four  pages, makes 
size  caJled  a  Xo\\o.  Ot\iKVC^O.-When  the  half 
sheet  is  folded  in  four  leases,  with  eight  pa- 
ges, it  forms  a  (\a\-xXo  «>\TC.  OC^NM9. — 
When  the  half  sheet  is  folded  in  eight  leaves, 
with  sixteen  paqes,  it  forms  an  otXa.NO',and 
So  ori  for  &\u>&«.VriNa,\£>T<AO,Y5>-r'c\o  TL'Vwa. 
etc. 

S.\<i\\KW?^..-  The  marks  a,  b,c;  1,2,3,  etc., 
occasionallij  found  at  the  bottom  of  the  paqe, 
are  for  the  direction  of  the  binders  infolding 
the  sheets.  .  •-«*> 


OctavoiSvo) 
Duodecimo 
Sixteen  mo 


Octavo(Svo) 
Duodecimo 
Sixteen  'mo 


Octavo(Svo) 
Duodecimo 
Sixkwn  TOO 
ThiTtuj-twomo 
VvQXNM- 
Quarto 
Octavo 
Duodecimo 
Sixteen  mo 
Thirtu-twc  mo 


PACE  OF 
PAPEBIN 


6} 
4i)r6j 

3^x5^ 
3|x4i 

7ixlO 
5r7i 
3jx6l 
31x5 

Sim  A 


SI7F 
AND  T 


Pi.4i4;S.K.58"';L.PT.667. 
L.Pt.306;BouT.399;B7ev.450. 
L.  Pr.114;  Bour.MO;  BIEV.  3  1  5. 


Pi.49Z;S.Pi.696;L.Pr.782. 
S.Pi.377;LPT.42l;BouT544. 
L.Pra76;BouT.357;BTev.405. 


Enq.510;Pi.666;S.Pi.944. 
Pi.330;S.Pi.457;L.PT.5m 
S.Pi.326;LJ>r.398;BouT.476 
Bour.357;Brev.405;Min.484 
Brev.l89;Min.Xll;Nori.2.97. 

Eng.640;Pi.827;S.Pi.H52. 
Pi.4i6;S.P:.6oa;L.Pr.68l. 
S.Pi.414;  L.Pr.467;  Boux604. 
L.Pr.3l4;Bout.399;BTCT.45a 
BouT.22l;Brev.q6l;MiTi309 


PER 


ion;  Non.=rNonpaTeil.   Vox 
" 


The  following  meisurements  may  be  useful 
as  giving  an  idea  of  the  sizes  of  books  as  fix- 
ed bij  the  librarians  who  hive  abolished  the 
time-honored  expressions, ''imperial*'  "crownj' 
"foolscap','  "dem  LJ  "  etc.,  and  ^adopted  the  almost 
equally  vague  terms  "large"  and  "small0  instead 
V*»w.  So\\o(la.lol.),  over  18  inches;  VOXXblfd 
below  18  inches;  %NvKVX(itfC\oUrnvfoL),  below 
13  inches;  VKV\^^  ocXa.\io(la.8vo),  belovx- 1 1  inch 
es;  OtXKMdfSvo),  below  _9  inches;  4>^KW  ot- 
X^Mo(sm.8vo),  below  8  inches;  ^MOWK,\\t,o 
(I2rno),  below  8  inches;  \i^.C,\x*.0  oc,X2LNo(l8m 
is  6  inches;  VJv\\\\\M>  tmo),  below  6  inches-, 
VKVvtt  <\a\-\Xo(la.4to),belowl5  inches;^-"" 
^0(4to),  below  II  inches  ~" 
below  8  inches.  *«*-- 


.  , . . .       «xv  m  o&&  •iu.t. 
b.-A  box  16  by  164  inches  square 
and  8  inches  deep,  will  contain  a  bushel,  or 
2150.4  cubic  inches,  and  each  Inch  in  dqwi.con 

taining  one  gallon.       •««.»»«*•  /-• 

.  A  box  24  by  11.2  inches  square, and  8  inch- 
es deep,  will  also  contain  a  bushel.  If  12 
by  ll.l  inches  eqiUTe.and  8  inches  de«p,  it 
will  contain  half  a  bushel.  If  8  bi)8.4  square 
an  8  deep,  it  contains  half  i  peck.  If  4  by  4  sq'e, 
and  4.2  deep,  it  contains  one  quart. 


wcj  \Ne\o\\\  oV.-See  Man  andWo 
'  '  idex). 

find  the  number 
of  bricks  requlnedfor  any  building,  multiply 
the  dimensions, length,height,and  thickness, 
in  feet  and  fractions  of  a  foot,  of  the  several 
brick  walls,  and  the  product  by  22i,  and 
the  result  will  be  the  number  of  bricks  re- 
quired. Allowance  must  be  made-for  doors, 
windows,  chimneys,  etc. 

The  subjoined  table  is  reckoned  on  a  ba- 
sis of  7  bricks  to  the.  superficial  square  foot. 
For  17  superficial  feet,  add  the  numbers  for 
10  and!;  for  75, add  70  and 5;  for 500 su- 
perficial feet,  take  5  times  100;  etc. 

SS  OF 


IKK 


I    . 

4! 

5. 


100  . 


N.   8  IN.    12 


750 


6751350 


90 
I  13 
135 

203 
225 

675 

900 
I  125 


„  1350 
1050 1575 
1200 1800 


15002250 


6  IN. 


180 
210 
240 
270 
300 
600 

900  I  I  25 
I  200  I  500  I 

1800 

2100 

2400 

700 

000 


4050 
7504500 


k.— Coliseum  a 
Rome,  87,000;  Cathedral  at'Milan,37,000;St 
Paul's,  Rome,  32,000 j  SU  Paul's,London,3l,BOO 
St.  Peter's,  Rome,  54,000;  St.  Petronia,Boloqni 
24,400;  Cathedral, Florence,  24,300;  Cathe- 
dral, Antwerp,  24,000;  St.John  Laterin,Rome 
23,000;  St.  Sophia, Constantinople,23.000 
Notre  Dame,  Paris,  21,000;  Theater  of  Mar 
eel l us,  Rome,  20, 000;  Cathedral,  Pi sa,  13,000- 
St. Stephen's, Vienna,  12,400;  St.Dommic's 
Bologna,  12,000;  St.Pcters,  Bologna,!  1,400 
Cathedral,  Vienna,  11,000;  G-ilmores  Garden 
New  York,  8,443;  Mormon  Tern  ple,SaltLaLke, 
8,000}  St.Mark's, Venice,  7,500; Spurgeon's 
Tabernacle, London,  6,000;  Bolshoi  Theater, 
St.Petersburq,5,000;  Music  Hall,Cincinnat 
i,  4,824;  Chicago  Auditorium,8,000;  Acad 
emy  of  Music,  Philadelphia, 2,865. 

-Set  Monuments  anil  Towers. 


47,Oa.,Ky.,Pa.);  Beans, 60(64,Me.);  Bran. ,20; But 
wheat, 51l40,Cal.,  48,Corm.,Me., Mlss.,Mich.,N.t, 
50,  Wis.,Tenn.,  0.,  N.C.,  N.J.,  Ka-n.,Ind.,  55,Ky,,56 
S.C.);  CASTOR  BEANS, 46:  CLOVER  SEEO,60 
(64.N.H.,  N.Y.,  61,Pa.);  COAL-Anthraoit«,80, 
l76,Ky.)  ;  CORN-Cob,TOl68l-n4.):COSN- 
Shelled, 56 1 52,Cal.,Vl.,55,KM.);  CORN-MEAL 
50(48  Ga.,III.,46,N.C.)i  DRIED  APPLES,24 
(25  Ind.,  26,S.C.,Tenn.,22,MicK,0.,28,Va 
Wis.,Minn.,  25.N.JO;  DRIED  PEACHES,33 
FLAX  SEED,56lb4,Kin.,55,N.J.,N.Y.,44,R.I.)-, 
GRASS -Blue,  l4;'GRASS-RedTop,l4;  HAIR-Plas 
tering,  8-;  HEMP  SEED,  44;  HUNGARIAN  GRASS, 
50;  LIME-Unslaked,30;  MILLET  SEED,  50 


fv1ALT,38;  OATS,32l30,Me.,Ma«.,N.J.);  ON- 
ions,  57K8,lnd.,  52,Mass., 50, EU);  PEAS.60 
(46,  Ark.];  POTATOES,  60 l56,Pa.);  POTATOES 
Sweet,  36(50,  Ark..Kan.,0.,S.C.,Tenn.,55,Gonn. 
Ca.,K4.);  RYE,  56(54, III.,30,La..50,  Me.); RYE 
MEAL.56;  SALT,  50  (56,IM.Y.);  TIMOTHY  SEED, 
45(44,N.X,  46,WiS.);  Tl)RNlPS,55(42,WiS., 
60,Vt.,Ku.,58,lVtich.,50,lv1e.,ConnO;WHEAT, 
-0(56,Conn.). 

Cjvoajc; 

Fi6ur,./...:s 

Eggs..l30to  160  barrels 


UBE 


ggs..lto 

ime  .......  70  barrels 

Salt  .........  70  bar  re  Is 

Whisky  .....  60  barrels 


Flour 
Wood 
Hogs 
Cattle. 

Sheep. 


200sacks 


..I8to20head 


Wheil. 


ber...  6,000  feet 


Bcrfcu 


..  300  bushels 
.  .400  bushels 
780  bushels 
.  300  bushels 


how  nia 
annually 

AGE.   Svun«s    DF«THSAKE. 


Rax.....  360  bushels 
Potatoes.  .430  bushels 
Apples....  370  bushels 
Bra-n  .  .  .  1,000  bushels 
Butter.  20,000pounds 


die 


persons  out  of  10,000 
til  all  are  deceased. 


The  subjoined  Uble  is  based  upon  Uie  slal'stics 
of  morlality  t»penence  o<  tMnl  4  American  life  In 


number  of  years  any  one  may 


ffect  to 


49.99  48.0" 
49.324721 
48. 64  46.4(1 
47. 95  45.64 
47.2644.91 
46.57  44.19 
45.8843.48 
45. 18  42.79 
44.48  42.12 
43.7841.46 
43.07  40.8: 


XPECTATlON 
OF  LIFE. 


26.28  26.45 

25.55  25.74 

24.82  25.02 
J4.09  24.30 
23.38  23.57 
27.66  22.83 
2135  22.08 
21.2421.33 
20.54  20.59 
19.84  19.87 

9.15  19.1 5 
18.47  18.44 
7.80  17.73 
7.13  I1D3 
16.47  16.35 

15.83  15.67 
15.19  15.02 

14.56  14.37 
1334  13.73 


ujlEXPECTATIONluJ 
OF  LIFE.     ci> 


PEIVV 


1.0410.98  85 
0.50  10.47 


69  9.46  9.48 

70  8.97  3.00 


8.02  8.13 


75  6.72  6.94 
6.32  6.53 

77  5.93  6.25 

78  5.57 

79  5.21 

80  4.87  5.29 


XPECTATION 
OF  LIFE. 


4.55 


1.85 


4.45 


3.98 
3.76 


3.36 


2.55 
2.46 

2.29 
2.17 


1 .95  2.06 


1.95 


oX.-The  following  table  shows  the  transverse 
strength  of  timber  and  cast  iron  one  foot  long 
and  one  inch  square: 

BREAKING  WEIGHT  BORNE 

WEI&HT-lbs.wiTHSAF£TY-lbs. 


MATERIALS. 


Ash,  seasoned 

Chestnut,  seasoned .  . . 
MickoTLj,  seasoned  . . . , 

White  Oa.k 

White  Pine, seasoned. . 
Yellow  Pine,seatoned . 
Iron  (cast) 


5,781 


...90. 


...45. 
...50. 
.1,927, 


the  girth  in  inches,  just  back  of  the  shoulders,  by 
the  number  of  inches  from  the  square  of  the 
bullock  to  the  point  of  the  shoulder-blade, and 
divide  the  product  by  I44-,  which  will  give 
the  number  of  superficial  feet,  l-f  the  girth  is 
from  3  to  5  feet,  multiply  the  number  of  super- 
ficial feet  by  16,  which  will  give  the  weight 
of  the  animal.  If  the  animal  has  a  girth  of  from 
5  to  7  leet,  multiply  bui23;  if  from  7to9,mul 
tiply  bs  31;  if  less  than  3  feet,  multiply  by  II. 
Mans  circumstances,  as  mode  of  fattening,  con 
dition,breed,et<:.,  Influence  the  weight, but  th«. 
foregoing  will  be  found  approximately  correct. 


».-  The  best  quality  of  charcoal  is 
made  ftom  beech,  chestnut, maple,  oak, and  pine. 
Wood  will  furnish,  when  properly  burned,  about 
23  per  cent,  of  coal.  Oak  charcoal  absorbs  aboui 
4.28  and  pine  8.3  per  cent  of  water.  One  bush- 
el of  charcoal  contains  2,747.7  cubic  Inches  and 
if  made  from  red  or  white  pine,  will  weigh  43 
IDS.;  if  from  oak,  ortrituTaied,  abeu.t  I351bs. 
NS^^SMxvxvYw^  oX.-  The  allowance  for  the 
shrinkage  in  castings  should  be  for  each  foot 
in  length,  as  follows:  Cist  iron  pipes,  t  inch; 
Cast  iron  beams  and  girders,  io  inch;  Cast  non 
Ci)lindcTS(iaiqf),  ^;  (small)  is  ;  Brass.  i$;  L«d,tfe; 
Zinc,};  Copper,  * 


Si2E  OF  CHIMNEY  SrzE  OF  FLUE 


I6xl6  ........ 

20x20  ........ 


20x24 


8*8.. 
I2«i2. 
8.I6-. 
2>i6. 


NUMBER  BRICKS 

lOEA.FOO'lNHflGUT 


Light  Brahmas  and  Paitiidqe  Pochins,-Egus,  7 

to  the  pound,  lay  130  per  annum 
Dark  Brahmas -Eggs, 8  to  the  pound;    lag 

130  per  annum. 
Black,  White, and  8  tift  Cochins  -£gqs,7  to  the 

pound:   lay  115  per  annum. 
Plymouth  Rocks-Ei^s, 8  to  tht  pound,  Ian 

150  per  annum, 
Houdans— Egqs,  8  to  the  pound;  lai)  150  per 

annum 
La  rierht- £995,7  to  the  pound;  lay  130  per  annum. 


Creve  Cceurs-Eggs  8  to  the  pound-,  144   140 

per  innum. 
Black  Spanish- Egg»,  1  tp  the  pound;  lay  14 

per  annum. 
Leghorns- Eqijs, 8  to  the  pound;  114  16 

per  annum. 
Ham  burgs -Eqgs,  9  to  the  pouud^  lay  ISO 

per  arm  inn. 
Polish-Eqijs,  9  to  the  pound-,  lau  125  per 

annum. 
Dominique— Eqgs, 9  to  the  pound;  lay  135 

per  annuTn. 
G-ames-Eqqs,9  to  the  pou-tid;  lauj  130  per 

annum. 

Bantams-  Eggs,l6  per  pound;  la>j  90  per  annum 
feYMMVtR  VNtKW?^.-  60  seconds  =  I  minute 
GO  minutes=  I  degree ;  30  decrees  =•  \  sign-,  1 2. 
suins-l  circle;  90°=  a  Quidrant:  60  =  a  Sex 
tint;  360'=  a  Circie,large  or  small. 

KCKN!W^oVta4  «yx\Xet\X.%.-  See  Cistern  ui 
der  MensuratioTillTidex).  The  annexed  Uble 
qives  the  number  of  onions  contained  hi  the 
clear  between  the  bricn  work  for  eaeh  ten  inch 
es  oJ  depth. 


G-ais. 


2  ft.  equals  19 


1!:: 

4  •• 

4i  » 

5  " 
55  » 


6k 


30 
44  7 
60  7i 
78  8 
97  8i' 

148  9i  : 


Oiam. 


Gus. 


6  H.  equals  176 


Diam. 
I  Oft.  equals 
II 


Oils. 


207 
240  I 
275  I 
14" 

15" 


705 
827 
959 
110 

a 


nches=l  nail  j  4na.ils 
I  quarter;  4  quarters=  I  yard. 

oX  Xoxi\of(v.- The  value  of  f-orei 
Coins  is  at  different  times,  subject  to  slight  va 
riations,  but  the  following  may  be  titte-n  as 
about  the  average  valu 

NAME.    COUNTY.  VALUE.  NAME.  COUNTRY.  VALUE. 
Bolivar,VeneiueH#0.i4  MiiTeis,Braiil. .  »0.55 


Boliviano,  Bolivia... 
Crown,  Sweden  .. 

' »     Denmark  . 

' '  Norway . 
Dollar,  Mexico... 

"    Liberia  . . , 

"  Canada.., 
DTachma^reece. , 


0.70 
0.27 
0.27 
0.27 
0.76 
1. 00 
1. 00 
O.I9 


Plorin,Netherlands  0.40 


Austria..  0.35  Piastre, Turkey. 


franc, Belgium.  O.I9 

"     France...  O.I9 

«     Switierland  O.I9 

G-Ourde,Hayti...  0.96 

Lira,  Italy 0.19 

Mahbub,Tripoli .  0.63 
Mar^G-ermanij.  0.24 


"     Portugal 
Peseta.  Spiin... 
Peso,  Nicaragua. 
"   Honduras, 
"   OuiteTnala. 
"  Argentine, 

"  chTii 

"  Colombia. , 
Cu-b 


.08 
0.19 
0.70 
0.70 
0.7C 
0.96 
0.91 
0.70 
0.93 
0.04 
4.94 
4 


Pound,  Egypt 
Pound,  England 
Rouble,  Russia. 
Rupee, India..    0.33 

Sol,  Peru 0.70 

Sucre, Ecuador.    0.70 

Yen,  Japan 0.99 

iS^Ok  \}.^.,V'vw!\««>«>  oV.-The  gold  coin" 
are  nine-tenths  fine;  -the  silver  coins,  nine 
tenths  fine;  the  copper-nickel  coms,such  a: 
the  5-cent  and  the  3-cent  pieces,  are  onefoml 
nickel  and  three-fourths  copper;  the.  brorrze 
coins  are  95  per  cent  copper  and  Sper  cent 
tin  and  zinc.  The  alloy  in  the  gold  coins  is 
silver  and  copper;  i-n  the  silver coins,copper. 


LBS.  PER  AoRd  NAME  Les.PtR  ACRE 

Apples 8,000  Mangel  Wutzel. 22,000 

Batle4 1,600  Peaches ..5,000 

Beans. 2,000  Oats 2,000 

Cabbage 10,900  Onions 2,800 

Carrots 6,800  Parsnips 1 1,200 

Cherries 2,000  Pears 5,000 

Clingite  foil  grass. .  9,600  Peas 1,900 

Clover-Seed.  200  Plums 2,000 

Com,lndian 3,000  Potatoes " 

ass 7,~" 


On 

Hay 
He 


Vetches,green . .  10,000 

Wheat 1,200 

LW=.- Fine  Solder 

alloy  of  two  parts  of  Block  Tin  to  one  of  Lead. 
Glaring  Solder,  equal  parts  of  Block  Tin  and  Lead. 
PI umbinq Solder,  one  part  BlockTIn.two  parts  Lead. 


59 


Babbitt's  Metal.  .  .  .1hr89,C«FPer31ATithnffl»7.3. 

Church  Bells  ......  Cjpper80,ZiTrc5.6,TiJiiai,Lead4.3. 

FineYellow  Brass.  .  .  .  Copper  66,  Zinc  34. 

GermnSilver  .....  CopVr33.3,Zmc33.4,Niefcel33.3. 

Gongs  ...........  Copper0l.6,  Tin  1  8.4. 

Gun  Metal.Vahffi5,elc.CoPPeT90iTi"n  I0- 
Lathe  Bushes  .....  CopperSO,  Tin  20. 

Machinery  Bearings..  Copper  87.5,TiTt  12.5. 
Muntz  Metal  .....  Copper  60,  Zinc  4-0. 

Sheathmq  Metil...  Copper  56,  Zinc  44- 
White  Brass  .....  CopperlO,Zinc80,TiTi  10. 


One  Ib.  broken  loaf  sugar=  1  quart;  I  lb.and 
1 02.  powdered  white  sugar=l  quart;  I  Ib.  and 
2oz.  best  brown  sugar  =  l  quart;  I  Ib.  soft 
butter  =  I  quart;  I  lb.and  2oi.  Indian  meal 
=  I  quart;  I  I  b.  wheat  flour  =  I  quart;  4  Inge 
tabl«spoonfuls=igillj  a  common  sized  turn 
bler=i  pint;  i-common  sized  wine-glass  = 
iqill;  a  large  wine-qla?s  =  2oz.;  ateacup  = 
i  qill :  a  tablespoonfuJ  =i  01.  (See  Aoothecaries1 
Weight). 

Mensuration  (index). 

!Wa\NOWi^t\v\\Me,V\le\o^\=>  ck.-A  cord    of 
hickory  weighs  about  4,500  Ibs.;  a  co 
of  beech,  3,215  Ibs.;  hard  ma. pie,  2,850;  Ash, 
3,450;  pitch  pine,  1,900;  red  oak,  3,250; 
Lombardy  poplar,  1,800. 


I.- A  body  weighing  140  Ibs., in 
burning  55  Tninutps.  will  produce  3  Ibs 
of  ashes. 


ivxiXVWHvr^  \wr\t  Y  lo^v^ea  Xo-\.-/\ssu.minc 

that  a  person  can  count  at  the  rate  of  200 
per  minute, for  lihours  a  day, to  count, 
1,000,000,  would  Teqwire  6  days  II  hr.20mh, 
1,000,000,000,  »  I9yr.4  "  18  "20  " 
1,000,000,000,000,  "19,012 "311  "  5  "20  " 
1,000,000,000,000,000  would  T€quire  more, 
than  19,000,000  years 

&  \H  ^NM^Vft^At  ok  Wt 


River  mud,  liquid  earth, etc.,  3  inches  per  sec 
ond;  brown  pottery  clay,  4  in.  per  sec.; c<nn  ^V 
mon  clay,  6  in.  per  sec.;  yellow  sandjoarm. 
8  in.  per  sec.;  common  river  sand,  I  foot 
per  sec.-,  gravel,  size  of  small  seeds,  5  Vupe 
sec.;  gravel,  size  of  peas,  1  in.  per  sec.;  qra1 
el, she  of  beans,  I  ft.  per  sec.;  coarse  bal 
list,  2ft.  per  sec.;  sea  shinqle,  about  one 
in.  in  diam.,  2eft.  per  sec,;  large  shingle, 
3  ft.  per  sec.-,  angular  flints,  size  of  hen': 
eqqs,3ift.  per  sec.;  broken  stones,  4ft.  pe 
sec.;  soft  shistose  rock,  4jft.  per  sec.;  fla&i 
rock,  6ft.  per  sec.',  hard  rocks,  I  OH.  per  sec. 


Antimony 42 1.6  Fir 34.3 

Asblwood)    518  Boldtpre)  .1204.4  P:ne(WhUe) 

Beech....  53.2  Granite..  1 39.0  "•- 

Brass....  537.7  Ice 58.08 

Brick....  100.0  Ironfcast)  .450.5  ft.... . 

Cedar....   37.8  lTon(wT't).486.6  Salt  (com.)  133. 

Charcoal. .    18.2  Lead  ...  .708.4  Sand 

Clay......  120.0  L. 

Coal,Anfh.   53.0  M 

Coal.Bitinn.  50.0  Maple 

Copper. . .  5545  Marble.. .  141.0  Wai   ...  . 

Cork ....    1 5.0  MercuTu(6(0848.5  Waterffresh)  625 

EartrLComp'tl 35.0  Mill-stone  1 30.0         '  "'  "' 
Earth,loose   90.0  Oak  dm)   70.0 
Elm.,...  410  Oak(Whik)  45.2 


...  .. 
igimmVte  83.3 
ahogany  66.5 
...  46.8 


PinetPitch)  4I. 
29. 

PirelYellow)   33. 

Plaster  Paris  I  O5.i 

uartz  .  I6& 


94. 
lver(|WMj654. 

ce..  31., 
lphur  .  1  17.  1 
lnut  .  55. 


bait)  64.3 
»(<teWI«!)62. 
»(ltaiStt)77.4 


. 

.5  Spru 


•1728  cu-bic  i 
a- 1  cubic  foot;  27cu.ft.=  l  cu.yd.;  128 
CU.ft.=  l  cord;  8 cord  feeUlcord;  I6cu.ft 
=  lcord  foot;  24|cu.H.=l  perch  of  stone-, 
40  cu.ft.=  I  ton  of  ship  cargo;  50cu.ft. 
=  1  ion  of  square  timber;  2l50.42cu.in. 
=1  bushel;  23lcu.in.=l  gallontwinA282. 
cu.  in.^l  qallon(ale  or  beer=  nearly  obsolete);  I 
cu,ft.=§of  a  bushel. 


%0  02|  daily  =*IO.OOyearlu=*l  30  in  10  years 

*2,900  In  50  sears. 
«0.05idai!y^20  yearly  ^t!60  in  10  years  = 

*5,800  in  50  years. 

*0.lt  daily  =*40  yearly  =*510  in  10  years 
*  1  1,  600  in  50  years. 
.27idailu=*IOOyearlu= 
2.9,000  m  50  years. 
.55  daJly=*100yearly=*2,600 
SSftfOoo  In  50  years. 
*I.IO  daihj=*400yearly=*5,200  in  IOijeaTS= 
*!  16,000  in  50  years. 


SHORTEST  Ottf 


Amsterdam...... 

Berlin  .....I..... 

Boston 

Cairo 

Calcutta 

Cape  Town  ....... 

Copenhagen 

Dublin.? 

Edin  burg 

London  

Madrid 

Naples 

Panama 

Paris 

Pekin 

St.  Petersburg.... 

Stockholm 

Sitka 

Vienna 

Washington 


LONGEST  DAY 

16  hr.44n.it). 
6"  38 
5"  16 

14  "  00 
!3  "  26 
4  "22 

3  "i8 

7  "32 
'6  "32 

15  -00 

15  "03 
12  "36 

16  "06 
14  "58 
18  "  14 
18  "35 
I8"I6 
I5"58 
14  "52 


7rir.  33mrti 
7  »  30  » 
9  "  58  » 
0"  10  " 
0"  42.  " 
9  -•  48  » 
6  "54  « 
7"  18  " 
6"50  " 
7-44  " 
9"  14  " 
9"l4  " 
II  "34  " 
8"  10  " 
9"  16  » 
5"42  " 
5  "54-  " 
6"  10  " 
8"  17  " 
9  "22  »» 
.-  A 


man  of  average  weight,  and  doing  a  fair 
day's  work,Tequires,  as  has  been  ascertain 
ed  by  experiment,  so  much  food  as,  C9n- 
verted  into  mechanical  work,  would  raise 
4,000  tons  one  foot  hiqh. 


16  Parts    =     I  Grain    =    .8GrainT70y 
4  Grams  =     I  Carat    =  3.2     "       " 
20  Parts  Diamond  Wt.    =1         "        ' 
The  twelfth  part  of  the  diamete 
of  the  Sun  or  Moon,  used  in  measuring 
the  extent  of  a  partial  eclipse. 
AXfatQe.  OU^.  CAH  %^.-  The  eartti 
being  round,  its  convexity  limits  the  vis 
ion  even  on  a  level  like  the  sea. The  line 
of  vision  on  Wie  Sea-shore  of  a  man  of  or 
dinary  height, say  six  feet(see  table),  is  in 
tercepted  by  the  horizon  at  3.24  miles. 
If  he  were  looking  at  a  flag  on  a  mast 
head  44ft.  in  height,  the  flag  would  seem 
to  be  on  the  horizon  if  it  were  9.35 miles 
distant.  In  this  case  add  the  height  of 
the  object  44ft.  to  the  height  of  the  ey 
from  the  ground  6ft.  =  50ft.,  and  find 


8.37 


7.25  1 00  1 3.2 
7.83  150  16.2 


8.87  300  22.9 
9.35  400  26.7 


200  18.7 


500  29. 
1000  33; 

2000  sa 

30M71. 
450083.7 
500095.5 
lMi.96J 


*. 
a  grain  of  nitrate  of  lead  in  5 00,000  grains 
or  water,  and  pass  tfrrou-gh  the  solution 
a  current  of  sulphuretted  hydroqen.when 
tfre  whole  liquid  becomes  sensibly  discolor- 
ed. Now  a  grain  of  water  may  be  regard- 
ed as  equaling  a  drop,  and  a  drop  may 
be  easily  spread  out  so  as  to  cover  asquaje 
inch  of  surface.  But  under  an  ordinary  mi- 
croscope the  millionth  part  of  a  square 
inch  maM  be  distinguished  by  the  eyeJhe 
water, theKforc,  could  be  divided  into  more 
than  500,000,000,000  parts.  But  the  lead  in 
a  grain  of  nitrate  of  lead  weiqhs  Digrams; 
an  atom  of  lead  cannot  weigh  more  than 
1,3 1 0,000,000,000th  part  of  a  grain.whlic 
the  atom  of  sulphur,  which,  combined  with 
the  lead,  rendered  it  visible, could  notweiqh 
more  than  one  half  of  1, 000,000,000,000th 
part  of  a  grain.  (See  Counting  in  first  col- 
umn on  this  page,  for  time  required  -for 
counting  the  atoms  in  a  gram.) 


Apples,sweel,raw.  . 
"  sour  ".. 
Barleu,boiled... 
Beans.pod,  boiled.. 
BeefstzaMroiled... 


Bread.frfsh-biked. 

"    com,  baked- 

Butter.  ........ 

Cabbaqe.raw  — 
»»     boiled.. 


Carrot, boiled  .. 

Cheese,old 

C  ustard,  baked.. 
Eqqs,whipped... 

"    fresh, raw. 

"   roasted... 

"  soft-boiled. 

"   hard    " 
Goos€,roasted . . 
Green  com, boiled. 
Hash,  warmed  •• 
Liver.beef.bToiled . 


Mutton>oiled. 
"  boiled- 
»»  TOlsted. 

Oijsters,raw... 

•  stewed. 

•  Beaum't  " 
'arsnips,boiled. 
5ork,salt,boiled. 


Saqo,boiled..< 
Salmon,sait,b(iil. 
Sau-sage,  broiled. 


'  chicken.. 
Suet.-Seef,  boiled 
Tapioca  ,boiied.. 


Turkejj,roasl: 
Turnips,  boiled. 
Veal,fTesh,frie(l. 
Venison.broiled. 


VA^ASWt.-  Nothing  is  more  falla 
cious  than  measurinq  fluids  b4  dropping 
since  the  drops  from  the  lip  of  a  vial  vary 
chiefly  according  to  the  different  force  o 
f-he  attraction  of  cohesion  in  different  liq- 
uids. Thus  60  drops  of  water  fill  the  same 
measure  as  100  drops  of  laudanum  from 
a  lip  of  the  same  size.  The  graduated  glass 
measure  used  bij  apothecaries  is  the  only 
certainty. 

ttSr5>,^as«.<bo\.-See  Medicine. 
l  m*SWE..~2  pints  =  l  quart;  Squarl: 
=  1  peck;  4  pecks = I  bushel.  (See  Cubic  Measure), 
^\&WmX ,  A^N^X ,  WNVVLNfc\V\^X . — 
Gt>ld  may  be  beaten  to  iei'tfbo  of  an  inch  in 
thickness,  and  an  ounce  drawn  to  a  (eriqUi  o 
50  miles.  Platinum  is  more  ductile  than  anij 
other  metal.  The  same  metal  does  not  al 
ways  manifest  the  same  relative  degree  of 
the  above  properlies,as  is  seen  bn  the  table. 
TENAC.TY.  DUCT.LITY. 


1.  Iron 

2.  Copper 

3.  Platinum  Iron 

4.  Silver 

5.  Zinc 

6.  &old 

7.  Lead 

8.  Tin 


Plat  in  ur 
Silver 


Bar 

Zinc 
Tin 
Lead 


Lead 

Tin 

&old 

Zinc 

Silver 

Copper 

Platinum 

iron 


frold 

Silver 

Copper 

Tin 

Lead 

Zinc    . 

Platinur 

Iron 


have  been  made  bij  drrvinq  sticks, made. 
of  different  woods,  each  two  feet  long 
and  one  and  one  half  inches  square^ into 
the  ground,  only  one  half  inch  projecting  ^t&\i\N 
outward.  After  the  lapse  of  five  years,  all 
those  made  of  oak,  elm,  ash,  fir,  soft  ma- 
hogany, and  nearly  every  variety  of  pine, 
were  totally  rottenj  larch,  hard  pine  and 
teak  were  decayed  onln  on  the  outside;  aca- 
cia was  only  slightly  attacked  on  the  exteri- 
or1, hard  mahoqantj  and  cedar  of  Lebanon 
were  in  tolerably  good  condition, and  Vir- 
ginia cedar  was  as  sound  as  when  put 
into  the  qround. 

N\\KWX^.,¥cr<ce  c&.-  The  power  devel- 
oped bu|  the  explosion  of  a  ton  of  dynam- 
ite is  equal  to  45,675  foot-tons.  71,000 
tons  of  ordinary  building  stone, if  arrang- 
ed in  the  form  of  a  cube,  woulo  make  on- 
lij  about  90feet  to  the  side,  and  if  it  were 
possible  to  concentrate  the  entire  force  of 


a  ton  of  blasting  gelatine  to  point,  t  He 
force  from  the  explosion  would  lift  the 
mass  onlij  one  foot.  (See  Explosives). 
MTOfc^NucMd  o\.-  Bailn  contrived  a  pair 
of  scales  that  enabled  him  to  approximate- 
IH  ascertain  the  weight  of  the  earth, and 
that  it  contained  within  itself  somewhere 
about  6,049,836  billion  tons  of  matter. 


^oo\.-  See  Cubic-Foot  Weights,  also  Specif- 
ic Gravity. 

'  'oJcXoX. -See  Chickens. 


Ohm 


Coul-  ft 

omb 


Farad  K 


Jou 


Resis-  The  Electrical  re- 
tiree sistance  of  a  col- 
umn of  mercuri) 
l06ceTttimeteTs  long 
nd  of  I  sq.tnilli 
metre  section. 


DUTKI 


Elect™/ 

rwtiv 

FjTCt 


J,  U\.~       f 

un«d.  tees 


Is  that  current  thai  10' 
decomposes  JOM92W 
grammes  of  water 
per  second. 


One  ampere  of  CUT]  10 
ent  passing  through 
a  substance  having] 
ohm  of  resistance 


A  canent  of  1  a 
tie  in  1  sec,  of  time. 


The  capacity!  hall 
iinwit  of  1  ampere 
per  sec-M  coulomb) 
charges  it  to  polen- 
•ial  o»  1  volt. 
-millionth  of  a 


W.>jWoTk 


Power  of  1  am 

pere  current  pass- 
ing throuqh  resis- 
ol  1  ohrn 


mp-  10 


Work  done  bMl 
at  dec.po.vf  T  pc 


"i-  i 

iwjiM 


Equivalent 


true.  ohtn= 
1.0 1 Q  British 
Association 
ohms. 


Deposits  1.1 18 
miHiqianis  of 
silver  per  sec 
o-nd. 


.926  of  a 
standard 
Daniel  Cell. 


Deposits  1. 1 18 


2. 5  knots  of 
D.U.S.  cable. 


.00 13405  lor 
power. 


.238  units  of 
HeattTherms). 


. 

(d  foot  To 


<b,'Lx^e.':»':,e.^\-(\   ^  OOX,  "\0\\-:..- 

'S  the  imoant  ofeneryt/  r?fc 


jrt/to  rj/'se  or/etovo/ie  footj.  -Walhina 
ile,l72l;  walking  4  tnilesJOj  i  cany  ing 


60lbs.  I -mile, 25;  pedlar's  dau's  work,30^ 
convirfs  day's  work,  3 10;  dock  laborer's  days 
WOTK,3I5;  pile-driving, 332;  payior,352; 
turninq  a  winch,  374;  man's  ortinarij  work, 
300;  very  hard  worH.,403. 


..  . 

I  lb.ApotOTT.37601  » 
loz.Av.  =437.5  " 
lo2.Ap.orT.  =480  » 
IcaraJjAssa^M  »• 
' 


4  FaTthinqslfar.) - I  Perrnuld.)  =*0 .02& 

12  Pence.... =  1  Shilling  U.)  =  ..0.24i 

20  Shi  I  ling =  I  Pound  \fi)»..  4.86  j 

IMJtSTO.- 

fff/ume.  Weight. 

I  gal.,WineMfflJ.=23l  ciuu  I  Ib.Av.     =7000  aT.TTOij. 
lqal.,Beer  »  =282   "    llb.A| 
I  gal.,  Dry  "  =268.8" 
lqal.(Enq.)   =  277.2" 
lbu,(l/.s.)  =2150.42" 
IbiUEng.)  .2218.19" 
lbu.,bea|>ed  =2747.7 


lca.ft.'puTEwat.=IOOOoz.A\ 


lowinq  table  exhibits  the  lineal-dilation  of 
bodies  from  3 Z°  to  21 2°. 

Flintqldss nVa  Brass, cast 

Glass(rjarom.tu.be). .  noo  Solder, tin  I, 

solid  rod..,  sir  Bismuth  .' 


"  cast, prism  of.  sir  Speculum  metal... 

Platinum ni?  Iron 

Palladium fooo  Steel 

Gold etnr  Tin 

Silver sU  Lead. 


CopperSparts.tml.  fio 


Copper      

Copper2,zincl... 
Brass  16,  t 


Ct...     456" 
I  ....     504 


Zinc. 


ssi  Mercury, in  volume 


Water. 13 

Alcohol 4 

All  the  oases iH 

See  Carlisle  Table. 


explosives  derive  their  energy  from  nitri 
glijccrine.^vsvwiYi'vVte,  is  nitroglycerine  com- 
pounded with  rotten-stone, or  silicious,  or  in 
fusorial  earth,  tripoli,etc.  ^VA\'VC\  is  a  com- 
pound of  nitro-glucerine  and  saw-dust. ^eV 
c\\\V(\t^ONN^ex  is  a  mixture  of  plaster  of 
Paris  and  nitre-glycerine.  The  subjoined  ta 
ble  is  b4  M.  Berthelot.  (See  D 


Nitro-glycerine 

Picrate 

Picric  Acid.withCht  Potash 
Gun  Cotton         " 

Picrate  Potash 

Picric  Acid 

Gun  Cotton 

Powder,  base  Chi.  Potash'.. 
Powder,  base  Nitrate  Soda. 

Powder,  sporting 

Powder,  artillery 

Powder  blasting 


5900. 
97ZO. 


1 320  0.7 10  liter 
1422  0.337  » 
1424  0.408  " 
14X0  0.484  »• 
578  0.585  " 
6870.780" 


0? 


7640.248 
0.216 
608  0.225 

50910.173 


elephant, and  horse  seldom  produce  more 
than  one  at  a  birth;  the  lion  I,  oftener2  or 
3,  sometimes  5  or  more.  The  fecundity  of 
the  rabbit  is  marvelous,  it  beginning  to 
breed  at  the  age  of  six  months,  having  from 
6  to  7  litters  a  year, each  from  4  to  12,  or 
upwards. 

A  codfish  has  been  found  to  produce 
3,686,760  eggs  or  spawn,  and  a  ling  up- 
ward of  19,000,000.  Herrinqs  from  21,185 
to  36,960.  Mackerel,  454,06i.Soal,38,772; 
flounder,  1,357,403.  Lobster,2l,699: prawn, 
3,800;  shrimp, 6,800. 

M.  Von  Cleichen,  a  German  naturalist,  has 
made  the  annexed  calcuJation  for  th«  com- 
mon house  fly. 
A  fly  lays  four  times  during  the  suTrnner, 

eachlime  eightu  P9^s  320 

Half  of  these  are  supposed  to  be  females,  so 


that  each  of  the  four  broods  produc 

I.  First  'eiqh«y>Tthe.  fortu  fe-males  oftha 

first  brood,  Ia4  four  times U.800 

The  first  eiqhth  of  these,or  16,000 

feTnales,liH  time  times 384,000 

The  second  eiqhth,  twice 256,000 

The  thiid  and  fourth  eighth,  once... 256,000 
JLThe  second  eighth,  or  the  forty 
females  of  the  second  brood,  lay 

three  times 9,60i 

One  sixth  of  these,  three  times 384, W 

The  second  sixth,  twice 256,000 

The  third  sixth, otice I28,OOC 

3.  The  third  eiqhth, or  the  forty  fe- 
males of  the  third  broodjtwice.... 

One  fourth  of  these  lay  twice. ...2 

4.  The  fourth  eighth, or  forty  fe- 
males of  the  fourth  brood,  once,.     3,700 

Half  of  these  lay  once I28,OOC 

Total  for  one  fly  in  om  summer,  2,080,321 


\S>w.  j-Vw  VNw\  KX\A  VJ  trtMnsCvn&c&X  -  It  ii 
ofteti  asked  how  stout  a  woman  ought 
to  be  in  proportion  to  her  height.  The  fol 
lowing  table  gives  a  fair  mdicat'on  of  th 
proper  proportions: 


Five  feet....  about  100 
Five  ft.  one  in. 

Five  ft.  two  in.  "  1 13 

"  119  F 


l06Fiveft 


Fiveft.fowr  in. "  130 
Five  ft.  five  in."  138 
Five  ft. six  in.  "  144 


Five  ft.  seven  htab't  150 


Five  ft.  eight  in 
Five  ft.  nine  in. 
Five  ft.  ten  in. 
Five  ft.  eleven  iu 

Six  ft. 

Six  ft.  one  In. 


Work  ing  horses.  3.08 1  bs.1  Dry  cows....  2.41  Ibs. 
"       oxen . .  2.40  »   Younq  cattle . .  3.08  " 

Fatting  oxen ....  5.00  »  Steers 2.84  » • 

"    when  fat.  4.00  "Pigs 3.00" 

Milch  cows 2.35"ISheep 3.00" 

A  horse  will  consume  as  much  food, aside 
from  com,  as  8  sheep;  a  cow,  as  12 sheep; a  fat 
ting  ox, as  10  sheep;  a  two-year-old  Helkt,  as  6 
sheep;  a  three-year-old  heifer,  as  8  sheep ;  a  one 
year-old  heifer,  as  4  sheep;  a  calf,  as  2  sheep. 
~b.-  See  Coins. 


A  bushel  of  good  wheat,60  lbs.,shouM  yield 
aboufc-48  Ibs.  of  flour,  8  lbs._ of  short s,_and 
4 Ibs.  of  bran.  The  following  is  afafrav 
erage,  which  gives  38.45  Ibs.  ot  flour  to  the 
bushel: 

Weight  of  wheat 1,486  IDS. 

>'      "flour. 952  Ibs. 

"      "  bran 240  " 

"       "  screenings 32  " 

"      "  middlings...:...  88  " 

»'      "  toll 148  " 

"      "  waste..... X6  "-I486 Ibs. 

ted  to  pressure  transmit  it  undiminished  fn 
every  direction.  2.  The  pressure  sustained 
by  any  surface  is  proportional  to  its  a-rea. 
3'.  The  direction  of  the  pressure  at  any  point 
is  perpendicular  to  the  surface  at  -that 
point.  4.  The  pressure  on  the  bottom  of 
a  vessel  is  independent  of  the  form  of 
the  vessel.  5. The  pressure  is  proportion- 
ed to  the  density  of  t-he  ligu-id.  fi.The- 
pressure  exerted  by  a/lu.)d  is  proportion- 
al to  its  depth.  7.  A  flu-id  is  IT?  equilib- 
rium, OT  at  Test,  only  when  its  particles  zte 
-restrained  by  some  vessel  or  its  equivalent. 


Cl 


UNIVERSITY 


PER  CENT.  ARTICLE.  PER  CENT. 


Apples 


Barley,  boiled  .......  91 

Beans.boiled  .......  87 

Beef,  -raw  ...........  26 

Beets  ..............  14 

Bread,  rye 


Bnad,  barley  .......  88 

Bread,  wheat  .......  90 

Bread,  corn  ........  91 

Butter  ............  92 

Cabbage  ...........  7? 


Codfish,  boiled  .....  21 


Rice,boiled 


,  oe  .....  ,          ......  88 

Cu.cu.nibers,raw...  1  Twmips,boiled....  5 

"  --------  L-  ln  Veal,fried  .........  24 

2Z 


Currants  ..........  10 


whipped  .....  13 


.27 
Melons, raw 3 


lrrapes,raw , 


Milk.... 

VI  utton,  broiled.. 
)atmeal  Porridi 

Peaches 

>eas,  boiled... 
™lums,raw.. 


idge., 


Potatoes..... 
, roast 


Venison,  boiled 


See  Digestion. 


Eggs— Albuminoids, 

Milk.. 

Butter. 

Cheese. 

Beef... 

Mutton. 

Pork... 

Oat  Meal..  Albuminoids. 

Wheat  Flour 

Rye  Flour 

Indian  Corn 

Buckwheat 

Rice 

Beans.... 
Potatoes . 
Sweet  Potatoes 


l4P«r.Cenfr.  Oil  II  f 

i!o  "      'W" 

29.2  "          29.6" 
8.0  *»  30.0" 

5.0  "  40.0" 
4.5  «  50.0" 
i.l..Statch..610..0il.lOJ 
10.5  Ji  74.0  "  tit 
71.0  »  1.6 
64.5  "5.0 


tO.5  »' 

9.0  »» 

15.0  *» 

7.5  »» 


63.3  "3.4 

K 

"      15.4  "0.3 
"      15.0  


„.    .   ....    ....  .lundred  pounds  of  good 

hay  for  stock  are  equal  to: 


28  Oats 


Apples 123  Oat-straw 

Beans 

Beets 

Clover,  red,  green.. 

Carrots... 311 

Corn . 62 

Clover,  red,  dry 
Lucet 


311 

59 
43 

ru 38 

Potatoes. 350 

Rue-straw 429 

Rue 53 


669  Oil-cake,linseed 
373  Peas,d 


Mangolds 369  Wheat 45 

fcCTVV&VN&.-hl  order  to  estimate  the 
efficiency  of  any  work  or  force,  an  arbitra 
ry  unit  of  work  has  been  adopted  called  a 
VwV^owftk.  The  foot-pound  is^themedim 
ical  value  of  a  force  capable  of  raising- one 
pound  through  a  vertical  space- of  one  foot. 
The  work  of  Hie  power  is  equal  to  the  prod- 
uct of  an  equivalent  wei9W  in  pounds  mul- 
tiplied by  the  vertical  height  in  feet 
through  which  it  passes.  The  work  of  the. 
load  is  found  in  a  similar  manner. 
^&\\\<b,Nl&w,  oV.-See.  Coins. 


.  ...  ,  j.-English  league 

=3 miles;  French  league =3 miles;  French 
gostin^  Iea9ue=2rniles,743yards;  Spanish 
judicial  lea<)ue=2miles,l,li5uards;Spanish 
common  league=5niiles,376yards;  Portu 
guese  league-3miles,  1,480  yards;  Flemish 
league=3miles,  1,584  yards;  Russian  werst 
=  1,167  yards;  Turkish  bein=lmile,66yardsj 
Persian  parasang  =  3miles,  806yards;  "A 
Sabbath  day's  journey  "=  1,155  wards ;  "A 
day's  journey' =  33i  wiles;  "A  rwd'-IOfcet, 
Hi  inches;  "A  palm'=3  inches;  "A  fathom"  6  ft.; 


A  &re«k  foot  =  l2jr  inches:  A  span =10.9 inches 
:TCEZ2Mi&  W^XW^rNo  ice  is  rqair1 
ed,  and  the  water  used  should  not  be  wit 
trier  than  50°  Fahrenheit. 

Nitrate  Ammonia,  and  water, each  one-part, 
makes  a  change  from  50°  to  4°. 

Muriate  Ammonia  and  Nitrate  of  Potash, 
each  five  parts,  from' 50°  down  to  10^  if 
sixteen  parts  water  be  added. 

Muriate  Ammonia  five  parts,  Nitrate  of 
Potash  five  parts,  Sulphate  of  Sod*  ejght 
parts,  Water  sixteerf  parts,50  to  4. 

Sulphate  of  Soda  thre«  parts,  Dilute  Ni- 
tric Acid  two  parts,  50°  down  to  -3 . 

Nitrate  of  Ammonia,  Carbonate  of  Soda, 
and  Water,  each  one  part,  50°  to -7  . 

Phosphate  Soda  nine  parts,  Dilute  Nitric 
Acid  four  parts,  50°  to  -12* . 

Sulphate  of  Soda  five  parts,  Diluk  Sulphu- 
ric Acid  four  parts.  50°  to  3. ' 

Sulphate  of  Soda  six  parts,  Muriate  Am- 
monia four  parts,  Nitrate  of  Potash  two 
parts,  Dilute  Nitric  Acid  four  parts,50°to-IO . 

Sulphate  of  Soda  six  parts,  Nitrate  of  Arn- 
trioTiia  five  parts,  D.i  I ute  Nitric  Acid  f  o  ur 
parts,  50"  to -14° 


Materials. 


OaJt  upon  oak,  fibers  parallel 625 

Oak  upon  oak,  f  i  bers  cross 540 

Wrouflht  iron  upon  oak 619 

Wroiwht  tron  upon  wroiw/W  iron.  .131 
Wrought  iron  upon  cast  iro-n . .  .194 

Wrought  iron  upon  brass 

Cast  iron  upon  cast  iron 162 

Brass  upon  cast  iron 


.108 
.143 
.085 
.077 
.076 
.075 
.144 
.107 


Loose  sand 0.25  Macadamized  road  .033 

Co-mmon  by-road  ..O.I    Well-paved  road ...  .014 

Dry  highway  ....O.OJ5  Railroads 0059 

NKt  ^V^tSv  va-7  VMNXYflNtX.-The,  pro- 
portion of  su^ar  in  various  f-ruits  is: 


Apple .....7.9 

Mulberry 9.2 


Pea- 
Cherry 10.8 

&rape. 145 


Peach 1.6 

Raspberry 4.0 

Strawberry 5.1 

Currant 6.1 

Gooseberry 7.2 


Asparagus,! 02.  produces  1000  plants-bed  I2ft.s*q. 
' '  roots,  1000  plant  a  bed  4  ft.  by  225ft. 
English  Dwarf  Beans,  I  qt.  plants  TOW  125ft.  long. 
French  "  Iqt.  "  »'300» 
Bcans,pole,large,lgt.  plants  100  hills. 
Beans,pole,smalf,lqt.  "300 hills, or 250ft row. 
Beets,  10  Ibs.per  acre,  or  I  oz.  for  150-ft.row. 
Brocoli  and  Kale,  lor.2,500  plants,  409q.ft.gTOiwu 
Cabbage,  same  as  Broccoli,  but  60sq.ft. ground. 
Cauliflower,  same  as  cabbage. 
Carrot,  1 02.  to  150ft.  of  row. 
Celery,  I  oi.gives7000  plants,  8  sq.ft.  of  ground. 
Cucumber,  loz.for  150  hills. 
Cress,  1  oz.  sows  a  bed  16  ft. square. 
Egg  Plant,  loz. gives  2000  plants. 
Endive,  1 01. gives  3000  plants,  80  sq.ft.  of  ground. 
Leek, I  oz. gives  2000  plants, 60 sq.ff.  of  g-round. 
Lettuce,  I  oz.gives 7000 plants, bed  150ft.  long. 
Melon,  loz.  for- 120  hills. 
Nasturtium, loz.  sows  25-ffc.  of  row. 
Onions,  1 07.  sows  200  ft.  of  row. 
Ob-a,  loz.  "  200  " 
Parsley,  loz.  "  200  " 
Parsnip,  loz.  "250  »» 
Peppers,  I  oz.gives  25  00  pi  ants. 
Peas,  I  quart  sows  120ft.  of  row. 


Pumpkin,  loi.to  50  hills. 
dish,loz.tolOOft.  of  row. 


Radisk 


Salsify,  loz.  to  150ft.  of  row. 

Spin  age,  loz.  to  2.00  ft.  of  row. 

Squash, I  oz.to75  hills. 

Tomato,  I  oz.gives  2500  plants,  bed  of  80ft. 

Turnip,  loz.to  2000 sq.ft. . 

Water  Melon,  loz. to  50  hills. 


_5 

10,^00  1,000 

The  figures  on  the  index  at  the  rijht  hand  de 
note  even  hundreds.  When  the  hand  completes 
the  entire  circuit,  it  denotes  ten  hundred,  and  is 
registered  by  the  hand  in  the  center  cHcle  point- 
ing to  one-tke  interval  between  any  one  fig- 
ure and  the  next,  in  center  circle,  measuring  one 
thousand.  The  entire  round  of  center  circle  meas- 
ures ten  thousand,  and  is  registered  on  the  r 
dex  of  the  left-hand  circle,  in  which  the  in- 
terval between  any  two  successive  figures 
counts  ten  thousand.  The  hands  ofalltfrree 
circles  are  always  in  simultaneous  movement, 
and  the  hand  of  the  left-hand  circle,  at  any 
point  between  4wo  flgwres,  indicates  -the  con- 
sum  ptfon  of  so  much  fraction  of  ten  tfious- 
and,  i.e.,  so -many  .thousands  and  so  *rnatiy 
hundreds  as  are  indicated  by  the  mid  ird  the 
right-hand  circles  respectively. 

The  quantity  of  gas  which  has  passed 
through  the  nie*er  shice  last  date  is  ascer- 
tained by  reading  from  the  indexes  The,  to 
tal  amount  registered,  and  deducting  there 
from  the  qi+antity  shown  by  the  'indexes 
at  a  previous  observation. 
Total  rmourtt  twisteied  by  thenands  iiovB,49 ,90C 
Amount  at  previous  observationldotted  lines),42,50J 

Amount  since  last  observation .}  7,400 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  hand  on  the 
left-hand  circle  is  just  it  the  rrwrginjbut  not 
yet  at  the  certttr,  of  the  "5?  When  another  JOf 
of  the  gas  meter  is  consumed,the  hamd  o^ 
the  left-hand  circle  will  point  exactly  at'S^ 
of  the  mid-circle,  exactly  at  "0"  and  of  right- 
hand  circle  exactly  at'O,"—  indicating  50,000 
cubic  feet. 

The  register  at  all  times  shows  the  quanti- 
ty that  has -passed  through  since  the  meter 
was  first  set,  and  deducting  therefrom  the 
amount  that  has  been  paid  for  (without  any 
regard  to  the  time  when),  we  obtain  the  a 
mount  -remaining  unpaid. 


Acetic  ether. 


Ammoniacal  gas......... 

Benzine,  vapor  of. 

Bromine,  vapor  of 

Carbonic  acid 

Carbonic  oxide 

Chlorine 

Chloroform 

Coal  gas 

Hydrogen 

Hydrogen,  li^ht  carburetted. 

N  i  trogen 

Olefiant  gas 

Oxygen 

Steam,  gaseous 

Sulphuric  acid 

Turpent  ine,  vapor  of. 


vOLOFlie. 

INCU.FT. 


4.075 
12.387 
21.017 
4.598 
2.226 
8.101 
12.804 
5.077 
2.337 
28.279 
178.83 
23.412 
12.723 
12.580 
11.205 
19.913 
5.513 
2.637 


0.080728 

0.04758 

0.217 

0.447 

0.12344 

0.0781 

0.197 

0.428 

0.03536 

0.005592 

0.04462 


0.0795 

0.089253 

0.05022 

0.1814 

0.378 


o'x.-See  Expansion  and 


Wheat  and  millet  seed  germinate  in  one 
day;  barley,  seven;  cabbage.,  ten ;  peach,  al- 
mond, and  chestnut,  require  from  eight 
to  twelve  months;  rose  and  filbert  re- 
quire twenty-'four  months.  Potatoes  bu- 
ried three -feet  deep  do  not  vegetate,  I  f 
wheat  be  covered  T  inch  deep,  it  usually  ap 
pears  above  the  ground  in  II  days;  I  inch 
deep,  12  days;  2.  inches  deep,  18  days; 6 inch- 
es deep,  23  days.  A  field  of  wheat  after  hav- 
ing been  buried  under  an  avalanche  for 

tSe/vitality  of  Seeds.) 


The  period  of  gestation  is  longer  in  herbiv- 
orous than  in  carnivorous  animals.  The 
yonng  of  ihe  latter  are  also  less  developed  at 
birth,  theii  eyes  not  opening  for  several  days 
thereafter,  Vvg./'<V\vy<o\i^  £\\vvc\a\%'.—  Th(  ele- 
phant has  about  2 Os  months  gestation,  the 
giraffe,|4 -months;  dromedary.  12  months; 
ass  and  buffalo,  12  month?;  man.,  upward 
of  II months;  -rhinoceros  and  cow,9montte; 
llTger  deer, over  8  months;  sheep  and  goats, 
5  months;  p'9,  4  months.  'fiNNO&A'Xv.. — 
Beaver,  4  months;  dormouse,3l  days;  rab- 
bi*, 30  to  31  days;  rat  and  squirrel,  28  days; 
guinea-pig,  20  tc>2l  days.  ~ 
Bear,  6 months}  lion',  108  days;  puma.79  <Ts; 
fox,wo'fi  arid  dog. 63  to 63  dags.  Vow^Ai^ 
axx'vwaXy.- Kangaroo, 39  days;  opossum,  26 
dans.^>e\4£t.ows  ttxwwtfa'.— Greenland  whale, 
about  IQ  -months  .VAOV>WMV.~  The  most 
common  duration  for  the  varieties  of 
monkeys  is  7  months.  QxiXsvcowb  vwwVft: 
"Hie  goose  sits  30  days;  swan, 42  days;  hens; 
21  days;  ducks,  30  days;  pea-hens  and  turkeys, 
28  days;  canaries  and  pigeons,  14  days;  par- 
rots, 40  days.  OXV&vb'.-Httrnan  being,  280 
days;  hippopottamus,  234- days;  cat, about 
56  days;  bat,  40  days;  marmoset,  120  days; 
•tapir,  10  to  1 1  months. 


NAME.  I  PLACE.  |  TIME.  iHEIDHT-a 


OgtOmt.3,1) 

G-oliath 

Maximin.. 

G-abaia 

JohnMiddleton... 

Patrick  Cotter 

Frederick's  Swede.. 

Giliy 

Charles  Byrne..., 
Q'\g  Sam... 
M.  Brice... 

Robert  Hales 

CHang-Woo-&ov 
Martin  VatiBuTCn  Bates  Ke 
Miss  Anna Swar 


Bash  an 

Palestine 

Rome 

Rome 

England 

Ireland 

Sweden 

Tyrol 

Ireland 

England 


England 
China 

ntucky 
Nova  Scotia 


. 
235A.Di8R6 


1063 

235 

269?B.O|9 
1578 

1761 


1783 


1863 
1863 
1865 
1871 
1871 


I578A.H|9"3» 
8"7" 
8"  4« 

8  "4 
0 

7"  6» 
7"  6" 
7"  8" 


7»0» 


iv- Purified  sind,  1 00  parts;  lime 

stone, or  chalk,  35  to  40  parts;  sulphate  of  sc 
da,  40  to  45  parts;  cullet,  50  tolSO  parts, 
Vw\cVvV\3.V.-.- White  quartzose  sand  lOO-Oparts; 
sodic  carbonate,  33.3  parts;  lime(slaked),l4J  parts; 
manganese  peroxide,  0.15  parts;  cullet,IOO.Oparts, 
=.  white  sand,  100  parts; 


winiumlred  lea/l),63  parts;  refined  potash,33  parts; 
nitre,  10  parts;  cullet,  60  to  100  parts. 

The  following  are  other  proportions  for  op- 
tical and  Hint  glass:  Sand, 51  parts;  pearl  ash- 
es(prepa-npdlJ6  parts;  litharge,  28  parts  (or  red 
lead,29p,=rts);  nfte-r,  4i  parts;  while  arsenic, 
s  part;  peroxide  of  manganese,  &  part;  cut  let 
of  f'bit  glass  in  proportion  as  the  manu- 
facturer tHinks  proper. 

^oXNXtQrXasv.-  This  is  the  coarsest  q  lass  in 
common  use,  and  is  made  from  varied  pro- 
portions of  the  following:  Soap-  makers'  wast* 
(containing  a  quantity  o*  soda-salts),  fresh  wa- 
ter,  rrver  sand,  brick-dust, calcined  lime, and 
marl. 

^io\o\tA  ^)\&sv. -  The  colors  usually  employed 
consist  of  metallic  oxides.  Gold  yields  the  most 
beautiful  ruby,  crimson,  rose,  and  purple  col- 
ors. Copper  yields  ruby  red,  and  emerald  green. 
Cobalt,  rich  deep  blues.  Iron,  dull  green;  with 
alumina,  ffesh  color;  cornbined  with  chloride 
of  silver,  orange  yellow.  Silver  with  alumina, 
beautiful  yellow.  Uranium,  chrysoprase greet 
and  canary  yellow, 

"    Nt>SAW£r  I  stone-Slbs.-,  24  stone 

I  seam. 


6  by8--!50 

7  »9«|I5 

8  "10=90 
8 

8 


"12-75 
"ll  =  73 
"12=67 


55  13 


'14=57 

•15=53 

'16=50 

'18=45 

'12=60 

'13 

10"  14=52 

IO"I5=48 

IO"I6=45 

10"  17=43 

IO"I8=40 

10  "20 =36 

10 "22=33 

10  "24=30 

10  "26=28 
I0"28=26 
I0"30=24 

1 1  "12-55 
II"I3=5I 
1 1 "  14=47 
1 1"  15=44 
II  "16=41 
1 1  "17 =39 
1 1  "18=37 
1 1  "20=33 
1 1  "22=30 

1 1  "24-27 

12  "14=43 
12  "1 5=40 
I2"I6=38 
12 

12  "18=34 
I2"20=30 


0  15 


2bu2M7 
>2  "24=25 
12  "26=23 
12  "28-22 

12  "30=20 
12"  32=19 
12"  34=18 
I2»36=I7 

IfciT1 

13"  16 
13"  18=31 
3  "20 

22=25 
3  "24 
(3  "26=2 1 

13  "28=20 
13"  30=19 

13  "32=11 
14"  15 
14"  16 
4"  17=31 
14"  18=29 
14"  20=26 
14"  22^ 
14"  24 

14  "26- 


30=17 

32= 

34 

36=14 

38-14 

40=13 
14"  42=  12 
14"  44=12 
14  "46 
5"  16 
5"I8 
15"  20=24 

22=22 


5  by  24= 20  1 8  bu  42=  9 
"  «26=I9  I8"46=9 
•30=  8 
5 "30= I 6 
5"32=I5 
5  "34=14 
5  "36=  13 
5  "38=  13 

5  "40=12 

6  "16=28  20  "28- 1 3 


2416 
2216 


20  I6 


16  "20- 

22-21 
I6"24=I9 
26=17 
6  "28=  16 
6  "30=15 
16  "32 =14 
I6"34=I3 
'36-13 
•38=12 
16"40=H 
1 6  "42=  1 1 
'44-10 
•46=10 
'48= 
"52= 


2816 
2516 
2316 


3416 
3216- 


23  20 


6"54=822 


I6-|8 


15  I8» 


6"60=8 
20=20 


3018 
2718 


18 

I8"30=I4 

I8"32 
'34  =  12 
»36-H 
'38=M 
»40 
'42 


SIZE. 


20  "2^  =  16 
20  "24 -I? 


2-H 

20"34=H 
20  "36  =  10 
20"38=IO 
20  "40 
20"42=  9 
20  "44 -8 
20  "46  =8 
20  "48=  8 
20  "50=  7 
20  "54- 7 
20  "58=  6 
20 "64= 6 
22"24-l4 
26-13 
"28-12 
»30=H 
22"32  =  IO 
22  "34 -10 


9  122 


92a 


18  "24=  17  22  "40-  8 


l3r22 


10  24 


22  "44- 
48' 
50-= 
22"52  = 
"56-6 
•60-5 
'24=13 


10  24 


An  inclination  of  I  ft.  in  10  is  528  ft.  per  mile, 
I    »•    15  "352    »     » 
'264 


20 


I   "  25"2II    »» 


An  inclination  of  I  ft.  in  30  is  [76  ft.  pet  ni  le. 
35  H5'»       j; 

50"I06"       " 
1 00  "53"       *•> 
125  "42"       »» 
150  "35"       " 
200  "  26  "       " 
i.-F-rom  the  time  wheat 
is  threshed,  it  will'  shrink  two  quarts  to  the- 
bushel,  or  six  per  cent,  in  six  months. 

Co-rri  shrinks  much  more  than  wheat. 
One  hundred  bushels  as  gathered  from  the 
field,  will  be  reduced  to  eighty  bushels  af- 
ter shrinkage,  or  twenty  per  cent  in  six 
months. 

Potatoes,  taking  into  account  those  that 
rot,  shrink  still  more.  From  October  till  the 
Succeeding  June,  the  loss  is  tfjirty-tliw 
ox 


8,000  miles 
7,000  miles 
6,000  miles 
5,000  miles 
4,000 


All  objects  weigh 
most  at  the  surface 
ot  the  earth.  Ascend- 
ing from  the  sur- 
face, their  weight 
diminishes  as  the 
square  of  their  dis- 
tance from  the  cen- 
ter increases.  De- 
SCfiridinc)  towards 
the  center,  t  heii 
weight  diminishes 
astHeit  distance  fro- 
the  surface  increases. 
The  operation  of 
thi?  law  in  the  case  of  an  object  weighing 
1,000  pounds  at  the  earth's  surface, is  show 

Owing  to  the  centrifugal  force,  being  ex- 
cessive at  the  equator,  and  the  polar  diame 
ter  shorter  than  the  equatorial,  an  object 
will  weigh  ltss_it_tjh.e_e^uator  than  at  the 
poles— 1,000  pounds  at  the  poles  weighing 
'  995  pounds  at  the  equator. 

,.- See  Cooks. 

i.-Thp  following a« 
all  breech-loader  rifles, and  cofivey  agener 
al  idea  of  the  powcr.etc,  of  guns.  There 
arc  large  numbers  of  naval  gw-ns  whose 
range  is  ten  -miles  ortnore. 


Weight. 


DO 

108  "(") 

100  "( 

100  "(It.  139-7 

71 

71   "(Fr. 

63  "(£r,g.)  34.7 

52  "(FrJ  " 

48  "(Qer. 


20 


LFNCTH 


46.8 
)  30.7 


(Get)  3  1.  4 
)  34.8 


32.7 
32-0 


WEI&HT  WE16HT 


197 


926 
1,003 


403 


ion 


2,020  30 
2,037  " 


1,632 
1,800 
2,000 
2,000 
2,000 
1,715 
1,455  21034 


1,250  2,050  28  " 


1,968  23 


1,857 


320  2,179 


1,900 


ass 

29  in. 


_  28" 
1,703  24  " 
-  —24" 


^.-The  relative  hardness 
of' woods  is  calculated  by  the  hickory  whic 
is  the  toughest.  Estimating  this  at  I00,othets 
rank  as  follows:  -Pignut,96;  white  oak, 84 
white  ash,  77;  dog  wood,  75;  scrub  oak,73: 
white  hazel, 72;  apple  tree,70;  red  oak,  69, 
white  bcech,65;  black  walniU,65;  black  birch 
62;  yellowed  black  oak,60;  Hardmaple,56;  white 
ehn,58;  red  cedar,56;  cherti/,55;  yellow  prne,54;chest 
nut,52;popkr,5l;  bii»erniit,43;  white  pine,35. 


G;J 


NIVV^JV*^"^  vr   YiVkVl^rvj^w^  ^va.\t  y>.—  In 

the  following  list,  any  substance  will 
scratch  the  one  immediately  following  it: 
Diamond, sapphire,  topaz,  quarh, feldspar, 
scapolite,  apatite,  fluor  spar,  caic  spar,rni- 
(ja,  gypsum,  talc. 

Timothy,  a  year  in  -mow  or  stack, 500  Cu.ft. 
Timothy,  from  bottom  of  stack. .  400    " 

Timothy,  newly  stacked 700    " 

Timothy  and  clover,  old  stacked ....  600   " 

Timothy  and  clover,  new 800    '* 

Clover,  stacked,oid 700   " 

Clover,  new 900   " 

Cornmon  meadow  hay,  old 800   " 

Common  Meadow  hay,  new 1 000    " 

to  which 


air  way  grow  normally,  especially  in  wo- 
rneri,  is  very  considerable,  74  inches  hav- 
ing been  evhibited  m-the  "Hair  Court"  of 
the  International  Exhibltion(!862). 

Adam  Kirpen,of  Chicago, is  reported  to  have 
sold  a  crcp  of  whiskers  i  n  1861,  the  length 
of  which  was  5  feet,  and  that  subsequently 
they  grew  to  the  length  of  12  feet. 

Hair  which  is  I'^htest  in  color  is  also 
lightest  ir\  weight.  Light  or  blonde  hair 
is  generally  the  most  luvurient,  and  it  has 
been  calculated  that  the"  average  number  of 
hairs  of  this  color  oh  an  average  person's  head 
is  140.000:  while  the  number  of  brown  hairs 
;sliO,000Tand  black,  1 03,000. 
ty^  ^  Vt^fcN  >N«.Y3^K .- 36  Ibs. straw 
=  1  truss;  56  Ibs.  old  hay-  =  I  4Tu.ssj60lbs.new 
hay  =  l  tru?s;  36  trusses=i  load. 

&Nft%.-Mo6t  of  great 
men  havt  had  great  heads.  Webster's  head 
measured  over  24  inches; Clay's, over  23; 
Napoleon's,  rearly  24;  Hamilton's,  23?. 
Burks,  Jefferson's,  and  Franklin's  heads 
were  very  large.  Small  and  avenge  heads 
may  astonish  ws  by  their  brilliancy  and 
learning,  but  fail  in  that  commanding ^reat 
ness  which  impresses  and  sways. (Sec  Brain, 
weight  of). 

The  general  rule  for  the  head- -measure- 
ments of  adults  is  as  follows: -Smallest 
size  compatible  with  fair  ialents,  20i;  mod- 
erate,20|  to2li;  average, 2.1*  to22;  full, 
22  to  22J;  large, 22|  t023|,  very  large, 
above  23|. 

Temperatures. 

iVa.— Heat  is  comTnuTii- 
cated  in  three  ways:  va., Conduction, Con- 
vection, and  Radiation. 

The  relative  conducting  power  of  metals 
is  as  follows: —  Silver,  100;  copper,74;gold, 
53;  brass,24;  tin, 15;  iron, 12;  lead,9;plat 
inurn,8;  G-erman  silver,6;  bismuth, i. 

Of  articles  of  clothing, linen, cotton,  silk, 
wool,  (•UTS. 

Liquids  and  gases  are  poor  conductors, 
but  good  convectors  of  heat. 

(See  Radiation). 

StWC.^JtWfo.-See  Specific  Heat. 
WLW  MKVXVL  0V  *\K.\S>- Pounds  of  wale 
evaporated  by  I  ID.  of  fuel  are  as  follows: 
Straw,  1.9:  wood, 3.1;  peat,3.8;  coke  or 
charcoal,  6.4;  coal,  7.9;  petroleum,  I4-.6. 


.-See  Man  and  Wotna-n  (index). 


following  are  the  average  relative  heights  \\VMvKH  ^&^X, 


•and  weights  of  persons  in  health, as  ob 
gained  by  Dr.  Hutch  In  son  from  over  five, 
thousand  "-individuals: 


5"  4 
5  "-5 

5"  6 


....120  Ibs. 

"!J33  " 

....139  " 

....142  " 

....145  " 


...148  Ibs. 
...155   " 
...162    " 


.-See  Barometer,  also  Water. 


CISCUMFE'BENCE.        WEIGHT 


1  inch... 
li  "   ... 

!}"::: 

2  "  ... 
2i  "  .. 

an 


....200  Ibs 
....312  " 
....450  " 
....612  " 
....800  " 
....1012  " 
....1250  " 
....1512  " 


CIRCUMFEREMCC. 


WEI&HT. 


3  inches 
3*  "  . 

i  " : 

A.     '• 
44  »  '. 
3    "'. 


1800  Ibs. 

....2112  " 

...2450  " 

....2812  " 

....3200  •• 

....4000  " 

....5000  " 

...7200  " 


-ces  o.~ 

.  Lowest  Grade  of  Savage  ru.  2.  Middle 
&rade  of  Savagery.  3.  Upper  G-radc    of 
Savaqeru.  4.  Lowest  G-raw-  of  Barbaris 
5.  Middle  0-rade  of  Barbarism.  6.  Upper 
G-mde  of  Bafbaiisrti.  1.  Civilization. 


40  feet  apart,  27  hills 


193 
302 
435 


8  feet  apat 


1.110 
l,3732 
3,556 
4,840 
6,969 


nty  pigs  -were  well  fed. and  fattened 
with  results  as  follows: 

No.      LIVE.         OflESSFD.|No.     LIVE.       PRESSED. 
I 


.128 
126 
107 
117 
135 
109 
118 
128 
130 


II  121  Ibs,  102  Ibs. 


175  • 

149 

150 

167 

150 

131 

170 

130 

170 


144 
M9 
125 
)4l 
\2H 
113 
141 
112 
97 


1 72  l bs.  143  Ibs. 
151  ' 
150' 
130' 
136  ' 
162' 
135' 
136' 
153' 
160' 

Total  Live  W't,  2,942  —  Dressed  WH,2,452 
iWSt  VOMMI.VV.-  To  estimate  the  work 
of  any  force,  acting  through  a  lirnit-ed 
period  of  time,  a  unit  of  work  has  been 
adopted,  called  the  \wtw-ija\NeUSee  Foot- 
pound). A  horse-power  is  the  mechanic- 
al value  of  a  force  capable  of  raising  thir- 
ty-three thousand  pounds  one  foo<  in  one 
minute.  Its  work  is  equa!  to  thirty-three 
thousand  foot-pounds  in  a  minute. 
iW&V\}VvKNN\H£  CrXVNJA'VK.—  On  metal 
rails  a  horse  can  draw. -One and  two- 
. thirds  times  more  than  on.  asphalt  pavement 
Trrree  and  one-third  time  more  than  on  good 
Belgian  blocks; 

Five  times  tnofc than  oti  otdirinuBelgiir 
blocks; 

Seven  times  more  than  on  good  cob 
ble-stone; 

Thirteen  limes  more  than  on  ordinari 
cobble-stone; 

Twenty  times  more  than  on  an  ordi- 
nary earth  road; 

corty  times  more  than  on  sand. 
A  horse  can  drag, as  compared  with 
what  he  can  carry  o  n  his  back,  in  the  fol- 
lowing proportions: -On  earfh  road,three 
times  more;  macadamized  road,  nine;  pla 
twenty;  on  stone  trackway, thirty-three; 
on  a  good  railway,  fifty-four  times  as  much 


istru  of  the  B'odwl index). 


.-Ste  Cooks. 
oV.-See  Chern- 


average  length  of  human  life  is  placed 
at  thirtu-lhree  years. (See  Life,50  Years  at). 
W\AW>X  ^vV=V \VvN\\OH- At  each  inspi- 
ration of  a  man,  about  17  cubic  inches 
of  air  pas?  into  the  lungs,and  this  is  re 
peated  20 times  a  minute, making  *  cu. 
oic  foot  in  5i  minutes;  274  cubic  feet 
in  24  hours.  The  capacity  of  the  lungs 
is  about  340  cubic  inches. 


Ice  two  inches  thick  will  sustain  a  wan. 
Four  iwHes  thick,  a  ma"  rn  horseback. 
Five  inches, an  80- pounder  gun. 
Si*  inches,  a  learn  with  small  load. 
Eight  inches,  a  team  with  heavy  load. 
Ten  inches,  a"  innumerable  multitude. 
«W*  0V  VvK\X\.~  An  "  I  iich  of  Rain"  means 
a  aalion  of  water  spread  over  a  surface  of  near 
iy  two  square  feet,  01  3.630  cubic  feetHOO  ton; 
upon  an  acrt. 


Brown  =  red  and  black  mixed  together. 

Bufr=  yellow,  white.and  a  little  Venetian  red. 

Chesttmt=  white  and  brown. 

Chocolate  =  black  and  Venetian  r«d. 

Claret  =  red.  umber, black. 

Coppet=  red,  yellow,  black. 

Cream  =  white, yellow, Venetian  red. 

Dove  =  white,  vermillion,  blue,  yellow. 

Drab=  umber,  white, Venetian  red. 

Fawn=  white,  yellow,  red. 

Flesh  Colot=  white, lake,  vermiiiion. 

Freestone  =  red, Wick,  yellow  ochrt,veTrnilli<m. 

G-old  =  white,  stone  ochre,  red. 

G-raw=  white  lead,  black. 

&raij(8ilver)=indif)o  and  lampblack. 

Orau(PearlV=  white,  blue, black. 

G-reen  Bronze=  chrome  qreen, black, yellow 

G-reen  (Briqhtls  white  arid  green. 

GreeniDafk1=liqht  green  and  black. 

G-reenl Pea.)  =  white  and  green. 

Green(lhilliant)=  white  and  tmeuU  y«". 

Lead  Color=  white  and  lampblack. 

Lemon  =  white,  chrome  yellow. 

Limestone- white, i)t Hew  och it, black,  'ed. 

Olive-  yel low, blue, black, wf lift. 

Orange''  Bellow  and  rtd. 

Pcach=whttt  and  vertnilliori. 

Pcarl=  white,black,bhu;. 

Pink=whiU  and  carmirie 

Purple=  violet,  with  more  red  and  while. 

Rose=  white  and  lake. 

Sandstone^ white,  yellow  ochre,black,  red. 

Snuff=  uellow,Vandukc  brown. 

St raw Color  =  white  and  yellow. 

White (Frendi)=  purple  and  white. 
VmJBW,%Yw\a\\\«V~.A  beetle  recently  a 
hibited  at  a  scientific  erhibit'on, yave  rise 
to  the  following  at  to  its  strength:  -  We iyM 
of  (ifelle,  Iwo  grains;  weight  moved  by  it, 
5i  Ounces  — 1320  times  the  weight  of  t  he 
beetle  .'  Were  man's  strength  equal  m  proper 
tion,  he  could  move  nearly  100  tons. 


MM\NKTOI&,?<WWM*t.>)  oS.-  At  birth 
the  inspirations  are  from  70  to  23;  from 
the  ages  of  from  15  to  20  years,  from  24 
to  16:  from  the  ages  of  from  30  to  50, 
23  toll. 

*rWK\CKl\a\\,<bX'8^i<b  o\.-  Several  stages 
may  be  noted  in  the  progress  of  intoxica- 
tion. VvisX  j\M,e..  This  is  characterhed  by 
liveliness  and  excitability, the  circulation 
of  the  blood  is  more  free,  the  bod'Jy  func- 
tions a-re  performed  with  greater  freedom, 
the  mental  faculties  a-re  more  active,  and 
there  is  a  feeling  of  confidence  and  strength. 
<2S&e3\&_Sv^e,.  In  this  stage  all  the  pecul- 
iarties  of  character,  the  weaknesses  and  fail- 
ings of  temperament, which  are  concealed  in 
sobriety,  manifest  Wiemselves.'XVvvi&'bVaAe. . 
Consciousness  becomes. still  more  weakened, 
bodily  balatice  is  lost,  and  the  brain  becomes 
dizzy.  VowtXVx  ox  Va.'JV  ^&\ax..  The  victim  sinks 
into  a  heavy  slumber,  appetite  for  food  fails, 
•the cheeks  become  hollow  OT  bloated s  the 
vigor  of  the  frame  is  so  lessened  as  £o  cul- 
minate in  delirium  tremens. 
WB\^,^\X\«/x%\\\Nl'a.\\vM>  ox.-  A  bar  of  iron 
worth  &5,  worked  into  horseshoes,  advan- 
ces in  value  to*IO;  rnade  into  needles,  is 
worth  *350;  made  into  penknife-blades, 
is  worth  ^3285;  -made  into  ba 
of  watches,  is  worth #250,000. 
W>H,NNe*X  ^o\w<b  oV -(Fahrenheit  degrees). 
502°to680°-Violet,  Purple, and  dull  blue. 
932°-Covered  with  light  coating  of  oxide. 
977 -Becomes  Nascent  Red. 
l292°-Somber  Red. 
l472°-Nascent  Cherry. 
|657°-Cherry. 
1832° -Bright  Cherry. 
20l2°-Dull  Orange. 
2 192°- Bright  Orange. 
2372°-White. 

2552°- Brilliant  White-weldrn?  heat. 
2732°  to  2912°-  Dazzling  White. 


_ 

Breaking  strain  of  wrougKr  iron. 
C-rushing  "  "  »» 
Breaking  strain  of  cast  i-ron. 
Crushing  "  "  '»  . 
Breaking  strain  of  steel  bars 
Crushing  »»  »  " 

•-  See  Metals 


H> 
7i 
50 
50 
166 


14  Pounds  =  ISto-rie;  2K  Stone  =  I  Pig 
8  Pigs  =  I  Pother. 


eracje  life  of  an  iron  rail  is  15,000,000  o 
tons,  or  equal  to  100,000  trains  of  ISOtor 
each.  The  average  time  in  years  is  abou 
5;  but  this  depends  upon  the  amount  o 
traffic  over  the  road.  Steel  rails  are  on 
ly  half  worn  out  with  95,600,000  ton 
of  traffic,  making  the  time  in  years 
upward  of  18. 


The  &erah(a Shekel)  =  Olbs.0oz.  Opwt.Ug 
The  Bekahti Shekel)  =  0"0»  5»  0 
The  Shekel  =  0"  0"  10"  0' 

The  Maneh (60  Sheketf=   2  "6"    0"    0' 
The  Talent  (3000    ")=I25"0"    0"    0 


The  circunference  of  the  earth  is  divided 
into  360  dejrees,  each  degree  into60  knots 
or  nautical  miles,  consequently  the  circum- 
ference of  the  eaith—  vi7.  131,385,456  feet  — 
divided  by  (3  60x60=)  2  1,600  gives  the  length 
of  a  knot,  viz.  6,082.66  feet,  which  is  gen- 
erally considered  the  standard,  except  by 
the  Admiralty.  The  Admiralty  knot  is  6,080 
feet;  the  statu-te  mile  being  =  5,280  feet. 

One  knot  equals  1.  1515  miles,  conse- 
quently to  find  the  equivalents  of  knots 
in  miles,  multiply  the  number-of  knots 
bu  1.  1  515. 


estimates  the  valwof  an  agricul- 
tural laborer  to  the  commonwealth  as  fol- 
lows: 
A&E.  \MLUElA6E.  VALUE.IAOE.  VAL 


,$690 
,  485 
.  230 
0 
, ->25 


5 .*  28030.  ...*I20555... 

10 58535....    114060... 

15 96040....    106065... 

20 117045....     96570... 

25 123050....     840R5... 

The  minus  sign  shows  a  loss  to  the  com- 
monwealth. Intellectual  workers  are  often 
of  much  value  after  the  age  of  70. 
N«&  V!t>8MR£.— A  Township  is 36 sec 
tions,each  a  mile  squtre.and  contain!™) 640 
acres.  A  quarter  section  is  one  half  wile  squirt 
and  contains  160  acres.  An  eighth  section  Is 
half  a  mile  long  north  and  south, a.<juar. 
tet  mile,  wide,  and  contains  80  acres.  A 
sixteenth  section  is  a  quarter  mile  square 
and  contains  40  acres. 

The  sections  of  a  township  are  numbered 
from  I  to  36,  commencing  at  the  northeast 
comer,  thus: 


6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

N.WLN.E. 

5.WS.E. 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

18 

n 

16 

15 

14 

13 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

30 

29 

28 

27 

26 

25 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

The  sections  are  all  divided  into  quar- 
ters, which  are  named  by  the  cardina 
points,  as  in  section  I.  The  quarters  are 
divided  in  the  same  way.  The  description 
of  a  forty-acre  farm  would  read  thus:  The 
south  half  of  the  west  half  of  the-soulhwes 
quarter  of  section  I,  township  24, north  o 
range  7  west,  or  as  the  case  might  be;  and 
owin?  to  the  meridians  converging  toward 
the  north,  and  diverging  toward  the  south, 
will  sometimes  fail  shorthand  sowetimes  o- 
verruri  the  number  of  acres  it  is  supposed 
to  contain. 

A  lot  with  any  of  Uiese  d'rmensions=  an  acre: 

Wl  DTK. LEN&TriJWlDTH  LENGTH 


5    yards  by  968  yards. 


242 
604  " 
303    »' 

82    >< 
69    " 


10  yards  by4&3  yards. 


The  side  of  a  squire-  to  contai  n 
I  acre=208.7l  f«t,or  P-.*>3rods,oi  64  paces. 
4    "  =  147.58    •••       8.94      »     45    " 
i    '» =  120.50    ••      7,30      '»     37    " 
i    1'  =  IO<3JS    ••      6.32      "     32    »» 
£    >»=    7JJ79    "       4.47       '»      22i  " 
.MW  OV»  '•sQCOK'^.  VV^-WS\y?>^_. —  1 44 
sq.  iTt«=  I  sq. ft. ;    9  sq.f t.=  I  sq. y d. •,  30i sq.yds. 
=  lsq.Tt>d;  40sq.rds.=  lrood;  4roods=jacre, 

AJso  for  Surveyors'  measure,  7.92  inch- 
es=  I  link;  25  links=lrod;  4rods=lchain; 
1 0  square  chains, or  I60  square  rods=l  acre 
640  acres=l  square  mile. 
.KTO«  VCtK\.-A  pound  of  water  at. 
212°  mixed  with  a  pound  of  water  at  32* 
gfves  two  pounds  at  the  rnean  temperatim 
of  122°;  but  a  pound  of  water  at2U0rni» 
ed  with  a  pound  of  ice  at  32°,  gives  two 
pounds  of  water  having  a  temperature  of 
onlu  51°.  In  this  case  the  water  has  lost 
I6I6,  while  the  ice  has  gained  only  I9°,so 
that  142°  have  disappeared  inchanginq 
the  ice  to  water.  This  142°,  which  isno't 
sensible  to  the  thermometer,  is  cal  I  ed 


The  latent  heat  of  water  is  of  the  j-reat- 
est  value  in  nature,  and  were  it  not  for 
this  provision,  the  inhabitants  of  northern 
valleys  would  be  exposed  to  terrific  mundatins 
at  every  approach  of  spring. 

Every  solid  has  its  own  latent  hea.t, 
which  is  called  the  heat  of  fusion,  or  the 
latent  heat  of  liquids.  In  the  subjoined  ta- 
ble the  second  column  of  figures  shows  the 
number  of  pounds  of  water  that  would 
beraised  one  degree  by  the  solidifying  of 
one  pound  of  the  substance  named.  The 
first  column  is  the  heat  of  fusion. 

|n°Falrr.  Water=l. 
Water. 142.65      i.OOO 

KT: ::::::::  &i    :™ 

Sulphur 16.85       .118 

Lead 9.65        .067 

Mercuru 5.11         .035 


^.-A  true  level  coincides  with  the 
sphericity  of  the  earth,  while  an  apparent 
level  consists  of  a  continuation  of  Me  level 
plain  drawn  through  the  point  at  which 
the  observation  is  made.(See  also  Distance 
One  can  See). 

QlST.         DlFF.JJF  OlST.        "|^E°L^  "1ST. 


YOS. 


«£  VOS. 


100... .0.026  900.. ..2.081  1700.. ..7 .425 


200. ...0.103 
300....  0.231 
400... .0.41 1 
500. ...0.643 


600.. ..0.955  1400.... 5.038 
700....  I. 
800. ...f. 


£  YOS. 


000.... 2. 570  1 800.... 6 .324 


200.. ..3.701   ,      — 

300.... 4.344%  "...4.500 


I  "...8.000 

500.. ..5.784 2  "..32,000 
600,. ..6. 5803  "..72.000 


K^HVWvT.CSee  al- 
so Sunset  and  Sunrise  Table— rndex). 
The  inequality  of  day  andrii^ht  rrrcreases 
slow/y  hi  the  tropical  regions,  biU  more 
and  more  rapidly  toward  the  pofar circles. 
Beyond  these  circles  the  Sun,  in  the-  hermis- 
•phere  in  which  it  is  verticz.1, -makes  the 
entire  circuit  of  the  heavens,  without  sink 
ing  below  the  horizon,  for  a  period  vary- 
ing from  twenty-four  hours  to  sixmowh! 
while  in  the  opposite  hemisphere  there  is 
a  corresponding  period  of  contmuaus  wigHt 
The  TABLE  on  the  next  page  gives  the  'eri^h 
of  the  longest  day  and  shortest  ni?frt,rn  differ- 
ent latitudes,  with  the  difference  in  ength. 


65 


LATITUOE. 


Equator .. 

10°  

20° 

Tropics  . .. 

30° 

35° 

40° 

45° 

50° 

55° 

60° 

PolarCircles 

67V 

69V 

73.3° 

78.3° 

84° 

Poles 


8to\«,.- 

QNCEST  DAY.ISHOflTEST  NlSHT.jDiFFEflENCE 


2.0  hours. 
12.7 

iaa 

13.5 

14.0 
14.5 

15.0 
15.6 

16.3 
17.3 

iai 

24.0 

I  m  onth. 

1  months. 

3  " 

4  " 

5  " 

6  »» 


2.0  hours, 

1.3  " 
10.7  " 
10.5  " 

0.0  " 

9.0  " 

8.4  »i 
7.7  " 
6.7  " 
5.3  " 
0.0  " 


00.0  hours. 

I.4  ' 

2.6  ' 

3.0  ' 

4.0  '• 

5.0  ' 

6.0  ' 

7.2  ' 

8.6  •. 

1 0.6  ' 

1 3.4  ' 

24.0  ' 


The  following  table  ex- 
hibits the  average  length  of  life  as  ascertain 
ed  in  the  State  of  Massachusetts: 
OCCUPATION.    YEERS.  OCCUPATION.    YEWS.  CCUPATION.     VEARi 


Unemployed  men  68 
Ju-djes....  65 

Facets ...  64 
Bank  Officers  64 
Coopers...  58 
Public  Of  fleets  57 
Cle-%mwn..56 
Shipwrights.  55 


Hatters. . . .  54  Tailors. ...  44 


blacksmiths .  5 1 
Merchants.  51 
Calico  Printers.  5 1 


'husiciarts. .  51  Mechanics..  43 


Butchers  . .  50 


iakers ....  43 
...  43 

Shoemakers.  43 


ditors  ...  40 


iarpenters .  49  Musicians. .  39 

Masons 48  Printers  ..  38 

Traders.. ..  46  Machinists.  36 


Teachers . .  34 
Clerks....  34 


Law  yers  . . .  54  Jewelers ...  44 
Rope  Makers. .  54  Manufacturers.  43  Operatives .  32 
Wi^XVCy  X^fVPvS  QV .-  According  to  a 
French  statistician,  taking  the-  mean  ofrnanu 
accounts,  a  man  of  50  years  of  aue  has  slept 
6,000  days;  worked  6,500  dans;  walked  800 
days;  was  eating  1,500  days;  and  was  sick 
500  days.  He  has  eaten  17,000  pounds o)  bread; 
16,000  pounds  of  meat;  4,600  pounds  of  veg 
etables,  eggs,  and  fish;  arid  drunk  in  all, wa- 
ter, coffee,  wine, etc.,  7,000  gallons  of  liquids. 


i.-Al  16  fathoms  a 
living  creature  would  have  to  sustain  a- 
bout  six-ty  pounds  to  the  souare  inch; 
at  60  fathoms,  as  much  as  ISO  pounds  per 
square  inch:  at  100  fathoms, 285  pounds; 
at  700  fathoms,  1830  pounds;  at  1 000 fath- 
oms, the  pressure  per  square  inch  consid- 
erably exceeds  a  ton. 

Whales  are  known  to  descend  perpendic- 
ularly 4,800  feet,  and  consequently  a  large 
whale  would  have  to  sustain  the  pressure 
of  about  2li,000  tons,  or  about  140  tons 
on  every  square  foot  of  its  body. 


The  direct  light  of  the  sun  has  been  esti- 
mated to  be  equal  to  that  of  5,570  wax  can- 
dles of  moderate  size  supposed  to  be  placed 
at  the  distance  of  one  foot  frorn  the  ob- 
ject. Tha  light  of  the  moon  is  only  e- 
qual  to  one  candle  at  a  distance  of  12. 
feet.  The  sun^s  liaht  is  more  than 
300,000  times  greater  than  that  of  I  he 
moon.  The  sun's  light,  in  comparison 
with  that  of  all  the  stars  taken  collectively 
is  many  million  times  greater,  and  that  of  Si 
ius  alone,  twenty  thousand  millions  greater. 


.-  49;ils  =  l  pint;  2  pints 
=  1  quart;  4  quarts-^alionj  31-a  ^a-llons-* 
I  barrel;  2  batrels=  I  ho9shead.  The9alion 
contains  231  cubic  inches. 
NCWNfo*,t^K\Vo\^  W.-See  Expansion  *id 
Contraction. 


Water,  distil  led  .  .1  0.0  IDS.  Nitric  acid.  .  ,  ,  12  .7  Ibs. 


Water,  salt  .....  10.3 
Vinegar  ......  I  O.I  " 

Alcohollcommerce).  8.2 
AlcohoKproof  spirit)  9.2 
Naphtha  ......  8.5 

Sulphuric  acid  .18.5 


Muriatic  acid... U.o 
Linseed  oil....  9.4  " 

Whale  oil 9.2  »' 

Oil  of  turpentine.  8.7  v 
Petroleum....  8.8  '' 

Tar 10. 1  '• 

.-See  Fluids. 


5 
I0 
20 
60 


ttrement— index. 


^  wtv  & ^\v->Y«\  o^  Na."i\ou^  fyxiwft.—  Corn  af- 
fords 40  pounds  of  spirits  of  the  specific  grav- 
ity of  0.9427,  containing  45  per  cent,  of  abso- 
lute alcohol  for  each  100  pounds  of  grain. 
Wheat,  40  to  45  per  cent,  of  spirits;  barley, 
40;  oats,36;  rye,36to42;  buckwheat,40. 
From  the  above  figures  it  is  found  that 

each  bushel  of  corn  and  rye  yields  l.96oilUms       

of  proof  spirits;  wheat, 2. 1  gallons;  barley,l.68  M^TOftSi1 
gallons;  oats,  1. 12  gallons;  buckwheat,l.8Zgils. 
.Q^W^VJ^VONN^  O^rA  standard 
locomotive,  32-ifctons  weight, cylinders  16 
inches  diameter,  24-inch  stroke, 60-inch  dri- 
vers, will  haul  over  a  level  grade  and  shaijht 
line,  1,000  tons,  or  about  50  loaded  cars. 
The  same  locomotive  would  work  « follows: 

20- foot  grade 460  tons  or23  loaded  cars. 

40-footgrade x90     "     14     ' 

60-footgrade 205      "     10 

80-foot  grade 150     "      8 

i 004 oo t  grade 120      "      6 


I2inches=l  foot;  3feet=l  yard;  5!i  yards, 
orl6'afeet=l  rod;  40  rods  =  I  f  i^rl  on?; 
8  furlongs  =  I  mile;  3miles  =  l  league. 

Also,4  inches  =  l  hand;  3  inch es=l  palm; 
9inches=  I  span;  18  inches=l  cu-l 
inches=l  sacred  cubit;  36  inches,  o 
=  1  pa.ce;  28  i  nches,  or  2%  feet=  I  military 
pace;  33.38676  inches=  I  vara. 

Also,  48  hair's  breadths  =  I  inch;  I  digit 
=•4  inch;  4  ba.rley-coms-breadthways  =  liof 
an  inch,  or  3  barley-corns— lengthways^  I 
inch;  12  lines=  I  inch. (See  Cloth  Measure). 


LM  MILES  LAT.  MILES.  LAT.  MILES.  LAI  MILES.  LA!  MILES. 


1°  =59.99  I9°=56.73  37°  47.92  55°=34.4I  73°-|7.54 

I  =59.9620=56.3838=47.2856=33.55  74-16.54 

3  =59.92  21  -56.01 39-46.63  57=32.68  75=15.53 

4  --59.8522=55.6340=45.9658=31.80  76-14.52 

5  =59.77  23=55.23  41  -45.28  59-30.90  77=13.50 

6  =59.67  24-54.81  42--44.S9 60=30.00    " 

7  =59.5525=54.3843=43.8861-29.09  79=11.45 

8  =59.42  26=53.93  44=43.16  62-28.17  80-10.42 

9  - 59.26  27 =53.46  45^42.43  63-27.24  81=  9.39 
10=59.0928-52.9846-41.6864-26.30  82=  8.35 

I 1  =58.90  29=52.48  47  =40.32  65-25.36  83=  7.31 
12-58.69  30*51.96  48--40.I5  66-24.40  84-  6.27 
13=58.46  31  =  51.43  43  -33.36  67=23.44  85-  5.23 
14-58.27  32=50.38  50^38.57  68-22.48  86=  4.19 
15=57.96  33-50J2  Si  -37.16  69»2l.50  87--  3.14 
16-57.68  34=49.74  52=36.94  70=20  52  88-  2.09 
17=57.3835=49.1553=36.11  71-19.5399*  1.05 
18=57.06  36=48.5454-35.27  72-18.54  90-  0.00 

.WfcVmt  K\\&  'V.WL.-  To  -reduce  longi- 
tude to  time,  divide  the  degrees,  minutes, 
and  seconds  by  15;  thus,  IW  X4'53"-H5 
-8hrs.  3min.  39.5  sec. 

To  find  the  difference  of  time  between 
two  places,  divide  the  difference  in  longitwie 
by  15;  thus,  the  longitude  of  San  Francisco 


is  122°  24'  53";  that  of  New  York  is  74' 
00'  03";  the  difference  in  longitude  between 
the  two  places  is  48"  24'  50",  which, divid 
ed  by  I5,gives,  3hours,l3minutes,39)lseconds, 
for  the  difference  in  time. 

To  determine  Ion9itude  from  time. mul- 
tiply the  time  in  hours, minutes, and  sec- 
onds, bu  15;  thus.lhr.  5lmin.45sec.X  15 
=  27"  56'  15". 

.—  313  working  days  in  a 


10  hours  per  day; 

inutes  lost  in  each  dat)=£<is.6hfS.  Srn.perur 


=5"  2"  10 
=I3"0"20 
=39"  I  "  0 
BH  Lumber  Meas- 


If  the  air  inspired  in  a  lying  position  be 
taken  as  one,, then  is  the  air  inspired  in  a 
sitting  position  1. 1 8;  standing,  1.33; walking 
I  mile  per  hour,  l.9j  walking  3  milesan  hour 
3.22;  walking  6  miles  per  hour, 7.0;  swim- 
minq,  4.33 ;  -riding, 4.05.- ^.t.<bxw\\\. 
^WWfeaS'  U^rX^VOL.-  6  f«t  =  I  fathom;  120 
fathoms  =  I  cable-length;  7-^  cable-lengths  =lfflilc 

I  statute  mile  =5,280 feet;  I  nautical  mile 
=  6,035.889568feet;  I  editorial  de^ree(5ee 
Longitude.Le^lh  of  a  degree,  etc.),=60  raut' 
cal  miles.  (See  Na,utica.l  MeaLSUTe). 

The  term  V\\o\  refers  to  a  division  of  trie 
lo^  line  which  is  used  to  ascertain  a  vessel's 
motion. (See  Knots  and  Statute  Miles). 
vWoWiV^ftK^V^WtW^  ^SK\-  Ona 
and  one-eighth  barrels  of  lime,  and  %  yard 
sa-nd  will  lay  1,000  bricks. 

pne  man  will  lay  from  1,800  to 2,000 
brick  per  day. 

\\  barrels  lime,  and  I  yard  of  sand,  wilf 
lay  100  feet  of  stone. 

One  man  can  lay  1 50  feet  of  stone  per  day. 

l-i*  barrels  cement,  and%  yard  sand,  wi  II 

lay  I  00  feet  rubble  stone. 


MATERIA 


Alum  ..107.1 
Asbestos  .192. 8 


Beech ...  5  3 .2.  Mercum,solid  977.0  Steel . . .  480.7 


Gun  Metal  543.7 
Lard....    59.2 


X.(See  also  Cubic  Footl/Veijhts). 

MATERIAL.        LB5.|MATERIftl.          163 


ime,Mraulic  171. 1  Slate.Av.    175,0 
toneA  109.3  9oil,ordirar!jl24.0 


Mud.Av.  ..102.0 Tile  ...  114.4 
Nickel.... 487.9  Tin....  455. 7 
JliwOil...  57.2  TypeMetjl  653. 1 


nth. 613.9 
BrassWire.  534.0 

Bronze.. 5 1 3.4  „ - ..,. „„_ 

Coal,Canne|  77.0  Peat  377  to  810  Vine9ar.  67. 
Cobalt  ..488.1  Platinum.  1218.8  Water.feh •  62. 
Firebrick.  137.7  Plumbago..  131.0  Water.sei  64.3 
&rindstone!33.9  Port  Wine  .  6X3  Wato,DeadSa77.5 


Red  Lead.. 558.7  WhakOil..  57.7 
Rock  Crystal .  170.9  Zinc  . .  .439.0 


Subjoined  table 
of  Mean  Refractions, with  the-  argumenfappi 
rent  altitude' gives  the  correction  to  be  applied 
to  observed  altitudes  in  order  to  free  them 
from  the  effect  of  atrnosphe-ric  refraction.  Bodies  ap- 
pearing more  elevated  above  the  horizon  than  they 
are,  the  tabular  quantities  are  taken  from  obscn/edaltitu* 


0°0-34  55  3°30=I2  58 
010=32494  0=11  3911 
2 


020-3052430-104 
5  0=947 


2  0=18 
230=16 

3  0=14 


030-29   4 

04IH7  23530=9  2  14 

05145  50 

I  0-2425 

I  20=21  56  7 


-823 
6  30=1  50 


0=720 

140=19  527  30=653 
'  8  0=630 

8  30-6  8  20 
159  0=54921 


3  =4 


5  16  21 

44923 
42524 
525 
34726 
3  32  27 
3  1928 
3  129 
2  56  30 
24632 
23734 
22936 


=2  n  38  =  1  14 
=2  1540  =  1  9 
=2  945=058 
=2  350=048 
=  1  5855=040 
=  1  5360=033 
=  1  4865=027 
=  14470=021 
=  14075-0  16 
-I  3280=0  10 
-12585-0  5 
=1  19  90-fl  0 


For  adults.give  the,  full  dose;  from  14  to  20 
years  of  a.je,3s  of  full  dose;  7  to  14  years,  /a 
dosz;  4  to  7  yea.rs/6  dose;  3  years/6  dost;  2 
years,>&  dos«;  I  y  ear,  >ii  dose;  for  babes;  un- 


der I  year,  the  dose  should  go  down  bjmnUi 
a.t  the  SLTM-  rate  a.s  by  years,for  those  over 
a  year. 

Atsenic,  Fowler's  Solution  of.  2  to  10  drops. 

Aconite.  Extract  of. ..-%  to  A  gram 

Aconite, Tincture  of I  to  Sdrops 

Aloes, Purified I  to  5 grains 

Aloes,  Pills  of I  to  4  pills. 

Asafoetida,  Mixture  of  .-'i  to  2  tablespoonfuls 
Asafoetida,  Tincture  of . . .^  to  2  teaspoonfuls 

Belladonna, Extract  of 4  to  I  grain 

Belladonna,  Fluid  Extract  of ....  I  to  5  drops. 

Belladonna., Tincture  of 5  to  30  drops 

Bromide  of  Ammonia 5to209rains. 

Bromide  of  Potassium 5  to  20grains. 

Bromide  of  Sodium 5to20grain& 

Cal  i  bar  Bean,  Extract  of ^itol  Grain 

Calomel %  to  10  qrai ns. 

Camphor,  Spirits  of 5  to  15  drops 

Camphor  Water I  to  4  teaspoonfuls 

Capsicum,Tincture  of 10  to  20  drops. 

Castor  Oil fc  to  2  tablespoonful 

Chloral,  Hudrate  of 5  to  30  grains. 

Cinchona,  Sulphate  of 5  to30grains. 

Cinchona,  Compound  Tincture  of.  I  to4  teaspoonfals 

Cod  Liver  Oil ^tol  tablespoonful 

Copperr,  Sulphate  of ^eto^a  arain 

Ccrrrosive  Sublimate %o  to  /o  grain 

Cream  of  Tartar 5  to  60  grai  ns 

uroton  Oil f  to  2  drops 

DigitaJis, Extract  of H  to2  grains 

Digital  is,  Tincture  of 5  to  60  drops 

Dover's  Powder ..5  to  10  grains 

Epsom  Salts %  to  2  tablespoonfuls 

G-entian, Extract  of I  to  5  grains. 

Hydrochloric  Acid,  dilute I  to  5  drops 

Iodine, Compound  Tincture  of. . .  2  to  5  drops 

Iodide  of  Potassium 5  to 30 grains 

Ipicacuanha, Fluid  Extract  of  ..2  to 30  drops 
Ipicacuati ha,  Syrup  of.  .1  to  4  teaspoonfuls 

Iron,  Pyrophosphate  of 2  to  5  grains 

Iron,  Tincture  of  the  Chloride  of. 2  to  30  drops 

Lactic  Acid , 1 5  to  30  dro ps 

La.udan  um 1 5  to  40  drops 

Lead, Sugar  of ^  to  5  grains 

May  Apple, Extract  of 3 -to  8  grains 

Muriatic  Acid,  dilute 5  to  10  drops 

Morphine » %  to  %  grai ns 

Magnesia,Sulphate  of.*l  to  2  tablespoonfuls 

Mustard,Ground I  to  2  teaspoonfuls 

Nitre,  Sweet  Spirit?  o/ H  to  I  teaspoonful 

Nux  Vomica, Tincture  of 10  to  25  drops 

Opium,  Extract  of ...-H  to  2  grains 

Opium,  Tincture  of 15  to  40  drops 

Paregoric -i  to  2  tablespoonfuls 

Potassium, Bicarbonate  of. .  ..5  to  20  grams 

Potassium, Bromide  of. 5  to 20  brains 

Potassium.;  Chlorate  of. ..5  to 20  grains 

Potassium,  Iodide  oi. . . .  ,..5  to 30 prains 

Pe  psin 5  to  1 0  g  ra  i  ns 

Quinine 2.  to  1 0  grains 

Senna, Fluid  Extract  of.... I  tablespoonful 

Soda,  Bicarbonate  of «5  to 20 grains 

Squill,Syrup  of.. »  to1  teaspoonfuf- 

Strychnia,Su)phateof. ..  4it<Ma  of  a  arain 
Turpentine,  Spirits  or  Oil  of.  ...5  to  10  drops 
Zinc,0xide  of. &  to  5  grains 


The  ra>ik  In  welodu  of  s'mging  birds  is  as 
follows:    The  nightingale,  linnet  titlark, 
skularMnd  woodlark.  The  mockingbird «- 
eels  in  imitative  powers,  and  in  variety    o  1 
tones,  the  robin  and  goldfinch. 
*Efc  Ksifii  VSWJN&^&Wrt  W.-The  aver 
age  weight  of  20,000  men  and  women,  weigh- 
ed at  Boston,Mass.,was-meti,l4Mlbs.; wo- 
men, H4^ilbs. 

A  crowd  of  people  closely  packed  exerts  a 
pressure  of  about   85  Ibs.  per  square  foot. 

THe  average  weight  of  a  man  is  I40^lbs. 

The  average  weight  of  a  strong  cart  horse 
is  l4  cwt.,  and  of  a  cavalry  horse,  1 1  cwt.;  a 
cow,  6'5  toScwt.-,  an  ox,l  to9cwt.-,a  pig, 
I  to  2  cwt.;  and  a  sheep,  %  to  \%  cwt. 
K^K\S,K\.VOH=>  W.-(See  also  Composi- 
tions, Proportions  of,  and  Coins,FinenessofJ 

Bath  Metal  is  composed  of  copper  and  tin. 

Bronze- tin  and  copper. 

Cannon  Metal=tin  and  copper. 
Dutch  Gold=  copper  and  zinc. 
Mosaic  Oold= copper  and  zinc. 
Old  standard  G-old=gold,co.j>peT,  silver. 
Pewter=tin  and  lead. 
Sheet  Metal=  lead  and  a  little  arsenic. 

Solder=tin  and  lead. 

Standard  G-old=9old  and  copper. 

Standard  Silver=  silver  and  copper. 

Tupe  Metal=lead  and  antimony. 

White  Copper=  copper  and  arsenic. 
fvrW<\£>,SVtVK\\M^  XNV^Wb  OV.-I/  Bar 
Iron  betaken  as  1 00, then  Cast  Iron  is  95; 
Steel, I02;  Copper,!  16;  Brass, 1 09;  Lead, I48. 

If  Cast  Iron  be  lOO.then  Bar  Iron  is  101; 
Steel,  1 08;  Brass,!  16;  Copper, 1 21;  Lead,  1 5 6. 

If  Brass  be  I00,then  Bar  Iron  is  92;  Cast 
Iron  86;  Steel,  93;  Copper,l05;  Lead",  135. 

If  Copper  be  100,  then  Bar  Iron  is  87;  Cast 
Iron,  82;  Steel,  88;  Brass,93;  Lead",  128. 

If  Lead  be  IOQ,then  Bar  Iron  is  68;  Cast  I- 
iu»      ron,  64;  Steel,  69;  Brass  14;  Copper, 7 8. 
ops.  N£.-\K\S,WLVK\\VL  VONNWb  0V  T&WI* 
v    _v  <-  tl -v .- •  _•  v        ,  r     Heat  conductors). 


Silver  is  the  best  conductor  of  electricity, 
then  copper,  gold, zinc,  iron,  tin,  lead,stn 
ti7nony,atid  bismuth,  in  the  order  as 

Kim^WLVKVvNi'L  MKVNi^S.- While, 
the  value  of  any  one  metal  cannot  be  -re 
girded  as  constant,  it  has  an  average  val- 
ue; and  many  of  the  more  rare  metals  do 
not  exist  in  large  quantities,  yet,  in  order 
to  compare  the  valu*s,they  are  considered 
as  existinp-in  at  feast  one  pwnd (.Avoirdu- 
pois) quantities.  In  the  subjoined  list  the- 
prices  are  the  average  per  pound. 

METAL.  PRICE.  METAL.      PR.ICE.  METAL.    PRICE. 


Galliumf48,000.00  Niobine*2,300.00 


lver*l6.00 
Cobalt  16.00 

3,070.00  Pilkdiuml,400.00  Sodium  8-00 
7,200.00  Osmium  1,300.00  Nickel  5.00 
,  4.00 

5,400.00  Uraiiiuni  900.00  AlummiuniS.OO 


4,500.00  Titanium  689.00  Bismuth  2.50 


Vanadiaw.l  0,000.00  Ba 

Rubidium 

Zirconium. 

IHhiun..  7,000.00 

GluciiiW. 

Calcium.. 

Strontium.  4,20  0.00  Chnmiiifln  500.00  Me 

Terbiu 

Vitrium 

Erbium..  3,400.00 

Ceriurn..  3,400.00  Platinum  150.00  Ant 

Diduwiiwi3,200.00 

Indium  .  .3,200.00 

Ruthenium2,400.00  Maanes 

RHodium..  2,300.00  Potassi 


4,080.00  G-old...  330.00  A 


hallium  215.00  Coppe 


urostem  1  15.00 
ium  64.00 
ium  64.00 


rturu  .95 

rsenic  .50 

n  ...  .25 
.25 

imonu  .16 

Zinc.  .  .  .11 

Lead.  .  .  .08 

Iron  .  .  .Oli 


Diamond.*50  to*!50  E-merald 
Sapphire..  100  »  150  Opal 
RubQricnlal  ,  ...  !  00 


15    "  40 

Chrvsoberyf  15    "  '50 


metric  system  is 
so  called  as  beina  based  on  the  measiuetnen 
of  the  eaith.  The  metre,  its  fundamental  weasuis 
is  the  ten-millionth  part  of  a.  meridian  I  itie 
drawn  from  the  pole  to  the  equator,  and  is 
39.37079  English  inches.  The  100th  ofametr 
is  the  ^vwXxwtXxe,.  The 


centimetre  of  distilled  water  at  the  tempe 
ature  of  ttmiTrtum  density  (39.2  Fj,  being 
I5.43S  English  grains,  or  .00^2054  fb.  av 
pirdupois.  All  the  multiples  and  subdivis 
ions  of  Wie  current  coins,  as  well  as  of  ev 
cry  measure  and  weight,  a-re  decimal.  This 
system  was  fitsf  adopted  bu  France  in  I799. 


LINEAR    MEASURE,. 

Metre •     3. 2808992  fW 

DecamelT&UO metres)...  =  32.808992.  fee 
HectometredOOmeteT?) .  =  323.08992  feet 
Ki  I  onietreU.OOOmttres) .  =  1 093.633  yards. 
MyriametreliOjOOO  metres) 
Oecimetre(.lmetre)... 
Centimetrel.Olwetre). . 
Millimetre(.OOImetre) 


6.2138  mites 

3.937079  inches 

0.39371  inch 

0.03937  incl 


SUPERFICIAL  MEASURE, 
ArellOOsq. metres)....  =  119.60113    sq.  gd. 
Hectare(IO,OOOsq.metTe5)=     X.47II43  acres 
Centiare(  I  sq.  metre) ...  =      1. 196033  sq.  ijd 

MEASURE  OF  CAPAfjTY. 
Litre(  I  cubic  decimetre)  =      1 .760773  pints 
Oe'calitrel  10  litres).  .:...=     2.200966P  gals 
HectolitrellOO litres)....  =   22.009668  gals 
Kilolitie(l,000 litres)...  =  210.09668    ^als 

De'cilitrel.l  litre) =      0.11601    pint 

Centilitrel.OI  litre) -      0.017607  pint 

SOLID    MEASURE. 

Stere  ( I  cubic  metre) . .  =      1.31  cubic  yard 

Oe'casterel  1 0  sttres)=  13  cu.uds.,5, feet,  21  inches. 

D&istereU  stere)=  3  cu.ft.,918.7  cubic, inches. 

WEIG-HTS. 

G-ramme =1-5.432.349  grs.  troy 

OecagrameUOgra-msr..  =  5.6438  drm. avoir. 
HectogrammeUOOgramines)3.521  oz.  avoir 
Kilogramme(l,000gr.)=  2.204621  Ib.  avoir. 
Quintal  -metriqut(lOOkiliK.)=220.461l  lb,avoit 
Millier,  w  tonneau{IIIOOkilos.)r2204.62 1  I  b.  avpit 
De'cigra-wmel.l  gramme)  =  1.5432  (jrair 
Centigramme(.OIgTanrme)=  0.15432  gra'i: 
Milligrarrrme(.OOIgTamme)=  0.015432  grain 


A  eas  ures. 

To  convert  grammes  into  avoirdupois  oun 
ces,  multiply  by  .0352;  kilogramTnes  into 
avoirdupois  IDS,,  multiply  by  2.2046;  litres 
into  gallons,  multiply  by  /W02  ;  litres  into 
pints,  multiply  by  I.162  ;  millinietresirifs 
inches,  multiplu  by  25.4;  metres  into  yante, 
multiply  by  10  and  divide  by  64. 


tvCW  o^.— An  Enalish  mile 
=  5180 feet:  ati  admiralty  kriot=608flfeet 
a  kilomet«r=328l  feet.  An  English  mile  is, 
there  fore  =  0.87  knot  =  1.609  kilometre.  Or 
I  knoi  =  U5mile=l.85kilemetre.  Or  I  kilo 
metre=0.54  knot  =0.621  English  mile.  I  me 
tre  =  39.37  inches;  I  square  mile=259  hec 
tares;  I  square  metre  =  l550  square  Inch- 
es=  10.76  square  feet;  10 square  feet=0.929 
squire  metre;  Icubic  metre  =  l.308  cubic 
uards=35.3  cubic  feet;  Icubic  yard=165 
litre?;  Icubic  foot  =  28.3  litres;  I  litre=6l 
cubic  inches;  lOcubic  inches  =  0.l639  li- 
tres; I  Hectolitre  =  2. 84  bushels  =  35.2  II 
tnes;  1  tonneau.  -c« millier=.  984  English 
t on  (of  22.40 il bs.);  I  English  ton  =  I.OI6  ton- 
nea.u  w  mi  I  Her. 

NV\-^.,^W?KV\\<bCj\^  0V  .-English  statute  mile 
Fsll60  yards;  Roman,l628;Tuscan,l808;&er- 
mar,  short,  6859- long,IO  116;  h-isn,2240:Dan- 
ish,8214;  Swiss, 9153;  Swedish,  11,100. 


67 


WEIGHTS  <€ 
.MEASURES 


Cow. 
Ass.. 
Goal. 

Ewe  . 


Watpr 
89.3 
.  86.0 
.90.9 
86.8 
85.6 


. 

Gaseine, 
2.5       34 

4.0  7.2 

1.1  1.9 
3.3      4.0 
4.7      4  !* 


Supar  Total 
48     100 

2.8  100 
6.1      100 

5.9  100 
5-7 


•  00 
The 

time  required  for  thr  iu,ll  amount    of 
cream  to  rise   to  the  surface  o'  new'  mill 
at  different  temperatures  may  bf  see" 
from  the  followina  table. 
10  to  12  hours  with'tertiperaiurf  o'  a."  77°  F 

I8to20     '» '    68r" 

24  "        ••          "          "     55°" 

36  "        ' 50°" 

I  9alio"  of  milk  weighs  10  Ibs.  4  ozs.-, 
beiny  hgavifr  than  water  in  the  propo 
tion  ol  103  to  100.  The  best  temperate 
at  which  to  churn  tmw  is  />orn5b°to 

produce  scarcely  any  cream, even  in  the 
space  o>  a  month,  if  it  is  kept  at33°tp38°. 
Milk  turns  sour  by  the  fermentation  of 
the  supar,  and  its  transformation  in<o  lac- 
tic acid,  thus  causino  the  milk  toru>dle; 
vine£ar  or  rennet  will  produce  the  same 
effect.  B-ood  cream  will  produce  a  bout  '<4 
of  its  weipht  of  butter^  cheese  made  from 
9ood  milk  contains  nearly  33  per  cerit.  o' 
water;  that  from  skim-milk  60  percent. 


at  close  of  this  list. 


See  Hardness  of  Minerals. 


FATHER. 
WhifJT 
White 
White 

White 
White 
Nea.ro 
White 

Mulatto 


MOTHER.   MALE-OFFSPRINB-FEM. 
Ne^ro        Mulatto      Mulatta 
MulaUa      Cuarteron    Cu-ltterona 
Cu-a.TtetonaQu.mkTO 
Quintera  White 
Indian      Mest'i20 
Zambo 


Indian 
Chinese 
Chinese 
Chinese 


White 
Mestiza, 
Zambu 
Chino-blarico 
Zarnbo-chmo 
Chino 


\\i\cCvN\  o\  \\\  VwX.- 

Asinelli  Tower,  Italy  , 311  feet. 

Babel,Tower  of 680  " 

Balbec 500  " 

Balus  of  Notre  Dame,  Paris 2l6  " 

Barlholdi  Statue,  New  York 329  " 

Belfry  Tower,BTiu)£s,Bel9ium....  290  " 

Bunker  Hill  Monument 221  " 

Capitol,  Washin9ton 287  " 

Cathedral,  St. Petersbut9 363  " 

Cathedral,  Escurial 200  " 

Cathedral,  St.PalricVs,Nfw  York  ..  328  " 

Cathedral,  Norwich, En9 land. ...  315  " 

Cathedra  I,  Florence 384  " 

Cathedral,Salisbury, England  ...404  " 

Cathedral,  Cronoma 392  " 

Cathedral,  Bremen, &er. 324  »i 

Cached  ral,  Slraeburo 468  " 

Cat  hf d  r-a  I,  Arnie  TIB,  Fr.. . . , 422  '  •> 

Cathed-ral'  An*  we  rp  '.'/.I,,',','.'.'.',  4?6  " 

Caihedral, Rouen 482  ^ 


Cathedral,  Mi  Ian  .    .  .  .....    . 

CaHiedtaJ,  Mexico  ..... 

Chlciqo  Board  of  Trade 
Chicago  Water  Tower.  ____ 


Chimne^Musprafs,  Liverpool  . 
City  Han,  Philadelphia,  ....... 

Cleopatra's  Needle,  NewVork. 
Eiffel  Tower,  Paris 
C-iraida  Tower,Spain 
Grace  Church,  NevA,  York  ..... 

High  Brid9e,  New  York  .....  ,. 

Hotel  des  Invalides,  Paris  ...,, 
Hotel  de  Ville,  Brussels  .....   , 

Leanin9  Tower,  Pisa  ........  , 

Lincoln  Cathedral,  England 
Masonic  Temple,  Philadelphia 
M  on  utnent,  London  .......  , 

Notre  Oame  Church,  Antwerp. 
Pantheon,  Paris 
Powpey's  Pi  I  lar,  [gupt 
Porcelain  Tower,  CH'ma 
Purarnid  o(  Cheops,  E  9  ypl,  s,,  . 
Pyramid  ol  kiri^  Shafra  ...>. 


yram     oakara  ,  ».,, 
St.  John's,  New  Y0rk  .....  ..... 

St.  Mark's,  Venice  .........  ... 

St.MarHri;s,  La-ndshut,G-er.  .  - 

St.Maty's.Lubec 

St.Paul's,NewYork 

St.  Paul's,  Ion  don  ......  «, 

St.Peber's,  Rome 
St.  Steven's,  Vienna 
Tora720  Tower,  Italy 
Trinity  Church,  New  York 
Wat  km  5  Jo  wet,  London  ...... 

Wasninqton  Monument 


-  438leet 
280  '1 
303  '•> 
H5  '• 

.  455  " 

.  406  " 

-535  " 

.  68  •" 

984  " 

350  '• 

.216  " 

.H6  " 

344  " 

-364  " 

,188  " 

300  " 

-  230  " 
.240  " 
.  442  «' 

258  '•> 

!  14  " 

200  " 

.  520  '* 

.  447  " 

356  " 

210  " 

.328  " 

463  " 

404  " 

200  " 

366  >•* 

457  " 

465  " 

396  " 

286  '» 

1  1  34-  " 

555  »» 


There  must 

be  at  least  32  vibrations  or  waves  in  one 
second  of  time,  to  produce  a  musical  tone. 
It  is  the  lowest  musical  sound  recopnia-ed, 
and  is  denoted  by  the  letter  C;  the  length 
o\  the  atmospheric  wave  of  this  letter  is 
35  feet, and  is  the  Ien9th  of  an  or^an  pipe 
prpducin9  this  sound.  Nine  octaves  above 
thisl  highest  sound  on  any  musical  instru- 
ment) is  accomplished  through  a  pipe 
U  of  an  inch  in  kngth. 

|r,  the  1st  or  lowest  octave.  C  vibral?s32 
times  per  second-,  D  36,  E  40,  F  42*  ,048, 

'  .-C64,D72,E80,  F  85, G- 
10. 

I. -C  128,0  144,  E  160,  F 
A  2iO,B240. 

^A~420,  B480. 


_ 

,A  840,  B  960. 

ye.-  C  1024,  D  1152,  EI280,  F 

,A  1680,61920. 

-C2048,  D  2304,  E  2560, 
12,  A  3360,8  3840. 
_.-C4096,  D4608,  E5I20 
6144,  A  6720,  B7680. 

D92l6,ElO,24a 


^vr,  u^a.-,  , 

F  10,880,  G  12,288,  A  13,440,  B  15,360. 


To  case  and  han?  one  door,  I  Ib. 
To  case  and  hang  one  window,^  Ib. 
Base,  100  lineal  feet,  I  Ib. 
To  put  onrafters,,ioisls,etc.,3lh.  to  I  ODD  ft. 
To  put  H-p  studdiiia,3  Ib.to  1000  feet. 
TO  lau  a  6-inch  pine  floor,  15  Ib. tolOOOfeet. 


NftllS.          Siie.  No.perlb.|T<\CK5. 


6pfnni,,ffrice.2inch.80 


8 
10  • 

12  • 
3  ' 
3  • 


l>,"  300 

2'"  160 
2*"  128 

».g 

RO 
44 
32 
24 
18 
14 
12 
10 


3  « 
3^i" 
3V' 

4  ,. 

4V' 

5  » 
5V' 
6 


.     No.pytl 


I      OZ.    3  IICl 

l>4    "      H     •' 


nch.  16,00 
I0,66e 
8,00 
6,40 
5,33 
4,00 
2,66 
2,00 
l,60( 
1,33 
1,14 
1,00 
88{ 
80( 
72 
66 


The  term  ^evwx^as  applied  to  nails 
is  9enera.lly  su-pposed  to  have  been  de 
rived  from  <^OW(\&.  It  or^inally  mean 
so  -many  pounds  to  the  thousand,  i.e. 
6  penriy  nieant  six  pounds  of  nails  k 
the  thou-sand.  The  thousand  was  ai 
wa^is  understood,  and  si*  pound,  er^ht 
pound,  etc.,  were  9radually  shortened 
until  the  present  term  penny  has 
tirely  taken  the  place  of  pound. 

~ 


Sa.nd,dru,38°—  wei,  22°:  Earth, 
table,  28°;  Earth,  compart,  50°  -,  R 
45°;  Clau,d-ried,4-5°-wet,  16°. 


GTavel,avera9e,40 
Earth,  veae 
Rubble 


..-20  leagues 
de9ree ;  360°=  Earth's  circumference 
51  feet  =  I  knot  for  half-minute  9lass 
es;  45feet  =  l  knot  for  28-second  alass 
es.  I  See  also  Mariners'1,  and  Circular  Meas 
ure). 


^"x^\\\  V\\Y\O^>  o*>  \o\>A.w\i.— Havana, 2 %; 
Fi-ench,  6%^  Virqinia,l%j  9 
ian,  upward  of  770. 


Glowworm  74 
Snail  .....  76 


Shark..  ..77 
Ouster...  82 
Serpent  ..88 
Man  .....  98 
Horse....9S? 


Elephant.  99i  Monkey.. 
Porpose  .100  Sheep... 


Cat 
Ox 
Elk 


Hog I05 

Jackdaw.  1 07 
,102  Sparrow. 1 08 
.102  Pi9eon..lO& 
,103  Chicken.lll 
i^v  7  00^.-  Ac- 
cording to  Frankland  an  ayeraoe  mar 
confining  himself  to  one  article  of  food 
would  require, to  barely  maintain  life 
from  day  to  day,  5.068  Ibs.  of  potatoes; 
1.156  Ibs.  of  Cheshire  cheese;  1.335  lbs.of 
pea-meal;  1.541  Ibs.  of  arourd rice-, 2.345 
Ibs.  of  bread;  3.532  Ibs.  of  lean  beef 5 4.3 
1bs.  of  lean  veal-,  6.369  Ibs.  of  whitin<)-,8.75 
Ibs.  of  white  of  699$  9.865  Ibs.  of  carrots; 
12.02  Ibs.  of  cabba9e;  6|  bottler,  of  stout. 
It  has  been  ascertained  by  experi- 
ment, that  an  ordinary  diet  should 
contain  one  part  of  nitrogenous  mat- 
ter (  proteids=  composed  of  carbon, hydm 
0en, ovy^en,and  nitrogen),  to  abou*  4 
parts  o(  non-nitro<jenou5  diet  (fat,  etc.). 
(See  Food, Constituents, etc., of.). 


Clover  hiy 

Hemp  seed 19 

Indian  corn 7 

Linseed 17, 

Meadow  hay 3? 

Oat  straw 4 


Bitter  Al-mcmd 55    

leu 2iRapeseed 55 


et  Almond.-.- 47 

Turnip  seed 45 

White  mustard  . .  .37 

Wheat  bran 4 

Wheat-straw 3 

Wheat  flour 3 

>. —As  an  avera9e  \  pound 
or  paint  should  be  allowed  per  square 
yard  for  the  first  coat,  and  about  %  Ib. 
for  each  additional  coat.  One  pound  of 
stopping  should  be  allowed  for  every  20 
square  yards. 

Prlminc;  consists  of  while  l^ad  and 
linseed  oil.  Knotting  consists  of  ted  lead 
and  size.  Putty  consists  of  Spanish  whit- 
ing and  linseed  o'l. 
KV%.%  ^0\i\\TS.-  24  sheets  =  I  q  u  i  re; 
H3;iquires  =  l  token}  20  quires  =  I  Team 
"  reams  =  I  bund le;  5bundles=l  bale. 


PRINTING   PAPER. 
Flat  Letter..  ..10x16  ExtraSize Folio.  .19*23 
Law  Blank..  ..13*16  Medium -Wt.<tPr..l9x24 

Small  Cap 13x16  Royal  -Printing..  20  *24 

Flat  Cap I4v|7  Medium -Printinfl.20x25 

Crown 15x19  Double  Cap 17x28 

Dewy 16x21  SUD  Royal-writ... 20x28 

Folio  Post  ..  ..17x22  Card  Board 22x28 

Check  Folio.  ..I7«24  Sup. Royal-Print.. 22x28 
Mediurn-Writing .  18x23  Imperial-Writ... 22 

Medium 18x24  Imperial-Print. ..22x32 

Of  the  different  siies  there  are  also  sev 
e-ral  different  weights  of  each  si2e,as  Fo- 
lio 16,  18,  24,  etc., pounds  per  ream. 

BOOK  AND  NEWSPAPER. 
This  can  now  be  obtained  in  any  sue 
called  for,  as  modern  facilities  for  the 
manufacture  of  piper  enable  the  manu- 
facturer to  (ill  almost  any  o^der  on  a 
short  notice. 


cfk  ^YV^ "tAit.- The  T*,9LE  enables  printers 
to  ascertain  the  Number  of  Forms  for  a 
Book  o*  my  She,  and  the  Quantity  of 
Paper  necessary  to  print  a  thousand  cop 
ics  in  any  form,  from  Octavo  to  36™o 

reams  will  be  required  for.  a  I2mo  Book 
containing  3l2pa9es?  Find  the  number 
of  pages(.3l2)  in  the  1 2nio  column- HI  the 
outer  column  0"  the  left  of  the  table  the 
number  of  forms  is  seen (26),  and  m  the 
outer  ro'wnin  on  the  right, the  quantity 
of  paper  required  is  given(28Teims  I2qrs.). 

AMOUNT    OF 


Latitude  00°  00'  00" 39.0152  inche 

Latitude  45°  00  00".  ..  39.U70     " 

Washing 38°  53'  23' 39.0958 

NewYork40°  42    40* 39.1017 

London    51°  31'  00. ....39. 1393 

Stockholm  59°  }!'  30.....  39. 1845 


I  bu.  cement  andlit 
I  o/sand  will  cover  I 
I  bu.c 


iiS<l.yd.  2isq.nd 
3     -      4* 
44  «»      6h 
6    "      9 


I  bu. cement  and  )Ai  <• 

3ofsandwiiicoverf  1 
I  cubic  yard  of  lime,  I  yards) 75sq.yd.on brick 

of  sand, and  3  bu.of  hair  pO      "     earth 
n'll  cover )60      »"     laths. 


a.\\\\«, 


5   inches  = 
6 

7 
8 
9 
10 
II 
12 
14 
16 
18 


AND.  WIDTH  or  FURROW.   LAND. 


1.2 
1.4 


..-  The  units  o. 

\i'-=-vo.'*w.»  9  •  -u  V\*A€,,  are  respectively    i 
pound,  I  foot,  and  I  rninute. 

VKfrw  <?O\N«.-»  .-One  man's  power  = . 09 09 
horse  power=  3,000  units  of  work=3,000 
pounds,  raised  vertically  I  foot  !n  I  min 
ute,or  its  equivalent. 

NXoTbe^ovNex-One  horse  power  =  IJ 
men's  power  =  33,000  units  of  work 
33,000  pounds  raised  vertically  i  foot  in 
I  -minuto,.  or  its  equivalent. 

a \HCi.-A  power  of  250tons 

to  >litl   a    vessel   we\ali\na 


3,000  tons  over  greased  slides  on  a  mar 
railway;  when  in  motion,  150  tons  on 
is  required. 


30  in.  mercury 
I  in.  mercury 
lfootair...3f 


70.73 
0.0807 


0.49U 

0.0006. 

I  pound  to  the  sq.in.=X.3H.wateT-2in.meT.O.O 
'VAWWa"  ^.^A.-An  em  is  tha.t  po 
tion  of  a  line  of  print  which  wilKon 
•i  square;  so  named  formerly  when 
was  a  square  type.  It  is  used  as  a  un 
to  measure  printed  matter,  compositi 
being  measured  by  the  number  of  tho 
and  ems 


APE.  Beate per  minntEJAe-E.  Beats  per  mirm 
At  birth. . ..130 to  140  4  to7years. ..85 to  9 
One  month.  .120  "125  7  "14  »»  :::80"9 
One  uear.. .115  "120  14^21  "  ...75  "8 
Two  years. .100  "11521  "60  »  . ..70 "7 
Three  years.  95  "IQOlOld  age  ....60"6 

While  the  above  are  the  averave^heTB 
are  many  instances  of  very  low  pulse 
rangina  from  25  beats  per  minute  ( 
40  and  59. 

In  certain  diseases, such  as  acu/te  drop 
sy  of  the  brain,  there  may  be  from  I5( 
to 200  beats  per  minute. 

In  women  the  pulse  beats  arc mw 
rtiore  rapid  than  in  nren. 
K^\W\OH.-Larnp black  has  the  highes 
emissive  or  radiating  power  known;  the 
surfaces  of  paper,  and  other  sirnilar  loos 
material  are  next  in  order.  Polished -metate 
are  the  poorest  radiators. 
m\.^0fc&  W^XWXS.-vVhen  it  "S  not  conve 
nient  to  weigh  the  articles  piven  in  the  S 
joined  table,  they  are  billed  at  the  weights  t 


Ale.Beet.  ,320lb.petbbt 
"    "  .    170    "  i" 


•'    '»   ..100    "  ^ 
Apples,dtie<l    24   ••    bi 


350lb.perbb 
HuruO.S«ed  45   "   bu. 
Lime....  200    "   bb 
buvMalt....   38   »»  bu 
Millet...    45    " 


Barley...   48 

Beansjwhite  60 
14   castor  46   "     " 

Beef 320 

8ran  ....   20 

Brooms . .   40 

Buckwheat   52 

Cider....  350 

Charcoal..   32 

Clover  seed   60 

Corn....   56 
"  ineart   70    " 
"  Meal.    48   " 
••     ••  .220    »»   bbl. 

Eggs. ...200    "     « 

Fish  ....300    "     " 

Flax  Seed      56    "  bu. 

Flour.. ..200    "   bbl. 

Hemp  Seed.   44    "   bu. 


bbl  Nails. 


bu.  Oats 


32  "   bu 

Oil 430 

Ornons . .    57 
bbl  Peaches,dr'd  33 


bu.  Pork....  320 
doz.  Putatoes .    150 


"   sweet  55 


Rye 56 

SaMin*.    56  ' 

"  . 300  • 

coarse  350  ' 

Insacks200  « 

TimothySwd    45  » 

Turnips..    56  •' 

Vinegar..  350  "   bbL 

Wheat...    60  "    bu, 
Whisky..  350 
)nevo\vwei«htis20(WII)s. 


bu. 


Italian  Hemp  Rope  is  the  standard  of  compari- 
son and  is  taken  AS  I .  Ail  ire  hawser  Hid  e 
cept  hide  ropes. 

ROPES 


Italian  Hemp. 

Baltic :. 

Manilla 

Flar 

Coir  Hair... 
Green  Hides. 
IronWne  . 
St 


0.7  to  0.9  0.8  to  0.9 


0.9- 
0.9 


0.75 
low 
low 

high 
high 
hig 


0.43 
I 
4 


0.24 


^[MEASURES     v>^.  $% 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 
FEET.    INCHES.                  FEET.    INCHES 

NAMES  OF  FISH.  *  "  2  §  !    1  i 

Char  0  0  P  1 

PI 

A  Digit      =  -0      . 
A  Palm     =03 
A  Span     =010 
A  Cubit    =     1     9 
LONG  SCRlF 

A  Cubit.  . 

912  A  Fathom  =    7    3.552 
648  Ezekiel'sReed=   10  11.328 
944  Iflrabian  Pole  =   14    7.104 
888lMeas'gLine=l45  11.04 
TURE  MEASURES. 
MILES.  PACES.    FEET. 
-    ft         n     i  soa. 

Chub  DO  

PPPOO 

q                               -s|» 

Coal  fishoiSiitne.  P  P  P  1    (   .... 
Cockel  P  P  P  P  ....  0 
Cod  P  P  P  P  ....  0 
Conger  OOPPPP 
Crab  OOOOPPP 

1   0  P  P  P 
1    PPO.. 
P  ..  0  0  0 
P  0  

p  p  p  p   p 

The  following  table  s 
heeling  powers  o*  pol 
metals  named,  the  an 
45°. 
Silver  0.97 
Gold                      0  95 

iows  the  relative  re- 
shed  surfaces  of  the 
jlc  of  incidence  beincj 

Steel  0.82 
Zinc  0.8I 
-con  0-7T 
Cast  Iron  0.74 

H  varies  with  the  me- 
f-rom  air  into  water, 
is  $$;  from  air  into 
eciprocals  of  these 
he  indices  of  refrac- 
=s  in  the  oppisite  di- 
ater   into   IIT  it  15  ^, 
Lir2/i.  The  tiblegives 
n  when  lijht  passes 
any  of  the  substances 
refraction  for  any  two 
und  by  dividiri9  the, 
i  by  that  of  the  other. 
Crown  glass  ...1  .534 
Quark  crystal.  1.548 
Oil  of  cassia.  ..1.641 
Bisulphide  of  carbonl.  768 
Flint  9lass  1.830 
Diamond   2  439 

Crayfish,  sea  ...  0  0  0  0  P  P  1 
Dab  P  P  P  P  0  ..  .. 
Dace  P  P  
Dory  OPPPPPP 
Eel                        P  P  P  P  P  0  0 

A  Stadium  <n  Furlong..  =     0       145     4.6 
A  Sabbath  Day's  Journey  .  =     0       729     3 
An  Eastern  Mile  =     1       403      1 
A  Parasang  =    4       1  53     3 
A  Daw's  Journey  =  33       172     4 

JEWISH  VONEY. 
Dollars.     Cents 
A  &erah  0      2  .5 

Brass  0.93 
Platinum  0.83 

The  index  of  refractio 
dia.  thus,  ii9ht  passing 
the  inde»  o'  refractior 
9  lass,  about  3/2.The  r 
numbers  will  give  t 
tion  when  ligHt  pass 
rection;  thus,  from  v\ 
and  from  glass  into 
the  indices  of  retractio 
from  a  vacuum  into 
named.  The  inde*  of 
substances  may  be  fo 
absolute  inde*  of  on 
Vacuum  1.00000 
Air  1.00029 

Flounder  0  P  P  P  ....  P 
G-rayl  1119  0  0  ( 

Gudgeon   .    .  .      00  

p  p  p  p  p 

Gurnard,  red  ....  P  P  0  
Gurnard,  grey  ...0  P  P  P  
Haddock  P  P  0  0  ....  0 
Hake  P  OOP 
Halibut  PPPOO.... 
Herring  0  0  0   P  P  P  P 

A  Bckah  
A  Snekei    .  .   . 

0    25.09 
0    50.187 

A  Maneh   (n  Mina  . 
A  Talent 

25       9.35 
ISP'S     62.5 

A  Solidus  Aureus  <n  Sextula              2     64.09 
A  SiclasAureusaxMilSheke  .              83. 
A  Talent  ot  &oid  24J09       0. 
JEWISH  WEIGHTS. 

The  Gerahtf.  Shekel  )...=      fl'  T    T    12 
The  Bekahti  Shekel)...  =       0050 
The  Shekel..     .                   0       0     10      0 

Lamper-n  P  P  

Mullet,red  0  P  P  P  P 
Mullet.grey  0  OOP 
MUssel  PPPO  

The  Maneh  (60  Shekels)  .  =      2600 
The  Talent                   -  125      0      0      0 

Oyster  P  P  P  P  

Carbonic  acid.  .1.00045 
Ice  1.309 
Water  1.336 
Alcohol  1.374 
Al*m  1.457 

PLACE.      MEASURE.  YARDS. 

peTCH  p    

LIQUI'D  MEASURE. 

&als.     Pints. 
A  Caph                                        n      (\  (\T\ 

Periwinkle  PPPPPPP 
Pike  p  p*.     0 

Pilchard   ....                      '  P 

Chrontateof  lead..2.974 
^,\\V  "SKWb.- 
PLACE.      MEASURE.  YARDS. 

A  Lo9  
A  Cab  . 

0      0.833 
0      3.333 

Plaice  .  .              P  P  P  P  0  ..  0 

Pollack..             PPO  0 

A  Hin  

1       2. 

Prawn.     .  .         ,  .  P  P  P  P  P  P 

Arabia    Mile        7,148 
Bohemia  Mile       10,137 
China    Li              629 
Denmark  Mi  l«         8,244 
England  Milt,stet.    1,760 
»         »  jeojr,  2,025 
Flanders  »           6,869 
France   lea<)«,coi».4,86l 
"          "  marvneb',075 
"past  4,564 
"         Kilometre  1,030.6 
G-ermzm*  MiieUanj)  1  1,  056 
Hanibwj    "          8,244 
Hanover   "         11,559 

of  common  salt  in  ai 
ted  by  Schafhautl  at  3 
ical  miles.  The  sulph, 
633,644.36  cubic  mil 
nesium  is  44i,8n.8  c 
salts  109,339.  4.4  cubic 
are  made  on  the  sup 
depth  is  975  feet.  Lapl 
depth  at  .3,150,  whicr 
mounts  of  the  above 
inqly  great. 

Dia.ni.  in  inches  .  .  5  ,  rs 
No.  of  threads  ...20  18 

Holland  Mile      6,395 
Hunjaru    »        9,113 
relan'd  "       3,038 

'oland    Milellon9)8,'lOI 
'ortujal  Leaju'e  6,760 
Prussia  Mile      8,468 
Rome      "       2,025 
Russia  Verst    1,167 
Scotland  Mile     1,984 
Spain    League  7,4  16 
Sweden   Mile     11,100 
Switzzrfd  "       9,153 
Turkey  Berri     1,826 
fcfj^>i\\-  The  amount 
the  oceans  is  estima- 
,051,342  cubic  geooraph- 
ite  of  soda,  is  equal  to 
>s;  the  chloride  of  mag- 
ubic  miles;  the  lime 
miles.  These  estimates 
>osition  that  the  mean 
ice  estimates  the  mean 
would  make  the  a- 
cubstances  correspond 

W?^  ^WOWxCms,.- 
'|6'l4  '  lV|8|  '|*0'  9  ' 

A  Seah 

~)        A. 

Salmon  &.  Sea  Trout  ..  P  P  P  P  P  P 
Shad  P  P  0  0 

A  Bath,£phah,  oiFrkin  ....        7      4.5 
A:  KOT,  Chores,  0"<  Homer  ....=  75       5.25 
DRY  MEASURE. 
Bu.   Pk.   Qi.    Pints. 
A  Gachal..                  =  (T     ft      n     n  IAI 

Shrimp  PPPPPPP 

jra9e  nutn 
ost  common 
ds  'n  a 

15,400 
20,000 
23,000 

25,000 
155,000 
230,000 
133,000 
128,000 

110,000     i 

Skate                    P  P  P  P          0 

Smelt  o\Sparlirt9  P  P  P  P  0  ..  .. 

A  Cab   . 

-  0      0       1      0.833 

An  Omer  or  fromer 
A  Seah  
An  Ephah  

:..=  o    o    2    u 

...  =  0       101. 
.      =  0      3       1      I. 

Stitf^eon  PPP....OO 
Tench          ..     P  P  

Thorrtback  0000  
Torsk  tnTusk..  PPO  
Trou-t  OOOPPPP 

A  Letech  

.  .    =  4       0      0      0. 

A  Homer  <n  KOT  . 

chemical  princ  p 
tively,is  more  ad 
in9  the  Sprina  tl* 
o<  the  year.   As 
er  diminishes,  an 
es;  while  with  th 
actinism  are  sub 
radiations  increas 
of  the  hqht   of  t 
the  necessities  o 
SEMaMM«&  M^ 
i  The  {ollowin^  tab 
the  different  kind 
and  mostly  in  u- 
"out  of  season.", 
the  fish  are  ther 
t«r  '0'  Si9nifies  t 
tained,  but  are  n 

NAMES  OF  FISH.  \ 

...  =  8      00      1. 
k\\&  \<W  W  .-  T  h  e 
M  of  the  sun's  raus,  rela- 
tive to  heat  and  Ii8ht,du.i= 
^an  at  any  other  period 
summer  advances,  this  pow- 
1  luminous  force  hicreas- 
e  Autumn  both  light  and 
dued,  but  the  calorif  c 
ed.  Thus  the  conditions 
le  seasons  vary  to  su-it 
f  vegetable  llfe.-^\wc\x. 

e  shows  the  periods  when 
s  of  fish.that  are  edible 

Turbot.  .            P  P  P  P  0  ,.  0 

Whelk  .       .     .PPPPPPP 

Whitebait  OPPPPP 
Whitina  PPPOO,.,. 

se6»v\u\*&^  ^^  ^w^vw 

The  following  table  shows  the  av 
her  of  seed*  per  pou-nd,for  the  m 
plants.  For  the  member  of  pour 
bushel,  see  Bushel. 

Name. 
Wheat                .       ...            . 

Barley  

The  letter'?1  si9nifies  that 
in  their  prime;  the  let- 

Oats  

Rye                                 . 

Canary  grass  

Diam.  in  wiclies  .  .  1  .  lg 
No.  of  threads  ...  8    7 

'T'ei'e  s'5  s' 

ut  the-  fish  may  be-  o  fa- 
ct at  the  r  best. 

Buckwheat  

Turnip,  Rendles  Swede  

Oiam.  in  Inches..  2  ,2i 
No.ofthrea4s...4i  4i 

,2i,2|,  3  ,34.35,31, 
'4    4  3i  34  34  3 

Tumip.Comish  Holdjast  
Tumi  p,  Orange  Jcl  1  y  

Diam  in  inches.  .  4.44,4i,4|,5,  5i,5i,5|   6  . 
No.  of  threads.  .  .3*21  21'afti  2i  2|'3l'2i 

Barbel  P 
Bass  ,. 

0  P  P  P 
p  p  p  p  p  0  

Cabbage,  Scotch  Drumhead  
Cabba9e,  Drumhead  Savoy  

Angle  of  threads  =  60°.  Flat  surface  at 
top  and  bottom=§  of  the  pitch. 
For  rough  bolts,  the  distance  between  the 
parallel  sides  of  bolt  head  and  nut  =  la  diam- 
eters of  bolt-tg  of  an  inch. 

Bream  P 
Bream,  sea  
Brill                    P 

P  0  P  P  P  P 
0  P  P  P  P  P 
PPO  OOPPPP 
P  .         .          0  0  P  P  P 

Clover,  red  
Cl  over,  wh  i  te  

249,600 
686,400       i 
3(4,000       | 
272,000      { 
923,300 

Carp.  .                  P 

Catfish  0 

P  P  P  P  P   0  ... 

70 


VOV^.-The  following  table 
shows  tne  time  of  sowing  various  seeds, 
and  the  quantity  o>  seed  per  acre. The  let 
ter's  signifies  the  months  when  the  seeds 
way  be  sown:  ^  ^  ^  ^  QuANTlTY 

SEED.        liflfjyfSS 


Red  Clover 

Timothy  .... 

Red- top 

Ky. Blue  Grass. 
Hung.  Grass .. . 

Millet 

Sorghum  Seed. 

Flax  Seed 

Corn,  hills.... 

Rye.. 

Wheat 

Oats 

Buckwheat!-... 

Potatoes 

S.  Potatoes. . . . 

Beets 

Carrots. ..... 

Turnips 

Parsnips 

Onions 

White  Beans.. 

Peas 

Pumpkins.... 

Barley 

Corn, broadcast 
Corn, drilled.. 
Broom  Corn... 

Cotton 

Hemp 

Tobacco.. . . 

,M \AKV\AX 


ACRE. 


.  SfcolO  Ibs. 
.pito^bush. 
A  "I 
J&«;» 


IU.J...A- 


si.. 


..!.... |2  quarts. 
....|..ilto3bush. 
..J..j4to6quirts. 
..|S|silto2bush. 
S 


s..il"2    " 
..U"3    " 


sis 


..iTransplant. 
..|4tolOlbs 

:|j :: 

"jv«  ij>u.sh, 

3  02. 

fttol  bush. 
3  "4   " 
2-3    " 

!>"!  '' 

21»31oz. 


slsi 

Q^. -Recent  experiments 
have  shown  that  out  of  338  species, repre 
senting  74  natural  orders,  only  94  grow 
after  3  years;  only  57  after  4  to  8  years; 
16,  from  8  to  21  years;  5,  from  25to27 
years;  and  3,  to  43years."ln  ordinary  ca- 
ses," says  Asa&ray, "leguminous  seeds 
have  longest  retained  their  germinating 
power;  in  some  very  well  authenticat 


and  either  dryncss  or  burial  beyond  at 
mospheric  influence,  most  favor  the  pro 
longation  of  vitality." 
IHKft^ftVfffc&KVVft.  X\\}US>1.Vv  fa  f\ 
^b\V\,V.-The  celebrated  Hufeland.of  Berlin, 
observes  that  the  number  of  males  born 
to  that  of  females,  seems  to  be  21  to  20 
Over  the  whole  earth,  and  before  they 
reach  the  age  of  puberty,  the  proportion 
of  the  sexes  is  reduced  to  perfect  equal- 
ity, wore  boys  than  girls_dyin<j  before 
-reaching  the  age  of  fouueeri. 

His  conclusions  are  as  follows:—  1st. 
There  \c.  an  equal  number  of  males  and 
females  born  in  the  human  race;  2nd. 
The  equality  occurs  every  day  in  a  pop- 
ulation of  ten  millions;  3-rd.  It  occurs 
every  week  i-n  100,000;  4th.  '*  occurs 
every  -month  in  50,000;  p»h.  Every 
year  in  10,000;  6th.  in  smaiisoclrfUs 
every  ten  or  fifteen  years;  "?bH.  It  does 
not  occur  i-n  Individual  families. 


No.  IjSma,!!  size,  is  ^  inches,  and  ev- 
ery succeeding  number  increases-^  of 
an  inch  to  13. 

No.  |,  large  size,  is  853  inches,  and  ev- 
ery succeeding  number  increases^  of 
an  inch  to  15. 


Tin— one-fourth  inch  in  aJoot. 
Zinc-five-sixteenths  inch  in  a  foot. 
Lead- five-sixteenths  inch  in  afoot. 
Copper-three-sixteenths  inch  in  afoot. 
Bismuth-five  thirty-seconds  inch  in  a  foot. 
Brass-two-fifteenths  inch  in  a  foot. 
Locomotiv3  cylinders-re  inch  in  a  foot. 
Pipes— one-eighth  inch  in  afoot. 
Beams, girders, etc.-^  inch  in  15  inches. 

Edmonds,V  the  London  Congress,  are 
authority  for  the  following  statements: 
J5t.  The  ratio  of  sickness  rises  arid 
falls  regularly  with  the  death-rate  in 
all  countries;  2nd.  Of  1000  persons, 
aged  30,  it  is  probable  10  will  die  in 
a  year,  in  v/hich  case  ther?;  will  be 
20  of  that  age  sick  throughout  the  year, 
and  10  invalids.  3rd.  Of  1 000  persons, 
aged  75,  it  is  probable.  100  will  die  in 
a  year,  in  which  case  the  sick  and  in- 
valids will  be  300  throughout  the  year; 
4th.  For  every  100  deaths  let  there 
be  hospital  beds  for  200  sick,  and  in- 
firmaries for  100  invalids. 
iHC^NN^VcrVft  OV.-At  various  times  it 
has  been  ascertained  that  snow  weighs 
from  5^  to  IOH  Ibs.  per  cubic  .foot,  at 
a  temperature  of  32°  (.FahrO.The  wejsht 
of  snow  seems  to  vary  greatly  in  differ- 
ent latitudes-it  behi9  heavier  as  t he- 
latitude  increases.  The  above  weights 
were  for  Washington,  in  Canada  it 
weighed  14$  Ibs.  on  falling;  twenty- 
four  hours  later,  2\%  Ibs.,  and  seventy- 
two  hours  later,  28%  Ibs. 
MOYAHfc,^^  QV  .-  The,  expense  of 
smoking  three  five-cent  cigars  a  day, 
principal  and  interest,  for  ten  years, 
is  «,  745.74;  for  25  years,* 3, 1 10.74. 
The  expense  of  three  ten-cent  cigars, at 
the  end  of,  ten  years,  is  %  !54-7 1.56;  for 
25  years,  %6,3d2.4T;  for  50  years, 
•,162. 


>.- White  light  from 
the  sun  in  passing  through  a  pri  sm 
is  decomposed  into  seven  d if ferent  col- 
ors, viz.,  red,  orange,  yellow,green,  blue, 
indigo,  and  violet,  in  the  order  as  giv- 
en, the  red  being  refracted  least,  and 
violet,  most. 

According  to  the  Undulatory  Theory, 
the  color  of  light  depends  on  the  site 
of  the  minute  waves  tMat  produce  it. 
The  undulations  that  excite  in  thu  ,jye 
the  sensation  of  red  light  are  each  3e'0oo 
of  an  inch  in  breadth;  those  that  pro- 
duce violet4-gi5Tioo~5  while  the  interme- 
diate, colors  ire  produced  by  undulations 
varying  between  these  limits. 
iWAVXC  V^_K\.-The  quantity  of  heatterm- 
ed  ^«c\X\c.Vva»i,  required  to  raise  the  km 
perat^re  of  a  pound  of  water  one  decree 
19  taken  as  unit.  Substances  rgqu/mrt?  -more 
or  less  heat  Wian  water, are  said  to  be  of  high 
er  cr  lower  specific  heat.  Mercury  requires 


thirty  times  the  quantity,  and  its  specif- 
ic heat  is  one  thirtieth.  Hydrogen -requires 
three  and  a  half  times  less  heat,  and  its 
specific  heat  is  expressed  by  thre*  and  a 

i?^OW\G  ^WNW^NfcV^S  V?.— Specif- 
ic 8-ravity  is  the  ratio  of  the  weight  of  a 
body  to  that  of  an  equal  volume  of  some 
other  substance  adopted  as  a  standard 
of  reference.  For  solids  and  liquids  the 
standard  is  distilled  water  at  62°  F.,the 
barometer  being  at  30  inches.  Aeroform 
bodies  are  referred  to  the  air, at  31  F., 
and  under  one  atmospheric  pressure. 
A  cubic  foot  of  rain  water  weighs 
1000  ounces  (.Avoir.),  and  the  following 
are  tables  of  the  relative  wei9hts  of  the- 
principal  substances.  In  all  the  tables,ex 
cept  that  of  Oases  and  Vapors;  by  remov- 
ing the  decimal  point  three  places  to- 
ward the  right,  that  is,  multiplying  by 
1000,  the  result  will  indicate  the  num 
ber  of  ounces  I  Avoir.1  in  a  cubic  foot  or 
the  substance  named.  To  find_theTm.m 
ber  of  pounds  in  a  cubic  foot,  divide  th« 
ow-nces  by  16. 


Name. 


&RAVITY. 


Jumper;, 


Kauri  01  Cowdie    .530  Willow... 
Laburnum...  .  .920  Yew , 


Acacia 800  Larch,light...    .500 

Alder 510  Larch, heavy...   .560 

Apple  tree....  .793  Lignum  vitae/^ht  .650 
Ash.light.*....  .700  Lignumvitae.heav!)  1-330 

Ash,  heavy...     .840  Locust "710 

Bamboo 400  Logwood 900 

Bay  Tree 800  Lemon 703 

Beech,! id ht...  .690  Mahogany  . ...  1.063 
Beech.heavy..  .850  Mahopan^Cuban  .710 

Birch 711  Maple 755 

Bluegum...    .843  Mora .920 

Box.. 960  Oak,EnglishJ.r.   .730 

Brazil  wood,red  1.031  Oak,PrenchJ.l  .900 
Bui  let  tree...  1.046  Oak/iti^lijM .  -.720 

Cabacalli 900  Oak,Arn.,heavy.   .860 

Cane 400  Oak, Baltic 740 

Cedar  of  Lebanon  .560  Oak,1tal.,light.  .960 
Cedar,  Awer. . .  .480  OaJ<,  I  ta.l.,heavy  1 . 040 

Charcoal,  birch.    .540  Orange 105 

Charcoal, fir. . .    .450  Pear .661 

Charcoal, oak..    .330  Pine, pitch  ...   .660 

Charcoal. pine.    .290  Pine, red 640 

Cherry 715  Pine,uellow..   .520 

Chestnut 640  PI ^m 870 

Cork 240  POOTV 579 

Cowrie 579  Poplar,white.    .510 

Cypress 598  Poplar,ltalian   .420 

Ebony, Indian  1 .1  00  Poplar,yellow    .383 

Ebony,Amer.  1 .180  Saul 960 

Elder 670  Spruce  ......  .480 

Elm.light ...  .530  Sycamore...  .600 
Eltn, heavy...  .720  Teak, Indian.  .780 
Fir.Dantzic...  .580  Teak, African.  .960 

Fir,Riga.....    .540  Tonka 990 

Hawthorn 910  Wainscot,  Riga    .600 

Mazel .640  Wahi  ut,Awet  '560 

Holly 760  Wain  ut.Span.   .670 

Hornbeam..    .770  Wain u*,whH».  .375 


.556  Watergu* 


1.000 
.480 
.907 


*  The  specific  gravities  of  woods  differ 
according  as  they  are  from  hi  Us  w  plains, 
dry  OT  green.  Those  given  above  are  for 
woods  having  dried  in  the  air  for  ten 
to  twelve  months,  arid  lost  from  one- 
third  to  one-fourth  of  their  weight. 


71 


Alabaster....  1,  874 

Alum  .......  1.124 

Amber.......  1.078 

Amberpris...   .780 

Amethyst....  2,750 

Asbestos  .....  2.996 

Asphalted*  ..2.500 
Basalt.......  2.  864 

Bathstone....l.,970 

Bertnudastone2.6;iO 

'  »       soft  1.470 

Berul,  Oriental.  3.549 

Bitumen  ....  1,000 

Bone,  ox  ....1.054 

BricLcotrnnoti  2.000 
BTicMite....  2.400 

Brick-wall  ....  1.800 

Butter  ........  942 

Caen  stone  ..2.000 
Cement.PortlaTid  .  1  .200 
Cement.Roman.  .900 
Chalk.solid  2.800-1.800 
Clay,  potters*..  1.900 


Clay,ordmary  .  1  .900 
Coal,aritlnacite  1.602 
Coal,  bituminous  1.  250 
Coke  .........  700 

Concrete  ----  1.900 

Concrete,  I  i-me.  1.  800 
Coral  ........  2.680 

Crystal,  -rock.  2  .653 
Diamond..,,  3.  536 
Dolomite  ....2.540 

Earth,  vegetable.  1  .400 
Earth,  loamy..  1.600 
Earth,seniifliud.l.700 
Emerald  ......  2.678 

Emery  .......  4.000 

FatjOfbeef  .....  924 

Feldspa-r  ......  2,600 

Flint  ......  ,.2.594 

Freestone,....  2.  200 

G-lass,bot*le...2.733 
G-lass,areen..  .2.642 
Glass  jlint...  2.760 
G-las9,piate...2.940 
GiasSjCrown.2.530 
Granite  ......  2.625 

Graphite  .....  1.987 

Gwm  Arabic.  ,f  f432 
Gunpowder.,  .900 
O-upsu-rri  .....  2.280 

GASES 


NAME, 


Vapor  of  bromine  5.5400 
Chloroform...  53000 
Vapor  of  tutpente  4.6918 
Acetic  ether,, 3.0400 
Vapor  of  benzine  26943 
••  siilphuT.ether2.5860 
Chlorine...- 2.4400 
Sulphurous  acid.  22470 

Alcohol 1.6130 

Carbonic  icid  .  1.5290, 


1.630 
1.900 
2.114 
1.337 
2.510 


Hernetite  ore.  ,.4,507 

Ivory 1.917 

Jaraort,C«ylon.  4.4  U> 
Kentish  rap.. 2. 660 

Lard .947 

Lmie,chalk,jrr'd.  .830 
Limestone,  "  .2.500 
'  ' -mapnesian  2 .300 
Malachite....  3. 700 
Ma.rble,averape2.700 

Marl 1 .900 

Mcuonru,  rubble  2. 200 
' 5  ashlar,  Port 'd  2. 200 
"  "  araTiite2.500 

Mica 2,750 

Millstone.. .,2 .500 
Mortar,  old  ..I  .400 
Mortar, -new  .  I  ."700 
Mud...... 

Nitre. 

Opal 

Opium. .. .. 

Pearl  

Peat, hard....  1. 300 

Pitch I.IOO 

PI  aster  of  Paris  1 .200 
Porcelain,Chinese2.385 
Porphyru,9reen.  2.900 
Pumice  stone.  .910 
Pwr  beck  stone.2. 600 
Pi«2olana...2»700 

Quartz 2:640 

Rosin.......  I.IOO 

Rotten  stone*  2,000 

Salt .2,130 

Sand,riyer..  Ic900 
Sandstone..  2.300 
Shale........  2.600 

Shinale 1,500 

Slate.. 2.900 

Slates,Comish2..500 

Spar. 2.594 

Stone,  average.  2. 500 

Supar 1.600 

Sulphur,fused.2.000 

Tallow 941 

Tar 1.015 

Tiles,  avera9e.  1.800 

Topaz, 3.800 

Trap 2.700 

Wax 837 

White  lead 3.160 

.891 


AND  VAPORS. 


Ovt^er, UQM 

Ai-r., 1.0000 

Nitrogen 0.9736 

Carbonic  oxide.  0.9674 
Olef  iant  gas  , .  0.8847 
Gaseous  steam  0.6220 
Amoniacal  9*5.  0.5894 
tta-T'd  Hyd'tiO.5527 

CoaJ^as 0.4391 

Hydrogen...  0.0692 


LIQUIDS, 

"SPECIFIC  ...  t  SPECIFIC 

NAME.         G.RAVITY.  NM>JE.        GRAVITY. 


Mercury 

Arsenic  acid..  3.391 

Bromme. 2.966 

Su.lphu.ric  acid 
Nitric  acid... 


13.596  Muriatic  acid..  1.200 

ir 1.010 

Tar..'.. 


1.840 


1.271 


Chloroform..  1.530 
Honey 1.456 


Water,distilled  1.000 
Water,  sea...  1.026 
Acetic  acid  ...  1,008 
Milk........  1.032 

Wme,Bordeaux   .994 
Wine,  Bur?  undy  .991 

Linseed  oil 940 

Castor  oil 970 

Poppu  oil....    .930 
Rape  seed  oil.    .920 


...  1.0(0 
Whale  oil.  ..   .920 

Olive  oil 915 

Nitrousacid..  1.550  Turpentine  oil    .870 
'  "~H Potato  oil    ..   .820 
Petroleum   ..   .880 

Water,  Dead  Sea  1 .240  Naphtha 850 

Ether,nitric..  I.I  1C 
sulphurous  I.08C 
nitrous..    .89C 
acetic  . . .    .890 
hydrochloric    .870 
sulphuric    .720 
AlcohoLproofspir.  .920 
-e..    .790 

Benzine 850 

Wood  spirit..   .800 
CHEMICAL  ELEMENTS. 

°>fr  (vteXex=\  .000 

r\JA   .  QvMon,     ATOMIC   (SPECIFIC 

NAME.  bYMBflq   WEIGHT.*  &RAVITY. 


Alumifiiurn.  .  . 
Bar!  urn  ........ 

Cadmium  ...... 

Caesi  um  ...... 

Calcium...  ..... 

Ceri  un-i  ........ 

Chromium  ..... 

Cobalt  ......... 

Copper..  ....... 

Davy  urn  ........ 

Diduwium  ..... 

Erbium  ........ 

Gallium  ....... 

G-lu-cinum  ..... 

G-old  ........... 

Indium,.,..... 


Iron  ........... 

Lanthanum  ... 
Lead.  .......... 

Lithiurn  ....... 

Magnesium  .  .  . 
Manganese  ..... 

MercuTu  ....... 

Nickel..!  ....... 

Osmium  ...... 

Palladium  ..... 

Platinum  ...... 

Potassium  ..... 

Rhodium  ....... 

Rubidium  ...... 

Ruthenium  .... 

Silver.  ......... 

Sod  Turn  ,  ...... 

Strontium  ..... 

Thallium  ...... 

Thorium  ...... 

Yttriunft  ....... 

Zinc... 


27.5 
137. 
112. 
133. 

40. 

92. 

52.4 

59. 

63.5 
150.? 

96. 
112.6 

69.9 
9.4 
197. 
113.4 
198. 

56. 

92.8 
207. 
7. 

24. 

55. 
200. 

59. 
199.2 
106.6 
197.4 

39.1 
104.4 

85.4 
104.4 
108. 

23. 

87.5 
203.6 
231. 

61.7 

65. 


2.560 
4.000 
8.600 

I  '.580 


7.700 
8.960 


5.900 
2.100 
12.000 
7.400 
21.150 
7.790 


.590 

1.750 

6.850 

13.560 

8.600 

21.400 

I  1.600 

21.500 

.805 
11.000 

1.520 
I  1.400 
10.500 

.972 
2.540 
II. 
7.800 

V.b'oo' 


*The  weight  o/the  atorn  of  an 
ment  as  compared  with  the  wetyht  of 
the  atom  of  Hydrogen,  taken  asastan- 
dard. 


RULE.  -Multiply  together  the  equivalent 
and  the  exponent  of  each  element  of  the 
compound  ;  the  product  will  be  the 
proportion  by  weight  of  that  element  in 
»he  substance. 


%'  The.  \v\e,Va.Vb  a-re  9pod  conductors 
heat  and  o^  electricity, and  are  charac 
terized  by  a  peculiar  metallic  luster,al 
so  are  electro-positive. 

The  Tvo\vrc\«Xa\o>  are  -non-conductors 
of  heat  and  of  electricity, and  are  elec- 
tro-neaativc. 

The  %<i\v\\--meX,-a.\s  resemble  the  meUis 
in  their  physical  pro  perries  li.e.,  have 
the  metallic  luster), and  the  non-met 
als  in  their  chemical  properties (.i.e.,thei 
ox-ides  are  .most  frequently  a 

NAME. 


Boron 

Bromine 

Carbon 

Chlorine 

Fluorine 

Iodine 

Nitrogen 

Oxycjen 

Phosphorus  .... 

Selen  i  um 

Silicon 

Sulphur 

Tellurium 


NAME. 


Antimony. .. 

Arsenic 

Bismuth 

Hydroaen.... 
Molybdenum. 

Niobium 

Tantalum  .... 

Tin 

Titanium.... 
Tuncj  sten 

Uranium 

Vanadium.... 
Zirconium  ... 


II. 
80. 
12. 
35.5 
19. 
127. 
14. 
16. 
31. 
79.4 
28. 

128* 


122. 

75. 

210. 

I. 

92. 

94. 
182. 
118. 

50. 
184. 
120. 

51.3 


_ _ 

MISCELLANEOUS. 


1.4/0 
5.540 
3.500 

1.330 

1.320 

4.940 

.972 

1.105 
2.000 
4.300 
2.490 
2.050 
6.020 


&RAVITY. 


6.700 
3.700 
9.700 
.069 
8.600 

fo'.Yso 

7.280 
4.300 
17.400 
18.400 

4/150 


NAME 


SPECIFIC 
GRAVITY. 


IrttrtVllT.      "  irnnviii, 

Blood,hurnan. .  1.054  Iron, wrought.  7.698 


. 

rass.,  about  8.000 
Bronze  .......  8.2(8 


Cide 


........    . 

Cobalt,  cast...  7.812 


.  . 

018  Iron  ore....  4.900 


....    . 
Lead  ore..  ..  7.250 


Cobalt,  cast...  7.12  Lead  ore..  ..    . 
Copper,  cast  ..  8.768  Live  oak  ...  I.IOO 


,        ..    . 
Copper  coin..  8.915 
Filbert  ........  600 

&old,hammered-l9.360 
"    coin  .....  17.647 
trinket...  15.  609 


...    . 
Human  bodyjivmp    .891 


Ice 


,  .    . 

cast....  7.207 
meteoric  7.965 


...    . 

Mercury,  solid!5.  600 
Pewter.  .....  J.47I 

Silver,cast  ..10.474 
»»  coin.  ..10.534 
teel  .......  7.816 


"   trnet...  1.  0      teel  .......  7.81 

un  metal...  8.  784-  Tin,  cast.  ...  7.500 


,        .  ...    . 
Type  metal  .10.400 


.          y  .. 

930  Zinc,cast...  7.  190 
fK^^N^tvSXiVv^..  —  See 
Land  or  Square  Measure. 


6  inches.=  Scinches  10  inches 

7  "      =8     "       II     " 

8  »•       -7\»»       12     " 

9  ••••       -1    »«       13    " 


=6 


Ricef  lou.7,85-,  Indian  Corn  -meal,78;   Oat 
•mcal,75-,  Wheat  flour,29to77;  Barley  flour, 
69;  Rye  flo^r,50to6l;  Buckwheat.  52; 
Peas  and  Beans,  42;  Potatoes,  I3to  15. 


t^gj&ij.&^  4-^.'>ir-'^IiiK«c^>—  4*&4**I&sj+ 

^^^^y.OV-trahrenHe^ 

^^XHTO^    1 

S-WEI&HTSSclVlEASURES^r; 

Albutnencoagulates    145 
Alcohol  boils  173.1 

Monkey,  nat.tem.  1  04.5 
Mutton  tallow  mertsl  06. 

Placet  *     "   §g, 

Mean  Height,   Temperature. 

^t^JK^t'^                          I~~£.r 

"     >  >  in  vacu-utti  36. 
'  •  does  not  freeze  -1  20. 

Naphtha  boiis  .  1  86. 
Oil,tkTpent'me,Doils305. 

OonkklHimalaya)  17337 
Mont  8lanc.  .  (5650 

15.442'       i7"9~9 
16  SS6         185.8 

S"^.MA,\_K\W\  WLK\   W  .-  Take   two 

Animals  hibernate    38. 

Olive  oil  freezes.    50. 

QLuito  9541 

20.750        194.2 

small  vessels  connected  at  the  top  by  a 

Anise  oil  freezes.  .    50. 

0^,  nat.tem.  ,  i02. 

Mt.  Washington   6290 

22.905        200.4 

tube.  Let  one  contain  1  Ib.  of  water  at 

Antimony  melts  960. 

Oyster,naUem.    82. 

Madrid  I995 

27.720        208. 

32°  Fah-r.,  the  othet  5%.  Ibs.  at  the  same 

Baking  tempera 

Phosphorus  melts  1  1  1.5 

London  0 

29.922        212. 

temperature.  Apply  a  spirit  lamp  below 

lute  of  uven320-400. 

"   inflames  I20. 

Dead  SeaAbeiow)  -  1  3  1  6 

31.496        214.4 

the  vessel  containing  the  1  Ib.  of  water 

Bat.naUem.  .<  100. 

Pigeon,  nat.tem.  1  09.5 

^^^p^oh^^cic     p^ 

CA\VJ"\  r_  ^v?\WCtK^  \fcV\V&, 

until  it  is  all  boiled  away,  and  its  vapor 

Beel  ullow  melts  >  100. 

Platinum  melts3080. 

At68Hv47.9°F  ;  at  299  ft.,  48.8°  ;  a* 

condensed  by  passing  through  the  tube 

Bismuth  melts.  520. 

Porpoise,nal.tein.  100. 

62lft.,50.7°;  at  939ft.,?7.S°;  atJ290ft 

and  mingling  with  the  5^  Ibs.of  water 

Blood  henes  ...   30. 

Potassium  melts  1  36. 

58.3°;  atl4i4ft.,: 

59.4  ;  at  I662a,6l.2° 

in  the  other  vessel.  At  th  s  point  the  heat 

Boat  in  upper  Egypt  138. 

Protofide  of  ni- 

at igooft.,61.40 

absorbed  by  the  5^  Ibs.  of  water  will 

Brass  melts  1900. 

trogen  bo  i  Is  -1  57. 

\rX?*.-  The  tempera- 

raise  the  temperature  to  2l2°  Fah-r.,  or 

Brinetsatu'yfreeiEs  -  4. 

PutrefactiOTibejins     50. 

tu-re  on  the  Moon 

during  the  night, 

boiling  heat,  and  the  combined  weight 

Bromine  melts.  •      9.5 

"        rapid     93. 

which  is  a  month 

long,  is  estimated 

will  be  6^  Ibs.  instead  of  5^  Ibs.,  as  piac 

"     freezes.  ,   -7.6 

Rat,  nat.tem.  .  .  i02 

to  be  300°  below 

zero  (Fanr.),  and  du- 

ed  in  the  vessel  at  f  -rst.  The  whole  ol  this 

»•      boils.,  145.4 

Rooms,  best  trm- 

ring  the  day,whi 

:h  is  also  a  month 

heat  has  been  transferred  from  the  1  Ib. 

Butter  melts..  .  135. 

peralurefoT.65to68. 

long,  at  400°  abo 

ye  zero. 

of  water  held  over  the  spirit  lamp,  al- 

Cadmium melts.  600. 

Rose  oil  freezes.    60. 

though  at  no  time  has  its  heat  exceed 

Carbonic  acid  freezes-148. 

Scalding  heat.    150. 

^x\(Y\.—  The  inc 

rease  in  temperature 

ed  2(2°.  Inasmuch  as  this  heat  cannot 

"       boils.  -108-4 

Serpent,  nal.tfm.   88.5 

is  about  |°F.  for  e 

very  45  feet  of  de- 

be  measured  by  any  known  instrument, 

Cast  iron  melts  .  .3500. 

Shark,       "        77. 

scent.  At  this  rat< 

,  the  temperature  at 

it  is  called  VaXtvX  V\«,*\.(.See  Laterrt  Heat) 

Cat.nat.tem.  ..102. 

Sheep,       "      104.5 

various  depths  is  a 

s  follows: 

The  1  Ib.  of  water  made  the  5^  Ibs.  boil, 

Chicken,nat.tem.  1  1  1. 

Silkworm  hatches  77. 

WateT  will  boil  at 

a  depth  of  2,430  uds. 

and  from  this  experiment  we  know  by 

Coffee  and  tea  as 

Silver  melts..  i850. 

Lead  melts  at  a  de 

pth  of  8,400yds. 

calculation  that  the  combined  sensible 
and  latent  heat  of  steam  is  I200?-%>w 

usually  dran  k  .  135. 
Cold,  lowest  artificial-l  87. 

Snail,  nat.tem.      76. 
Sodium  melts  .    204. 

There  is  red  heat  at  a  depth  of  '7miles. 
Gold  melts  al  a  depth  of  2  1  miles. 

C*\C  t^KX  W^LS^N^v^-  OS    ^^  ^\V  ^  ^.V\^.\V\ 

Cold-blooded  animals  die  1  06. 

Sparrow,  nat.tem.   108. 

Cast  iron  melts 

it  a  depth  of  74miles. 

^tqwt*  oX  V^\  cA  XV\t^o\\^.TAt  2  12° 

Common  fire.  .1000. 

Spermaceti  melts    1  12. 

Soft  iron  at  97  r 

niles.-^A.NNeXVs. 

of  heat  the  water  begins  to  boil,  arid 

Copper  melts.  .2160. 

Starch,converteilttsuji.l  60. 

l&fWtftjfTOfcVN 

i^C  QCj   W^.  SW\\\\^^  — 

at  868°  the  iron  becomes  of  a  red  heat. 

Egg  sin  hatching  104. 

Steamboat's  en- 

Lebanon Sprin9s,ColumbiaTiaCo.,N.Y.  75° 

2l2°=a  pressure  of  15  pounds  per  sq.  in. 

Elephant.nat.tern.    99.5 

gine  Toom.W.l.     1  55. 

Warm  Springs,  Batr- 

Co.,Va  98 

251°=                      30     » 

El  k,  nat.tem.  .     103. 

Stearine  melts  .III. 

Sweet  Springs,  Monr 

oeCo.,W.Va.  ..    79 

294°-                       60 
342°=                     120    '             ' 

Ether  boils  94.8 
"    freezes...    47. 

Steel  melts.   .  2462. 
Sulphur  melts.  226. 

Warm  Springs,  Mer  wether  Co.,G-a.    90 
Hot  Springs,&aTlandCo.,A-rk....  157 

398°=                     240    ' 

Furnace  of  boilers  II  00. 

".  ignites.  560. 

Palmyra  Springs,  Je 

FfersonCo.jWis.    72 

464°=                    480    ' 

Glass  me  Its...  2400. 

Sulphuncacid  boils    17.6 

Blankenships  Springs, 

Texas  Co.,  Mo.  .    75 

868°=                  7,680    '             ' 

Glowworrn.flaUem.   74. 

Tepid  bath  begins    86. 

St.  Michael  Springs,  Azores  Islands.  212 

C'Tc'cx  EV^VV  ^.^v  tv.S&  WK\^L^>  ^l^-X^rV^  CA^- 

Gold  melts....  1983. 

"       ends.    95. 

Hot  Sprinos  Icelan 

A..                 ..2RI 

?erv  >;<\.\\.\>\)  Kw^xXwcx  Qr'ivwo.s,.- 

C-utta  percha  melts  150. 

Tin  melts...  45  1. 

IMo.  OF  STEEL    i    BRASS     No.OF,  STEEL      i  BRASS 

Hog,  nat.tem.  ..  105. 

T»,rperttiTiefreeze5^pii)  1  5. 

^ve.-  Bengal  and 

Saha-ra  Desert-..  150 

CAU&t  POUNDS.  |  POUNDS.  OAUGE-I  POUNDS.  |  POUNDS. 

Horse,nat.tem..    99.5 

Vapor  bath  begins  99. 

Senegal  and  &&U-L 

1        10.993      12.38218        1.531       1.725 

Ice  melts  32. 

ends.  130. 

PeTsia,Calcu.tta,  Central  America  ..125 

2        9.789      11.02719       1.363      1.536 

Iodine  me  Its...  224.6 

"  Finland  170. 

Afganistan  and  AT 

abian  Desert-  110 

3        8.718      9.8|9  20       1.214      1.367 

u     boils...  347. 

Warm  bath  begins  95. 

Capt  of  &oodHope  Utah 

Greece-              105 

4        7J63       8.74421        1.081       1.218 

lron,briaht  red  .  .  752. 

»»          ends    99. 

Afabia  Montreal  Ne 

M,  Yn^-L 

5        6.913       7.78722         .963      1.084 

»»  white  hot  ..2900. 

Water,sea,  boils    2  13.2 

Spain,  India  China,  Jamaica  100 

6        6.156       6.93423         .857        .966 

Jackdaw,nat.tem.  107. 

"    fresti  "       212. 

France,  Denmark,  St.  Petersburg...  90 

7         5.482        6.17514          .763         .860 

Lard  melts  96. 

"     "freezes      32. 

Bu-enos  Ay-res,  San 

dwich  Islands..  90 

8        4  882      5.499  25         .680        .766 

Lead  melts  620. 

"    sea   "         27.4 

Great  Britain.  Siarr 

Peru  85 

9        4.348      4.89726         .605         .682 

Linseed  oil  boils..  600. 

"  boilslin  vacimm;  72. 

Siberia,  Australia, 

Scotland  75 

10        3.871       4.36027          .539         .607 

Mercury  melts    -37.9 

"    "  Dead  Sea.  223. 

Moscow,  65:  Palagoi 

lia,  55;  Iceland.  .  45 

II        3448      3.88328         .480         .541 

Mercury  freezes  -40. 

Wax  melts....  155. 

12       3.070      3  45829          427         .481 

"     boils..    662. 

W  ine  freezes.  .    20. 

Boston,  Mass..!"  -13° 

Moscow,  Russia  -48° 

13       2.734      3.07930         .380         .429 

"  volatilizes   680. 

Wrought  iron  merts39  12. 

Chicago,!!!.  ,,-23 

New  York  City.-  6 

14      2.435      2.74231          .339         382 

Milk  boils  ...     199. 

Zinc  melts..-.  680. 

Denver,  Col  -29 

PoplarRiver,Mon^.-63 

15       2.168      2.44232           302         .340 

'^^.NWe.'WftW^t.  ^0\V\\^r  VQNHAS  ^V 

Indianapolis,  lnd.-25 

Prescott,Ariz...  18 

16        1.931       2.17533          .269         .303 

W'iXfcX  ?0t  &VA$AV<\\  VxtVaWtW.—  V^0^0"^\. 

Jakoutsk,Siberia-73 

St.Petersbur^lWs.  51 

17       1.719       1.93734          239        .269 

Boil  ing  Point     Barometer, 

Boil'ma  Point.  Pressure  in 

LaCrosse,Wis.  .-43 

St.Vincent,Minn.-54 

SSWN^-XWS'  N^\A<b\WL-  See  Land  orSqiure 

Measure. 

°F.             inches. 
I84             1  6.  67  6 

°F.         atmospheres. 

In  the  British  expedition  under  Capt. 

"^AVAHCr  KSWVL^.-The  following  shows 

I90            18.992 

249.5             2 

Nares,wit-h  the  two  steamers  Discove- 

the weight  necessary  to  tear-  asunder  bats 

I95           2I.I34 

273.3             3 

ry  and  Alert,  to  ^ 

ie  Polar  Sea,  a  sledge 

one  inch  square  of  the  fo  -lowing  materials: 

200            23.454 

291.2             4 

party  advanced  over 

the  ice  to  latitude 

Oak,  5^  tons-,  Fir,  5^  tons:,  Hickory  6^ 

205            25.468 

306.              5 

89°20'26"N.,but 

found  no  traces  of 

tons;  Ash,4^  tens;  Sycamore,  4^  tons  ; 

2IO            28.744 

318.2             6 

human  life  begone 

la».8l°  52'.  Instill 

Birch,4tons-,  Pine,  3%  tons;  Poplar,32» 

2II            29.33! 

329.6             7 

weather  the  minin 

ium  temperature 

t-ons;  Cast  Iron,  7^»  tons-,  Wrought  Iron, 

2I2            29.922 

339.5            8 

was  more  than  70 

0  below  ^erc.  

10  tons;  Wrought  Copper,  15  tons;  Eng- 
lish Bar  Iron,  25  tons;  American  lron,37\ 

2l3            30.516 
2I4            3I.I20 

348.4            9 
356.6           (0 

nor  were  the  auroras  brilliant  or  of  fre 
quent  occurrence  during  the  intense  daik- 

tons;  Blistered  Stee  ,59'^.tons. 

2I5           3  1.  730 

415.4          20 

ness  of  the  aicu-  nigh 

1  of  142  days.      . 

CENT.  FAH'T:    RMR. 

2I2B.  =  808. 
210.2  =  79.2 
208.4  =  78.4 
206.6  =  Ti  6 
204.8  =  76.8 
203  =  76 
201.2  =  75.2 
199,4  =  74.4 
197.6  =  73.6 
195.8  «  72.8 
194  =  72 
192  2  =  71,2 
190.4  =  70.4 
188.6  -  69.6 
186.8  =  68.8 
185  =  68 
183.2  =  61.2 
181,4  =  66.4 
H9.6  =  65.6 
1118  =  64.8 
176  =  64 
174.2  «  63.2 
172.4  =  62.4 
170.6  =  61.6 
168.8  =  60.8 
161  =  60 
165.2  =  59.2 
163.4  =  58.4 
161.6  =  57.6 
159.8  =  56.8 
158  =  56 
156.2  =  55.2 
154.4  =  54.4 
152.6  =  53.6 
150.8  =  52.8 
149  =  52 
147.2  =  51.2 
145.4  =  50.4 
143.6  =  49.6 
141,8  -  48.8 
140  =  48 
138.2  =•  47.2 
136.4  =  46.4 
134.6  -  45.6 
132.8  =  44.8 
131  =  44 
129.2  =  43.2 
127.4  ±  42.4 
125.6  =  41.6 
123.8  =  40  8 
122  =  40 


1008.= 

39  = 

38  = 

37  = 
96  = 
95  = 
94  = 
93  » 
92  - 
91  - 
90  = 
89  =» 
88  = 
87  = 
86  = 
85  = 
84  = 
83  = 
82  = 
81  = 
80  = 
79^ 
78  = 
77  = 
76  = 
75  = 
74  = 
73  « 
72  = 
71  = 
70  = 
69  = 
68  = 
67  = 
66  = 
65  = 
64  - 
63  = 
62- 
61  = 
60  = 
59  = 
58  = 
57  = 
56  = 
55  = 
54  - 
53  = 
52  = 
51  = 
50  = 
49  - 
48  = 
47  = 
46  = 

44  = 
43  = 
42  = 
4|  = 

40  = 

39  = 

38  = 
37  = 
36  = 
35  = 
34  = 
33  • 
32  = 

30  - 
29  -- 

J: 


120.2 
118.4 
M6.6 
U4.8 
.13 
1.2 


39.2 

38.4 

31.6 

36.8 

36 

35.2 


109.4  =  34.4 
107.6  =  33.6 
105.8  =  32.8 
104  =  32 
102.2  -  3i.2 
100.4  =  30,4 
98  6  =  25.6 
96.8  =  28.8 
95  =  28 
93. 2  =  27  2 
91.4  =  26*4 
89.6  =.25.6 


A81.8 
86 
84.2 


80.6 
78.8  -i 


14.8 


CENT     F/\H'i: 


25; 
24  = 
23  = 
71  • 
2i  . 
20  • 
19  = 

18  = 
17  = 
16  = 
15  = 
14  = 
13  = 
12  = 

11  ' 
10  = 

9  = 
8  • 

7  " 
6  = 

A  5  = 
4  = 
2  = 

4  ^ : 

Zero 
~~  I  = 

2^ 
3^ 

4  = 

5  = 

6  = 
1  -- 

8  -- 

9  = 

10  • 
I)  • 

12  = 

13  - 

14  ' 

15  - 

16  • 

17  ' 
13  - 

19  • 

20  ; 

21  ' 

22  . 

23  = 

24  • 

25  •• 

26  ; 

27  : 

28  ' 

29  . 

30  - 

31  • 

32  i 

33  - 

34  i 

35  . 

36  • 

37  - 
?8  = 

39  : 

40  : 

4!  : 

42  • 

43  • 

44  = 

45  • 

46  ' 

41  = 
46  = 
49  - 


77 

75.2 

73.4 

7i.6 

69.8 

68 

66.2 

64.4 

62.6 

60.8 

59 

57.2 

55.4 

53.6 

51.8 

50 

48.2 

46  4 

44.6 

42.8 

41 

39.2 

37.4 

35.6 

33.8 

& 

28.4 
26.6 
24.8 
23 

21.2 
19.4 
17.6 
15.8 
14 

12.2 
10.4 
8  6 
6  8 

3.2 
1.4 

2.2 
4 

5.8 
7.6 
9.3 
I  I  2 
13 

14.8 
16.6 
18.4 
20.2 
22 
23.8 
25.6 
27,4 
29.2 
3i 

32.8 
34.6 
36.4 
38.2 
40 
41.8 
43.6 
45.4 
47.2 
49 
50.8 
52.6 
54.4 
56.2 


20. 

19.2 
18.4 
17.6 
16.3 
16 

15.2 
14.4 
13.6 
12.8 
12 

11.2 
10.4 
9.6 
8.8 
8 

7.2 
6.4 
5.6 
4.8 
4 

3.2 

2.4 

1.6 

.8 

Zero 
.8 
1.6 
2.4 
3.2 
4 

4.8 
5.6 
6.4 
7.2 


9.6 

10.4 

11.2 

12 

12.8 

13.6 

14.4 

15.2 

16 

16.8 

17.6 

18.4 

19.2 

20 

20.8 

21.6 

22.4 

23.2 

24 

24.8 

25.6 

26.4 

21.2 

28 

28.8 

29.6 

30.4 

31-2 

32 

32.8 

33.6 

34.4 

35.2 

36 

36.8 

31.6 

38.4 

39.2 


-  F  r  e  e  ?  .  r\9 

point  -32°F.=  0°C.=  0°R.;  Boil.  rig  point 
=  2I2°F.=  iOO°C.=  80°fl.  _ 

To  convert  degrees  Centigrade  o^Reauwin 
into  decrees  Fahrenheit,oi  M'\W  Wba,,use 
one  ol  I  he  I  oil  owing  formulae.  -Let  F  = 
Numbet  ot  degrees  Fahrenheit,  C  -Nurnibe 
ol  degrees  Centigrade,  and  R  =  Number  of 


,„.,    ...     , The  article  beinp  corn 

pleted,  is  hardened  by  being  heated  grad- 
ually to  a  bnght  red,  and  then  plunged 
into  cold  water-  it  is  then  tempered  by 
being  warmed  gradually  and  equably,t>i- 
ther  over  a  fire,  o*  on  a  piece  ot  heated 
metal,  till  o<  the  color  corresponding  to 
the  purpose  for  which  H  is  required,  as 
per  table  below,  when  it  is  again  plumed 
into  water. 


A  very  pale  straw.  430° F  l  Lances, 

Straw 450      J  Razor's. 

Darker  straw  ....  470  1  Penknives,  Scissors* 

Yellow 490  (Wood  Tools. 

Brown  yellow  . .  500  1  Hatchets,Saws,Chip 
Slightly  tinged  purple  520  [ping  Chisels,and  an 
Purple  .  ...,,..,  530  J  kinds  of  Percu-ssive  Tools, 


Dark  blue  : 600    Soft  tor  saws. 

!^\VKW\H  -  A  wir-e  made  ot  various  met 
als,  and  0.84  ot  a  line  in  diatnetet,  wi  1 1 
sustain  weights  as,  follows. 

Lead 28  lbs.|  Silver.  ,,,,,  181  ibs 

Tin v  35  "    Platinum,, .274   " 

Zinc iJO  "    Copper 302  " 

Cold 150  "  I  Iron  .  ......  549  •> 


WATER  ......  Health,  Wealth 

Milk  and  Wain    Serenit;  of  Mind. 


Hunger; 
Vacancy; 
Hospital; 
Ovn  the 
1 1  to  the 
Po(n-house; 
Arrest; 
Jail; 
T- 

Whippm'p; 
The  Hulks; 
Botany  Bay; 
State  Prison 
GALLOWS. 


RATE  PER  CEN1.     SIMPLE  I  NT.    COMPOUND  INT. 

10 lOyears.  7years  lOOday 

9 II    •»  40days.8   »?     16 

8 12    "  180  "    9     .» 


.  14  »  104  "  10 

,.  16  "24fl  »•  II 

.20  »     0  "  15 

.22  "   81  "  15 


89 
327 
75 
273 
4.    .         ...25    "     0  •»   17    "   246 

3% 28    "208  "  20    "     54 

3 ^.33    '•  120  "23    ••    164 

2>i  40    "     0  •'  28    ••     26 

2  .'.50    "     0  ••  35    »»       I 


60  seconds  =  I  rnmn-te. 
60  minutes  =  I  hout. 
24  hours  =  I  day. 
7  d  a  y  s  =  l  week. 
29d.l2h.44m.  3  S.  =  I  lunar  month. 
28,29.30  or3ldays  =  I  calendar  month. 
30days  -  I  intetest  month. 
365days  =  I  comrnori  uear. 
365^ida^s  =  I  Julian  year-. 

366daijs  =  I  Leap  wear. 
365d.5h.48m.  49S.  =  I. solar  w tropical  year, 
365  d.  6  h.  9m.  1 2s.  =  I  sidereal  year. 
365d.6h.  13  m.  49s.  =  I  anomalistic  year. 

88  days  =  I  revolution  of  Mercury. 
224days  =  "        '  Venu-s. 

365  day  s  =  •»        'Earth. 

687  days  =  •  •         '  Mars. 

4,332  day  s=  "         •  Jupiter. 

1 0,759  day  s  =  ••         'Saturn. 

30, 686  day  s  =  ••       "Uranus. 

60,126  days  =  "       "Neptune, 

2  weeks  =    fortmgh*. 
4  weeks  =    scd elastic  month 
52  Weeks  =    year,  nearly. 

12  months  =    yeat. 

13  nioTit-hs  =    scKolast'ic  year. 
(2  lunar  months  =  I  Mohammedan  year 

4  years  =  I  olympiad. 
10  years  =  I  decade. 
15  years  -  I  Roman  indiction. 
19  years  =  I  Lunar  cycle. 
28  years  =  I  Solar cuclclOld  Style). 
100  years  =  I  Century. 
400  years  -  I  Solar  cyclelNewStyle). 
532  uea-rs  =  I  Dionysian  perwdlO.S.) 
1000  years  =.  I  Millennium. 
7600  years  =  I  Dionysian  period(N.S-). 
7980  ueats  =  I  Julian  period. 
:\X^^.  QU  <b\\\V^eJKl?v^.-V.NN\\a\3X«.-x) -For 
the  purpose  of  discipline,  and  tofahly  divide 
the  watch,the  crew  is  mustered  in  two  divisions 
the  StarboaTd,and  the  PoTt-.  The  day  commence 
at  rioon,and  is  divided  thusi-AfternoonWatch, 
noon    to  4  P.M.;  First  Dop  Watch, 4 P.M.  to  6  P.M.; 
Second  Dog  Watch,  6  P.M.  to  8  P.M.;  First  Watch 
8  P.M. to  midnight;  MiddleWatch,l2A.M.to4  A.M.jMoni 
in9Wakh4A.M.to8A.M.;FoTeTioonWatch,8A.M.towiii 
Time  is  kept  by 

I  Bell  -  6.30 

I  Bel  I -12.30  2  Bells-  7.00 
7.30  2  Bells-  1.003   "  -  7.30 
-  1.308  "  -  8.003  »t-  1.304  »  -  8.00 

4  "-  2.00 

5  •»  -  2.30 


Bell-  8.306  "-  3.00 


- 1 1.30 


Bell  -  8.30 

-  3.30  2 Bells-  9.00  7  >•  -  3.30  2  Bells-  9.00 
-  9.308  "  -  4.003  "  -  9.30 
-IO.QOYmO?.U.  4  "-IO.OC 
-10.30  I  Bell-  4.30  5  '•>  -10.30 
1 1. 00  2  Bel  Is-  5.00  6  "  -11.00 


-.  -  5.30  7 
6.008 


Muscles 2.0 

Bones 2.5 

Cartilages 2.8 

Milk 1.0 


Saliva  ..........  1  .5 

Bile  ...........  3.5 

Blood  ..........  4.5 

Mu,cus  .....  ...0.6 


Lead 1.0  Cast  Iron 9.0 

Tin 1.4  Swedish  Iron. .  9.5 

Copper 4.3  English  Iron... 10. 1 

Yellow  Brass  ...4.6  Blistered  Steel. ..16.6 

Gun  Metal 5.0  Shear  Steel 17.0 

NUM&VtttSMSK  0V  AVS.  WLNH.-Exper. 
iments  made  by  Capt.Wilkes  indicate  that 
li^ht  penetrates  the  ocean  to  the  depth  of 
80fathoms(480ft.);  The  depth  at  which  ob- 
jects cease  to  be  visible  to  the  eye  is  much 
less.  A  pot  painted  white  was  let  down  in- 
to the  water,  and  the  point  of  invisibili- 
ty marked;  upon  taking  it  out  the  point 
of  visibility  was  marked,  and  the  two 
were  found  to  vary  but  a  fathom  or  two. 
In  water  at  36°  F.,  the  pot  disappeared  at 
six  fathoms;  in  water  at  76 °F.,  at  thirty 
fathoms;  in  the  Gulf  Stream,  at  twenty- 
seven  fathoms;  just  outside  of  it,at  twen- 
ty-three fathoms.-"  " 


nyweight;  20  pennywei$hts=  I  ounce;  12 
ounces=  I  pound. 

X^-^XTtS  OV.-AII  founders  cast.their 
type  one  uniform  height  and  depth,  bat 
the  letters  vary  much  in  their  breadth. 
The  following  are  the  sizes  mostly  used 
in  books: 

^Y\\\V&v\X  .-  A  column  6-^  inches  long, 
and  2inch.es  wide,  if  set  in  Brilliant,it 
would  contain  124  lines,  and  about  7,500 
lette-rs. 


,      .  ___ 

is  the  next  size;  the  column, as 
above  described, would  contain  101  lines, 
and  about  6,000  letters 

PtiTUitij  It  the  art  of  producing  i-mpresstottb  fro-m  chataciei 

^e*A,  95  lines,  4,310  letters. 
Printing  is  IVie  art  of  producing  impress'iowlr 

M&Xe,,  81  lines,  3,140  lette-rs. 
Printiri9  is  the  art  of  produ-cing  imptessio 

Ucnr\<?*\e\\,   75  lines,  3,000  letters. 

Ptinting  is  the  art  of  produ-cituj  i-m 
\4Cv\\\ox\,  64  lines,  2,360  letters. 

is  the  art  of  producing 

58  lines,  1,970  letters. 

Prmtinp  is  the  art  of  proditci 

^>ow«^o\s,  53  lines,  1,590  letters. 

Printing  is  the  art  of  prod 

\_cmo,Wv\Yvrc,  47  lines,  1,360  letters. 

Printing  is  the  art  of  p't 

'»v(\'j\\V\c2L,  43  lines,  1,120  letters. 

Printing  is  the  art  of 

V\C?L,  31  lines,  890  letters. 

Printing  is  the  art 


34  lines,  680  letters. 


Printing  is  the  a 

^o\\v\v\\>\vc\,30  lines,  550  letters. 

isihe 


NtVfc 

The  Standard  of  Comparison  is  the  vol- 
ume of  air  at  32°  F.,  under  an  atmospher- 
ic pressure  of  29.22  inches  in  the  barometer 

' 


,  22  lines,  280  Ietter5.| 


Print  i 


n  9  s 


W.-  The  rapid- 
ity with  which  type  can  be  set  depends 
upon  the  size  of  the  type,  and  the  char- 
acter of  the  composition.  An  expert  can 
set  upward  of  2000  ems,  solid  minion,23 
ems  to  the  line,  one  break  to  each  stick- 
ful, in  an  hour;  or  upward  of  5000ems: 
nonpareil,  newspaper  measure.in  3  hours. 
;XVt>NW\\^&,^K\NL  W.-  The  rapidity 
ol  this  depends  upon  the  chaiacter  of  the 
matter,  and  the  familiarity  of  the  wri- 
ter with  it.  An  expert  can  write,  on  or- 
dinary correspondence,  100  words  in  a 
•rn.inu.te.  Upward  of  900^  words  from 
dictation  has  been  written  in  I  hour 
30  minutes. 

XV  W<c.\\MWTU\V&,?vK\^.  OY .-  Th  is  term 
refers  to  the  pen  print  as  seen  through- 
out this  book.  In  order  to  fairly  repre- 
sent this  method  with  the  above  two, 
the'writer  timed  his  best  work,  and 
found,  that  in  ordinary  work, such  as 
this  and  the  above  two  paragraphs,  he 
could  print  a  page  of  this  book  in  four 
hours  and  ten  minuses.  The  page  contains 
about  4000  ems. 

>in\\Xr  VAe/aA\vxe.-  20  units  =  I  score,  .*„ 
nits=  I  dozen ;  12  dozen  =  I  gross;  I2aross 
=  I  great  gross. 

IHTO&^KWs  VNOX\V\.-  lOmills  =  I 
cent;  10 cents  =  I  dime;  10  dimes  =  I  dol- 
lar; 10  dollars  =  I  eagle. 
^.H\\VWT\OH.-  Each  person  requires  a: 
least  from  3  to 4  cubic  feet  of  air  per 
minute.  Sleeping  apartments  require 
1000  cubic  feet  of  space  to  each  occu.pan 
An  ordinary  <jas  flame  requires  as 
much  air  as  9  persons. 


Anise 

Artichoke  ... 

Beans 

Beets , 

Broccol i 

Cabbage...:.. 
Caraway . .  .T, 
Cauliflower.. 

Carrots 

Celery , 

Corn  (on  cob) . 

Cress 

Cucumber  ... 

Endive 

Eg9  Plant.'.., 

Leek 

Lettuce 

Melon 


3  to 

5"6 
2"3 
3"4 
5»6 
3"4 
2"3 
5"6 
2"3 
2"3 
2"3 
3"4 
8"IO 
5"6 
I  "2 
2"3 
3"4 
8"IO 


WEI&HT 
PM  LBS. 
PER  Cu.n 

.0864 
.0842 
.0824 
.0801 
.0191 
.0176 
.C76I 
.0141 
.0133 
.0720 
.  0101 
.0694 
.0682 
.0611 
.0659 
.0649 


VOL 
UME. 


TE 

ERAT- 
URE- 

1  62°=  1.  265 
172=1.285 
182  =  1.306 
192  =  1.326 
202=1.341 
212=1-361 
230  =  1.404 
250=1.444 
215=1.495 
300  =  1.546 
325  =  1  .591 
350  =  1.648 
315=1.689 
400  =  1.150 
450  =  1.852 
500  =  1.954 


IH    L8S. 

'ER.CU.FT. 

.0638 
.0628 
.0618 
.0609 
.0600 
.0591 
.0515 
.0559 
.0540 
.0522 
.0506 
.0490 
.0417 
.0461 
'.0436 
.0413 


FRESH.  SALT. 

Greatest  dgnsitu  =  39.2°  Fahr.  =  Freezing  Point. 
I  cu.ft.  at  40°.  .=  62.425  Ibs.  =  64  Ibs. 
I  cu.  in. at40°.  .=  .036126  Ibs.  =  .031031  Ibs. 
I  cu.ft.  at  40°.  .=  7.500  9als.  =  7.4Sgals. 
I  gal  I  on  weighs.  =  8.33  Ibs.      =  8.61  Ibs. 

I  ton .--35.943  cuA-35  cu.ft. 

I  ton. =  2409alS.     =233j)als. 

Freezes =32°  Fahr.     =  27°  Fahr. 

iils 2.l2°Fa.h-r.    =227°Fahr. 

\  cubic  foot  of  i  cc  weigHs  58.08  Ibs. 
Water  evaporates  at  all  temperatures. 
In  freezing  it  expands  .076  of  its  bulk. 
By  weight  88-889  parts=oxi>jien;  1 1. IU« hydrogen 
By  measure  »  part  =  oxygenj  X=hydrogen 
l-n  changing  to  -the  gaseous  state,  water  in 

creases  in  volume  1696  times. 
About  53  part  of  the  weight  of  sea    wa- 
ter is  salt 

KN&S,V5\^Yft    W.-  FEET. 

Cerosola  Cascade,  Alps,  Switzerland.  2,400 

Falls  of  Arvs,  Savoy 1 ,600 

Lanterbaum,  Lake  Theen,Switzerl'd .    900 

Natckikin  Falls,  Kamschatka 300 

Falls  of  Terni, near  Rome 300 

Mont  Morency  Falls,Q.u-ebec,Canada  250 
Fryer's,nea-T  Lochness, Scotland...  200 
Niagara  Falls,  North  America  ....  164 
Lidford  Cascade,  Devonshire,England  .  1 00 
Sentinel,  Yosernite  Valley, California. 3,270 
Yosemite,  »  "  "  2,634 

Royal  Arch,  "  "  ?»          2,000 

Genesee  Falls,  Rochester,N.Y 96 

Missouri  Falls, Montana 94 

Waterfall  Mountain  Cascade, S.Affica  .      85 

Passaic  Falls,  New  Jersey 71 

Mohawk  Falls, N.Y 68 

Fails  of  St.  Anthony,  UpperMississippi     60 

Nile  Cataracts, Upper  Egypt 40 

Tivoli  Cascade,  near  Rome 40 


Teeth 100 

Bones 130 

Cartilage  . 

Muscles 150  Ly 

Ligament" 768 

•tain 783 

Biood 795 


Sile 880 

MI!1* 887 

550  Tdncreatlcjuice.  900 
ph.......  960 

Gastric  Juice..  975 
Perspiration...  986 
Saliva 995 


Sea  water  is  seldom  below  40°;  springs, 
about  45°;  pools  and  srofl  rivers  are  as  the 
atmosphere;  fermentation, 57°to  770;dry- 
in?  herbs, etc.,  77°  to.  1 22° 


75 


Niagara  Falls  ha-;  ?.  capacity  Q'I  -n:cre 
than  ten  millions  of  cubic  fed-  pr:-miti 
ute,  equal  to  three  niilliort  horse  p 
nominal,  or  nine  million  real. 

To  calculate  the  power,  in  foot-pounds, 
or  horse-power,  of  any  water-fall, 


V\v>=>  \>y  Vc\«. 


•«\Vx\\xV  oX  \\\«.  \a.\V, 
a?\  W\e  Y\<y(se-'oov\jeT. 

EXAMPLE.—  The  flume  of  amil!  is  15 
feet  wide,  the  water  is  4  feet  deep,  the  ve 
locity  50  feet  per  minute,  and  the  fall  10 
feet}  what  is  the  horse-power  of  the  fall? 
C^e-\aXAO-«\.-l5  x4  x50ylOx62l=l,875,000. 
Theti,l,875.000-:-33,000=56TT  horse-power. 


.~The  temperature  of  boil- 
ing water  at  atmospheric  pressure,  or  ex- 
posed to  airs  is  212°;  under  60  Ibs.  press- 
ure of  steam  as  shown  by  steam  gia^e, 
307°;  u-sual  heat  of  superheated  steam, 
380°  to  400° 


Vw^o'D^.-AssuTning  -that  each  individ 
ual  drinks  an  averaae  of  one  quart  of 
water  each  day,  during  a  life  of  70 years, 
he  would  drink  203  barrels.  The  total 
population  of  the  earth  drink  each  year 
1,977,865,900  hogsheads,  equivalent  tu  a  lake 
having  an  area  of  100  square  miles, and 
Sfeet  in  depth. 

N  KN^b^VTi  VsH^  ^ 07&NL  W .-  T  h e  d  y- 
namic  force  of  waves  is  greatest  at  the. 
crest  of  the  wave  before  it  breaks, and 
its  power  of  raising  itself  is  measured  by 
various  facts.  At  Wast  urg,  Nor  way  it  has 
risen  400  feet,  arid  on  the  coast  of  Corn 
wall,  300  feet.  There  are  cases  showing 
that  wave;,  have  sometimes  raised  col- 
umns of  water  equivalent  to  a  pressure 
of  from  three  to  five  tons  per  square  foot. 

The  extreme  height  of  mid-ocean  waves 
is  estimated  to  be  from  J.O  to  22  ft.,  and 
the  averaye  force  611  Ibs.  per  square  foot 
during  the  sum-mer  months,  and  2086 
Ibs.  during  the  winter  months. 

By  observation  it  has  been  deterrniried  that 
when  waves  ha.d  heights  of 

8ft.,  there  were 35  per  mile, arid  8 per  minute. 
15-          "         6      "         »5     " 
20  "  "          3      "         "4     » 

N^fcS,W^N^^  W  ^^o"5>  W.~  Or. 
Lindley  estimates  as  a  low  average  the 
following  number  of  seeds  from  each  of 
these  four  plants: 

I  plant  o*  Groundsel  produces  ....  2,080 

I        "      Dandelion       ' 

I        "      Sow  Thistle     ' 

I         "       Spurge 

The  above  estimates,  t 


2.,7 
11,040 
540 
ae    of 


which  is  4,100,  may  also  be  applied  to 
pig-weed,  burdock,  fox-ta.il,  chick-weeded 
purslane. 

The  seed  from  the  first  four  pla.nts  will 
cover  th-ree  and  a  half  acres  of    I  arid 
at  ihTee  feet  apart. 


End  of  1st  year  is  the,  Cotton  Wedding. 


2nd 

3rd 

5th 

7th 

10th 

12th 

15th 

20th 

25tH 

30th 

40th 

50th 

75th 


Pa  . 

Leather 

Wooden 

Woolen 

Tin 

(>SMEM 

Crystal 

China 

Silver 

Pearl 

Ruby 

G-olde-n 

Diamond 


The  earliest  units  of  lineal  -measure  i 
the  finger, the  thumb,  the  di<jit,the  palm, 
the  hand,  the  forearrrHcubH),  the  fath- 
om (space  from  end  of  one  arm  t-o  end 
of  other,  both  arms  bein^  exteT!ded)3  the 
girdle,  the  foot,  tfie  span,  the  stride,  tha 
mile  of  1000  paces,  etc.  Seeds  were  used 
as  units  both  of  weight  and  of  ler^th. 

In  1266  it  was  enacted  in  England  that 
"an  Stilish  penny,  called  a  sterling, round 
and  without  clippinp,  shall  wei^h  32 wheat 
corns,  from  the  midst  of  the  ear, and  20 
pence  shall  make  an  ounce,  and  12  01.  1 
pound,  and  8  pounds  do  make  a  pal  Ion 
of  wine,  and  8  9allons  of  wine  do  make 
a  London  bushel,  which  istha-fe  part 
of  a  quarter;  and  in  1324,  thaf'S  bar 
leycorns,  row-nd  and  dry,  shall  make  an 
inch"(rneanm9  ori9inally  twelfth  part), 
and  12  in.  a  foot."  Other  primitive  stan 
dards  of  weight  were  the  weight  of  a. 
man,  the  load  of  a  man,  of  an  ass,  bul- 
lock, mule,  or  camel. 

Troy  weight,  supposed  to  be  derived 
from  the  fair  of  Troyes,  was  u-sed  in 
England  when,  about  the  bepinninp  of 
the  14-th  century,  its  torei9n  cornmerce 
beyan  to  enlarge. 

Avoirdupois  wt'iyht,  ttuw  used  tor  all 
•merchandise  sold  by  weight, except  the- 
prtciou-s  metals  and  the  precious  stones, 
HAS  been  in  use  in  England  for  many 
centuries.  The  word  "avoirdupois"(to 
have  weight)  occurs  first  in  the  English 
Statutes  in  1335. 

In  the  United  States,  Congress  adopted 
the  decimal  system  in  the  su-bdivision 
of  money.  In  1836  a  law  was  enacted 
for  regulating  trie  Weights  and  Measures 
of  the  Union,  by  which  the  9ecretary  of 
the  Treasury  was  directed  to  supply  stan- 
dards of  weights,  of  length,  and  of  ca- 
pacity, according  to  the  standards  of 
Great  Britain,  to  the  G-overnors  of  States, 
and  Revenue  Collectors.  JohnQuincy  Ad- 
ams reported  in  I82i  in  favor  of  the  Brit- 
ish standards,  because  they  were  in  gen- 
eral use,  arid  a  change  to  the  decimal  sys 
tern  (.Metric  System),  would  be  attended 
with  great  embarrassment. 

The  Metric  System  was  legalized  inthe 
United  States  on  July  28,  186S. 


cleanliness  are  the  pn  ncipal  considera- 
tions in  determining  the  grade  »f  wheat. 

The  word  c\vOo  is  used  'm  America  and 
other  countries  to  designate  a  kind  or 
Species  of  wheat,  bu-t  in  Liverpool  if  ia 
used  only  to  designate  the  best  quality 
or  the  highest  grade,  and  in  that  mark 
et  any  kind  or  species  of  wheat  of  the  <juil- 
ity  of  the  grade  is  called  Club  Wheat. 

In  Liverpool  the  grades  are  ^XxvNs  a.T\&  ?\N- 


e,/va.(^«,,  and  buyers  are  further  guided  by 
subdivisions  of  these  grades. 


GR; 


Club 


No.  Weight. 


Choice 
Common 

Choice 


2nd  Division 


63  ibs. 


1  63  (bs.  White. 


2  63  Ibs. 
1 


Light. 
63  Ibs.  Dark. 

2  63  Ibs.  Dark. 

3  60  Ibs.  Light. 


4  60  Ibs 

I 
257* 

3  57>* 

4  57* 


Colo-u 


Extral 
White! 


Dark. 

60  Ibs.  Dark. 
Light. 
Dark. 
Dark. 


Clean. 

Clean. 
Clean. 
Clean. 
Mixed. 
Clean. 
Clean, 

Mixed, 
Clean. 
Clean. 
Mixed. 


.-Wheat 

varies  considerably  is  to  the.  proportion 
of  starch,  glufen, etc.,  which  it  contains. 
One  hundred  parts  of  the  grain  of  wheat 
contain  on  an  average  — water,  14.83; 
gluten,  15.64;  albu-merT,0.95;  starch, 
45. S3;  9um,  1.52;  suga-r,  1.50;  oil, 
0.81 ;  vegetable  fiber,  <2.34j  ash,2.36; 
total,  100.00. 

The  ash  is<rich  in  phosphoric  acid, 
magnesia,  and  potash.  Its  composition 
is  as  follows:  Potash,  29.91;  soda,3.90; 
magnesi'a,  12.30;  lime, 3.40;  phosphor- 
ic acid,  46.00;  sulphuric  acid,0.33;  sil- 
i'ca,3=35;  peroxide  of  iron, 0.79;  chlbr 
ride  of  sodium,  0.09;  total,  100.00.  . 

Of  flour,  the.  best  whe-at  yields  76  to 
80  per  cent,  sometirries  even  86  per 
cent,  whereas,  inferior  kinds  seldom 
yield  more  than  §8  per  cent,  and  some- 
times only  54  to 56  per  cent. 

Wheat-straw  contains,  on  an  average 
nitrogenous  substances,  1.85;  npn-ni- 
tropenous  substances,  67.56;  mineral 
substances,  4.59;  water,26.00;  tota.l, 
100.00.  The  ash  of  straw  is  as  follows: 
Potash,  12.14;  soda, 0.60;  mapnesia,2.74-; 
iime,  6.23;  phosphoric  acid, 5.43;  sul- 
phuric acid,  3.88;  silicia,67.88j  perox- 
ide of  iron,  0.74;  chloride  of  sodium,0.22; 
total,  100.00. 


\.-Abodyofai-rinttiotion 

is  called  wind.  It  travels  at  va.TlOU.8 
'rates  and  in  many  different  directions. 
By  means  of  an.  in  straw  ent  called 
the  a-nt-vix^wvextxCseecut)}  it  has  been 
ascertained  thai  the  velocity  of  a  li^ht 
wind  is  5  miles  a.ri  hou;r;  of  A  '"'stiff 
breeze,  25  miles •  'o\  a.  Storm,  50  ;  of 
hurricane,  from  80  to  100, or  ev 
arid  of  a  cyclone,  ISO. 
-^ 


76 


OF   TH3 

UNIVERSITY 


«,-\\\ \e\oc\V\es  oS  \V\«,\NV*\&.-Thc  length 
of  an  arm  (whip)  is  divided  into  7  parts, 
the  sails  extending  over  6  parts.  The 
force  of  the  wind  at  10  miles  an  hour, 
is  half  a  pound  per  square  foot;  at  14 miles 
is  a  pound;  at  20  miles,2  Ibs.;  at25miles, 
3lbs.;  at  35  miUs,6  Ibs.;  at45miles,  10 
Ibs.;  at  60  miles,  I7?-*;  at  1 00  mi  linear- 
ly  50  Ibs.  •*»  #  ~ 

The  driving  shaft  of  a  wind-mill  \s 
to  b_e  set  at  an  elevated  angle  with  the 
horizon  when  set  in  low 'localities,  and 
at  a  depressed  angle  when  set  on  elev. 
tions.  These  angles  may  range  from  3 
to  35.°  To  give  the  fullest  effect  to  the 
force  of  the  wind,  the  sails  are  mdiued" 
to  the  axis  from  72°  to75.  The  tips 
of  the  sails  often  move  30  miles  per 
hour,  or  44  feet  per  second.  From  tip 
to  tip  ic  about  70  feet,  and  the  breadth 
from  5  to  6  feet.  The  performance  of 
such  a  mill  is  equivalent  to  the  power 
of  34  men. 


=  I  pint;   2  pints  =  I  quart ;   4  quarts  =  I 
gallon;  3l>5  gal  Ions  =  I  barrel ;  42ga!lons 
=  I  tierce;  63  gal  Ions  =  I  hogshead  ;  2  hogs- 
heads =  I  pipe  ox  butt;  2pipes  =  lton. 
The  wine  gallon  contains  23lcu.in. 


X.OA  Vt\\c«.s.-  The  table  is  based  upon  each 
poun<l  of  wire  measuring  onerodllf' 
feet).  \Vv<%«..    avV<\«A.  lv\-«\.- 

I  square  acre 50%  I  bs.  10 1^  Ibs. 1 52  Ibs. 

Isideof asq.acTB..  12%  "  2W"  38 
I  square  half-acre.  36  "  72  "108 
I  square  mile...  1280  "2560  "3840 
I  side  of  sq. mile. ..320  "  640  "960 
1 00  rods  in  length  100  "  200  "300 
100  feet  '  '  '  6-fs  "  12^"  I8J 


Circular  saws  for  rippinp  soft  wood, 9,000 
B.  per  minute  at  the  periphery.  Ripping  hard 
wood,  6, 800  ft.  per  nfmu-te  at  the  periphe 
ry.  Cross-cutting  soft  wood,  I0,000ft.per 
minute,  and  cross-cutting  hard  wood, 7,500 
ft.  per  minute. 

Mill  or  reciprocating  saws,  designed  to 
carry  not  more  than  one  saw  per  I  in. 
width  of  saw  or  swing  frame.  To  cut  1095 
up  to  4ft.  sq.,  MO  revs,  per  min.;  3ft. 6  in 
Sq.,  120  revs,  per  min.;  3  ft. sq.,  125  revs, 
per  min.;  2H.  Gin.sq.,  135  revs,  per  win., 
2ft.sq.,  155  revs,  per  min.-,  lft.6in.  sq., 
180  revs,  per  min. 

Double  Equilibrium  Deal  Sawing  Frames 
(balance  swing  frames).  To  cut  two  deals 
up  to  14  in.  x5'in.,300  revs. per  rnin.-,l8'm. 
x  6  in.,  260  revs,  per  min.;  24  in. x7  in., 
220  revs,  per  twin. 

Single  Deal  Sawing  Frames.-To  cut  one 
deal  up  to  1 1  in. x  3  in.,  260  revs,  per  min.; 
14  in.  x4 in.,  250  revs,  per  win.;  I8in.x6in. 
2l5  revs,  per  min. 

Sin9le-biaded  Frames,  1,500 feet  per  min. 

Band  Saws. -Blades  running  on  wheels 
up  to  3ft.  diameter.  For  sawing  soft  woods.- 
Traverse  of  saw  blade  per  min.  upto4,500 
ft.^oo.  hard  wood, 3,500 ft.;  do.  very  hard 
wood,  ivory,  etc. ,750 ft.-,  do.  iron, 250ft. 

J^erSaws,  to  cut  17  in.  deep,  800  tolOOO 
revs,  per  min. 


Planing  Machines.-The  cutting  edges  of 
planing  and  molding  irons- when  two  on- 
ly are  employed  and  arranged  on  cu-tter  blocks 
varying  in  diameter  from  4in.to9in.  in 
diameter-shou-ld  be  speeded  to  travel  from 
5,000  to  6,000  feet  per  minute.  -;;*-••• 

Mortising  tylachines-(Reciprocatin<)).-Heav 
y  machines  to  mortise  up  to  3 in.  wide,  175 
to  275  strokes  p_er  min.  I  in.  wide,  2.00  to 
300  strokes-,  I  in.  wide  (movable  table),  275 
to  400  strokes. 

Rotary  Mortising  and  Boring  Machines.- 
Soft  wood,  2,000  revs,  per  min.;  hard  wood, 
1,200  per  min. 

Tenoning  Machines.- Heavy  machines, av- 
erage 3,000ft.  of  cutting  edge-  per  minute. 
Light  machines,3,000  to  4,000ft.  of  cut- 
ting edge  per  minute.  •  -  •» 

Emery  wheels  for  saw-shaTpenina,etc., 
4,500  to  6,000  ft. 


!,  who  had  the  rich- 
est vocabulary  used  by  any  Englishman, 
employed  only  16,000  wordo.(There  are  up 
ward  of  60,000  different  words  in  the  En- 
glish Language).  Milton  used  but  8,000, 
and  the  average  graduate  from  any  of 
the  great  universities, rarely  has  a  vocab- 
ulary of  more  than  3,000  or  4,000  words. 
The  ordinary  person  can  get  along  ver- 
y  comfortably  with  500  words, and  in  the 
rural  districts  a  knowledge  of  200words 
is  sufficient  to  carry  a  man  through  his 
life.  This  of  course  refers  to  the  needs  of 
conversation.  A  man  reading  newspapers 
and  well-written  books,  needs  upward  of 
2,000  words.  The  Old  Testament  contains 
5,642  differcrt  words. 


The  English  Bible..  93 
The  Prayer  Book..  87 

Poetry 88 

Prose  Fiction 87 

Essays 78 


Oratory  ........  76 

History  ........  72 

Newspapers  .....  72 

Works  on 

Rhetoric.     ..69 


^.—  From  an  exam- 
ination of  the  dictionary,  Dean  Trench 
comes  to  the  following  conclusion.  Sup- 
pose the  English  language  to  be  divided 
into  100  part-s;  of  these,  to  make  a  rough 
distribution,  60  are  Anglo-Saxon;  30  are 
Latin;  5  are  Greek;  and  the  remaining  5 
parts  are  to  be  divided  among  all  the 
other  languages  from  which  isolated  WORDS 
have  been  derived. 


The  average  difference  between  winter  and 
summer  temperature  varies  with  the  dis 
tance  from  the  equator.  Al  Singapore  it 
is  but  2°;  at  Bombay  the  difference  is  6° 
at  Calcutta,  14°;  at  London,23p;  at  St. 
Petersburg,  43°  ;  at  auebec,54°  ;  New 
Vork,44g;  BismarcU,N.D.,  63°-  San  Di- 
690,  Cal.,  13°;  Indianapolis,  48*;  Chica- 
go, 48°;  Denver,  45°. 


Apples,green,  bushel  =50  Ibs.; barrel  =  200 Ibs. 
Almonds,  seron=  I  to2,  cwt. 
Ashes, pot  or  pearl,  barrel=450  Ibs. 
Beef,  Pork,  or  Bacon,  hogshead=  1,000  ibs. 
Butter,  bbl.=224  »bs.;firkin=56lbs.;tub=84 
Bark,  cord  =2,000  Ibs. 


Beer,  ho<jshead=  54  gallons. 
Brandy,  puncheon= ';°  £°}gals;  h 


Bricks,  common,  each  =  5  Ibs. 
Cement,  barrel  =  300  Ibs. 
Charcoal,  bushel  =22  Ibs. 
Claret,  ho.gshead=  46  gallons. 
Coffee,tierce=5to6cwt.;  bag,Rip=*l62lb' 
St. Domingo  =130  Ibs.;  packet,  Java.=50 

Coke|'bushel=40lbs. 

Cotton,  bale=300  to  400  Ibs. 

Eggs,  barrel  =200  Ibs. 

Fathom-6  feet. 

Figs,  drum  =  24  Ibs. 

Fish,  quintal  112  Ibs.;  baTreU200  Ibs. 

Flax,  Russian  bale=  5  to  6  cwt. 

Flour,  barrel^  196.  Ibs. 

Fodder  of  Lead=  19-i  cwt. 

Ginger,  ground,  box -24  Ibs. 

Hair's  Breadth  =Xa  of  an  inch. 

Hand  =4  inches.  A* 

Hides, green,  average  each=85  Ibs.;  dry,av- 

erage=33lbs. 
Honey,  gallon  =  12  Ibs. 
Hops»  bag  =  about  2^.cwt. 
lce,bushel=80lbs. 
Indian  Meal,  hogshead  =  800  Ibs. 
Lard,  barrel  =  333  Ibs. 
Last  =10  quarters  of  corn. 
Lemons,  box, Sicily,=  about  300 Ibs. 
Lime, barrel- 225  Ibs. 
Line^th  of  an  inch. 
Mace^ case  =  about  l-'icwt. 
Madeira,  pipe  =  92  gallons. 
Man's  Load -5  bushels. 
Market  Load  =  40  bushels. 
Metre  =3.2.8  feet. 
Nail  =  2-^  inches. 
Nails,  keg=lOO  Ibs.     . 
Oranges, box, double  0,=  300to350  ibs. 

•  >  "    single  0,*n5  to  350   " 

Ousters,  bushel  =  100  Ibs. 
Pace  =3  feet. 
Palm=3  inches. 

Pork, barrel  =  200  Ibs.;  hogshead  =  ",000  ibs. 
Port  Wine,  pipe=l  15  gallons. 
Resin,  barrel  =  300  Ibs. 
Rum,  puncheon  =  100  to  HO  gallons. 
Powder,  keg  =  25  Ibs. 
Raisins,  cask=  >00  ibs. 
Sairna  of  Oil  =  4j.i6o,allons. 
Salmon,  bo»  =  i20  to  130  ibs. 
Salt,  hogshead=30  bushels;  barTei=3'i 

bushels;  bushel  =  ~>Q  ibs. 
Sand, Gravel, etc.,  cubic  foot  =  >50  Ibs. 
Sherry,  butt  =  108  gallons. 
Skippond,&ottenburg,  =  300  Ib3. 
Soap,  barrcU256  ibs.;  bo*=75  Ibs. 
Span  =9  inches. 

Stcne, dressed, cubic  foot  =  l80  Ibs. 
Straw  or  Hay,  load=36  tru,ss. 
Sugar,  barrel=  200  to250  Ibs.;  bo*  =  4floto 

500  Ibs. 

Tallow,  barrel  =  333  I  bs. 
Tar,  barrel  =  300  I  bs. 
Tea,  chest, Congou.,=75  Ibs.;  Hyson,chest 

=  60  fco  84  Ibs. 
Teneriffe,  pipe=IOO  gallons. 
Ton  of  Wood=  2  stones. 
Truss  of  Hau=56  to 60  Ibs. 

"  Straw  =  40  IbS. 
Turpentine,  barrel  =  300  IbS. 
Vara, Spanish,  =  8  feet. 

"     of  Baracoa=  20 feet. 
Whale  Oil,  bar-rel=  3\>'i  gallons. 
Whiskey,  Scotch, puncheon  HO  to  130  pals. 
Wood, hickory, cord  =  4,500  Ibs. 
oak         "   =3,500  Ibs. 
Wool,pack  =  240  Ibs. 

••'      sack=308  Ibs. 
Yard  =0.9 143  835  metre. 
Yam,skein  =  80  turns  around  a54-in.wheel. 


>fHAT?  "VrHEREP 


JORN 


OCCUPAT 


NAME          OCCUPATION  BORN 


JOHN  AOAMS.I 


AOAM$,$AM'L-REVOLU'Y  PATRIOT-  --112' 
ADAMS.  WM.T.-MA&HlNiwmT£ROFO.S.-l82 
ADMlSOK,Mlim-FR.NATUR.AUSl-  •  -•  •  •  112 
AODISON.JOSEPH-EW.AUTHOR-  --- •••  •  -161 
ADELAIDE,  ST.- Q.UEEN  OF  ITAUT--".:  93 
AOELUN6,JOHM»-KR.PHILOLO&IST-  -  -  US 

GET, PIERRE  A.-FR.  POLITICIAN 116 

DELCREI)T7..KARL-SWE8.S«LDlEII 115 

8LER$PARRE.&EO.-$WED.$TATESMAN-ll 
OOLPHUS,JOHN-EN&.WSTORIA,N-  •  -IT. 
OOLPHUS,FREO'K-HIN&  OF  SWEDEN-  •  1 1 
AOOIPHUSOFNASSAU-GER.EMPEROR-I 
ADRIAN  I.- ROMAN  PON1IFF--D1EO, 

ADRIAN  n.- OlfD, 

ADMAN  [It.-  'i  ••  --OIEO, 
VORIAN  tV.  «i  -t  *.tOl£D,l 
.OR1ANV.- OIE»,I2 


PHILIP  AUGUSTUS. 


ALEXANDER  EV.-ROMA.N  PONTIFF  o.,  26 


ABASCAUjJ.f1 -SPAN.     »          -  n* 

.B8AS  t..- SHAH  OF  PERSIA 155' 

BBA5,MiflIA-Pf  R5.  PRINCE- 118 

8BA5  PASHA-VICEROY  OF  EGYPT 181 

A8BATUCCi.CHAS.-FR.GENER.AL Ill 

AB6ATUCCI.J.P.-FR. GENERAL 112 

ABBATUCCI,J.P.-FR.OIPLOM'S1---  1191 
ABBOT,  8ENJ.-AMER.EOUCATOR----I162 

ABBOT.SAM'L-AMER.MERCH'T 1132 

A880TUACOB-AMER.  AUTHOR-  ---UK 

ABBOTT, J.S.C.-  AMER.  AUTHOR 18»5 

ABBT,  THOS.-GER.  AUTHOR 

BO-EL-KAOER-ARAB  CHIEF 1801 

ABDUL-AZIZ- TURK. SULTAN 1830 

BOUL-MEOJID- •'         '»        182: 

n'BECKET,6lLB'1-£Na.AUTHOR 18 10 

ABE6G.J.FH.-GER.  JURIST- i?96 

ABEKEN.B.R.-GER. WRITER 1180 

A8ELARD.PIERRE-FR.PHILOS.----I013 
A6ERCROMBlt,JAS.-  BRlT.GEMERAL-  •  •  •  1106 
,6ERCROM8IE,JNO.-SCOT.PHY5'N---n, 
«8ERCROMBT,SIR  R.-BRll. GENERAL-  -II 
A6ERCROM6Y,Sl R  ROOT.  •  •        «        •  -11 


AESCHINES-GRECIAM  ORATOR-  •  •  BX. 

SCHUUS     •»  ,  POET B.C.' 

:SOP      .  •>     fABuLi$T--e.c 

AETIUS-ROMAN6ENERAU 


ALOC&.NDER  THt  GREAT-PROM  A  COIN 


192 


JOHN  QLUINCr  ADftMS. 


AeEROEEN,a.H.G.-5COT.  STATESMAN-  • 
ABERNETHY, JHO.- E NG.  SURGEON-  •  • 
A6INGER,JAS.- ENG.UAWYER-  •- 
A80UT,£.F.V.-FR. WRITER.- 

6»ArmS,ANDOCHE,FR. SOLDIER-  -  - 

,eitANTES,OUCHtS5£-FR.AUTHORES5-- 
AST  FRANZ-MUSICAL  COMPOSER-  • 

BU-9EKER-AKAB.  CALIPH • 

ABU-FEMAN-f-RABlC  POET- 

ACCUM.FHiEORlCH-GER.CHEMlST-  •  • 

CHARB,F«AN2-GER. PHILOSOPHER-  - 

ACH£N8ACH,A.-GER.  PAINTER 

UE«MANN,«)NRAtl-GER.COMEO'N- 
ACOSTA,JOSE  OE-SPAN.WRlTtR 

AOAIR',SIR  n'oer.-  BRIT.OIPLOMATIST- 

AOAM,A.C.-FR.MUS.COMPOSER 

40AM, ALSHECHT-flER. ARTIST-     --• 
ADAM,ROBT.-BRll.ARCHinci 

AOAMS,CHAS.B.-AMER.CHEMIST-    -• 

ADAMS,  CHAS.F.-AMFR.REPRESEN'VE- 

ADAMS,DANl£l.-AMER.  AUTHOR 

ADAMS,nANNAH-ftlVIFMvanER 

AOAMS,JOHN-?MO  PRES.OF  U-S.-  -- 
AOAMS,J.a.-6TH  PSfS  OFu.4.- 


AFAM6IEFF.  ALEX.-  RUSSIAN  AUTHOR-1 82 
AFF8..0ENIS-ARCH6I5HOFOF  PARIS-  I 
AFZEUU5,ARVIDAUt.-SWED.AIITHOR-  'I 
A.GA5Sll.LOUIS-AMER.NATunALIST-  -I 
A6A1HO- ROMAN  PONTIFF- -DIED, 
A&ATHON-&RECIAN  TRAGIC  POET-BJ;. 
A6NESl.MARIA-lTALmN$CHO).KR---l 

&RlCOL1,CNEIUS-ROM.&£NERA.L  •     " 
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A6RlCOlA,RUWLf-eER.SCHOLAR 1 

At RlPPA.HENRl-KR.PHILOSOPHER  -I 
AG-MPPA,MAR.VIP.-ROMAN 6ENERAL-BX.    6 
A6UESSEAu,HE^Rl-F^ENCH  JURIST  • 
AtUlLAR.GRACE-ENG.  AUTHORESS 
AGUSTINA-SPANISHPATRlOT-OlED,l85 
AHLEFELO.CHARLOTTE-fER.NOVEl.lST      ' 
AHN,JOH/(NN-6-ER.&RAMMARlAN-  • 

,1&UILLON,A.V.D.R.-FR.ST»7ESMAN  •  • 

,IKIN,JOriN-ENG.AUTHOR    

AIKIN.LUCY-EN6. AUTHORESS-    - 

AINMULLER.MAX.-6-ER. ARTIST I  80 

AINSWORTH,WM.-ENfr.6EOL06lST-  -  I  80 
AINSWORTH,V».H.-EN6.NOVELIST-  •  •  I  80 
AIRY.&EO.B.-HN&.ASTRONOMER---I80 
AlTZEMA.LlEUWE-DUTCH  HISTORlAN-i  6  0 

KBAR- SULTAN  OF  THE  MOGULS--!  54- 

AKENSIDE,MARK-EN&.POET 112 

AKERMAN.A.X- AMER.ATT'Y  6EN.-I  82 
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A\LAR|[  1.-KIN60F  yiSl&QTHS  ••  3 


ALEXANOERVl.-     ..  >f       -0. 

ALEXANDER  ni:  ••  •'  -0, 
ALEXANDER VIII,  •»  ..  -0. 
ALEXANOEa  I.-ftUS.EMPEROR  -  -  • 

ALEXANDER  II.    •>       ..       

ALEXANOER.WM.-AMER.REV.GE.N. 
ALEXI5,MIKHA.-CZAR  OF  RUSSIA  • 
ALFIERA,\/lTTORlO-  ITAL.POET- 
ALFONSOI.-KINC-OF  PORTUGAL- 
ALFONSO  II.-  "  "  a- 
ALFONSO  III-  -.  ii  •• 
ALFONSO  W-  >i  ii 
ALFONSO  V."  '  •  it  •• 
ALFONSO  VI."  >  I  It 
ALFONSO  XII.  klNfr  OF  SPAIN  - 
ALFRED  THE GREAT-MN&  OF  ENS. 
ALGAROi,Ai.ESANDRO-nAL.SCULP'R- 

AL&ER,W.R.-AMER.AUTHOR 

ALlBERT.JEAN-FR.PHYSlCIAN'-- 
ALISOIM,SIR  ARCH.-EN&.HISTORIAN- 
ALLAN,  DAVID- 5COT.PAINTER-  •• 
I  ALLAN,  JOHN- REVOLU'RY  PATRIOT 
ALLE&RI.5REGORIO-ITAL.MUSICIAN- 
ALLEN,CHAS.-AMER.CH'F  JUSTICE 
ALLENjETHAN-REVOLUTlON'TOFFlCfR 


ANACREON-6REEKPOET-B.C.  560 
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ANASTASIUS  II:  • »  1 1  -0.  *98 
ANASTASIUS UL-  •  t  ft  -0.  903 
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AN AXA60RAS-&REEK  PHIL05.-8.C.  500 
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ANCELOT,JAC.-FR.POE1 1194- 

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RSON,ROBT.-AMER.SOLOIER--I  805 
lASSr,JULIAN-HUNfr.STSMAN-l  8  23 
Af:DRE,JOHN-BRlTISHOFFICER-  --I1  5 
ANOBANA.ANDREA-lTAL.PAINTER-  -I  540 

,NOREW,J.A.-AMER.STATESMAN 
ANDROS.SIREDMUND-COLON'LfrOVlR-l  6  J1 
AN&ELl  FILLIPPO-ITAL.PAIMTER-I  6 


JULIUS  CAESAR. 


00  ARNOLOJN 


RNOLD, rnOS.-EN6.HISTORlAN  • 


WILLIAM  CULIEN  BRYAN 


AN6-EUtO,FM-lTAL.PAlNlER-U81 


ARTAXERXES  R.-  "  •  > 

ARTAXERXEsm.-..  t, 
ARTEMISIA-FL.-480  8.C.-8UEENOF 
ARTEMISIA-  FL. 350  B.C.- CONSORT  Of  MiUSOLUS. 
ARTHUR,CHESTiRA.-2lSl  PRES.U.S.-  -183 
ARTHUR.TIMOTHT  S.- AMER. AUTHOR-  -1809 
ASCHAM.RO&ER-EN&.SCH 
ASHBURTON,ALEX.8.-EN6. 
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ATHANASIUS-&R.FATHER  Of  CHURCH- 

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ATTER8URr,FRANCIS-ENfr.PRELATE--l662 
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H 


LORD   3ACON. 


ALLEN.HENRY  W.-AMER.GFNERAL-  • 

ALLEN,  JOH  N-AMER.  REV.OFClCER  •  • 
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ALL£N,PAUL-AM£R.WRlTER--:- 
ALLEN.  WM.-ENG.  CHEMIST 

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ALLISON,W.R.-AMEIUSTATESMAI1-  • 
ALLOR|,ALESANDRO-ITAL.PAINTER- 
ALISTON,WASH'N-AM£R.PAINTER- 
ALM  VTADEMA,L-BEL«AN  PAINTER- 
ALMY,JOHN-AMER.COMMODORE- 

AMAOEUS-KIM&  OF  SPAIN 

AMALlE,MARlE-GER.  DRAMATIST- 
AMBROSE.  ST.-FATHER  OF  LAT.CH.- 
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AMHERST,JEfFRfY-BRIT.GEN£RAL  - 
AMlCl,&IOV»NNI-lTAU  ASTRONOMER- 
AMP[RE,ANDRE-FR.  PHILOSOPHER- 
AMSLER,SAM'L-&ER.EN&RAVER  -  - 


ANGELL,JOS.K.-AMER.LEGALWRn.-l79^/>UfH)STlN£,ST.-LAT.FATH.OFTHKH.       35* 

E  OF  AUSTRIA-QUEEN  OF  FR'NO:!  60 
AIMNE-OUEEN  OF  ENGLAND-  166* 
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ANNE  BOLEYIM-2NO  «i  »i  «i-i501 
ANS>ON,GEO.-ENG.AOMlRAi.  ---1697 
ANTHON,CHAS.-AMER.  SCHOLAR  -  -  -  II 91 
ANTHONY.ST.-E&YP.FOUN'R  MONAS.-  251 
ANTHONT,HEN.8.-U.S.SENATOR--l8l5 
ANTIGONUS-GEN.OFALEX.THE  &R.-BXJ82 
ANTIPATER-MACEDON  &ENERAL-B.C.  390 
ANTI PHON  -GRECIAN  ORATOR  -  -  B.C.  480 
ANTlSTHENES-GRECIAN  PHILOS.-B.C. 

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APPJ.E&ARTH,ROBT.-LEAD.EN6-.VV'KM>N-I83 
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APPL£TON,JKO.j.-AMER.DlP).OM'ST-l192  AUGUSTUS CAESAR-iST  ROM.EMP.-B.t>.   63 


APUJJ1B,UUCIUS-PLATONIC  PHILOS.-  •    I  30 


JAMES  BUCHANAN. 


CHESTER  A.  ARTHUR 


UlNAS,S1.THOS.-lTAU 
A8I  PASHA-E6YP.REV 


.-lTAUPHIL05.-  ••  1227 


ALBA, FERO.OURE  OF -SPAN. frEN'L  •'  SC 
ALBANI,FRANCESCO-lTAl..PAlNTER-i  SI 
ALBERONI,&IULIO-SPAN.STATES'N-i  6t 
ALBERT  I.-6ER.EMPEROR 
ALBERT  II.    •• 

ALBERT-PRINCE  CON. IN  ENG 

ALBERT  EDWARD-PRINCE  OF  WALES - 
ALBERTuS  MAfrNUS-BAV  PHILOS'R- 
4LBINUS,B.S.-GER.ANATOMiST-  -i  69 
«LSONI,MARlETTA-nAL.SiNGER-  192 
•USAn.jEANNE-QUEENOFNAVAr-    ' 


H/HOS.B.-AMER.  POET 


BAILLIE,  JOANNA-  SCOT.POETESS  •  • 
_.  BAILllE,MATT.-SCOT.PHYSlClAN- 
ARA&0,DOIWINQUE-FR.STATESMAN-  HS6  BAILLY,  JEAN  S.-FR.ftSlRONOMER 
ARBUTHNOT,JOHN-SC07. PHYSICIAN-  1675  " 
.HCHlMEDES-OREfK  rnATHEMMK'N-M.287 
RETlNO,&ulDO-lTftL-INVENTOR--  990  BAlRO,OAVlD-SCOT.  &ENERAL 


| 


JAMES    G.  BLAI  N£. 


ARIUS-  PATRIARCH  OF  ALEXANDRIA-    •   255 
ARKWRI6Hl,SlRRICH.-EN&.INVENTOR--n32 
ARMINiuS-GER.HERO  .......  B.C.     18 

ARMINIUS,JACOBUS-Ol)TCH  THtOL.  •    156" 
ARMITAGEjEOW.-E^.HlST.PAINTER 
ARMSTRONfrjJOHN-SCOT.POET-    •   1109 

/TRMSTRON&.WM  &.-ENG.iNvENTOR-ieio 

APNAUOjHENRl-WALOENSE  LEADER-  1641 
AftNOT,  C.M.-&ER.  POET  ........  1169 


CHARLEMA&ME. 


IUWSTUSI.-KINGOFPOLAMO- 


AUREUANUS-ROM.EMPEROR 
AURELIUS.MARCUS-ROM.EMPEROR 

AUSONIUS- LATIN  POET 

AUSTEN,JAN£-ENfrLlSH  AUTHOR- 
AYTOUN,WM,E.-SCOTHSH  POET- 


BACK,  6FORGE-ENC-.  ARCTIC  NAVlfrAT. 
BACON.FRANCI5CLORB-EN&.  PHILOS." 

BACON, NATHAN.-yiRtiNiA  PATRIOT - 
BACON,RO&ER-EN&.PHILOSOPHEK- 

FIN,WM.-£IMC-.NAVl6ftTOR- 
BAILEVjJ/ 


ARGaE,A.C.- SCOT. COVENANTER--     1598  BAIR.D,SPENCER-AMER.NATUHALIS1-  823 


ARGYLE,&.O.C.-ENG.STATESMAN---  1823 
ARiOSTO,LUDOVICO-iTAL.POET  •••  1474 
ARlSTi DES- C-REEK  STATES'N-DlE 0,Bt468 

ARlSTOPHANES-iREEKPOET-    ••    8.11.444 ...  ..  

ARISTOTLE-SBEEK  PHILOSOPHER- -6.C.J84BALF£,MICHAflW.-iRiSHCOMPOSER-i8&8 


BAJAZET-SULTON  OF  OnOMANS 
BAKER.SAM'L  W.-EN6.AF.EXPLOR; 
BALBOA/ASCO-SPAN. 


B/\LFO[|R,A.J.-EN&. STATESMAN  - 
6ALLOU,HOSEA-AMER.THEOlOfr'N  • 


AMIIW. 

ARNOLO' 


,  C..-.          ........  1 

EIM.J.&.VON-&ER.  OlPlOMAT.-l  Sal 
N\,H-C-f--PRUS.OlPLuMMlST-lSH 
LO,BFMEIllCI-AMFI(.TRAI10P-  1140 


WHO  -refers  *o  the  na-tne  of  -the  mdividaal;as,Napoleoti Bonaparte. 
WHAT  refers  lo  tha*  /of  which  he  is  chiefly  teine-mbered;  as,BlaJne  was  astates'ti 
WHERE  refers  to  the  country  iti  which  he  !ived;as,8ell  lived  in  Scotland. 
WHEN  fetors  bo  *he  date  of  his  birth;  as,  Bismarck  was  born  in  1815 


NAME.    OCCUPATION.      BORNJIWME.     OCCUPATION.    BORN 


ALMES,  JAIME- SPAN.  PHILOSOPHER- 
3ALZAC.HONORE-FR.NOVEUST  -  -  -   1799 
NCRO'F7,GEO.-AMER.HISTOR 
r  lCLLO,MATTEO-nAL.NOVEUST--l480 
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/>  NKS.NATHAN.P.-AMER.G-ENERAL- 1816 
ANKS,SIR  JOS.-EN6.TRAVELER  -  - 1143 
ANKS.THOS.-EN6.  SCULPTOR  -  -  IT  35 
BANNEKER.BENJ.-AMER.NE6.MATH.-n  31 
BARBOUR.JOHN- SCOTTISH  POET-  "1320 
[T.-SCOT.QUAK.AUTH.OR- 
ICHABD  H.-EN6.HOMORIST 

GOO-EN6.FANATIC-D.,I680 

AMER.  PATRIOT 1755 

8ARNES,ALBERT-AMER.THEOL06IAN-n98 

'.T.-AMER.S 

AUL-FR.STAT 

pnn->t..LAWRENCE-AMER.  ACTOR- 
BARRY.JAMES-iRiSH  PAINTER 

ARRVCORNWAU-EN6.POFT     • 
ARTOLINI?LORENZO-rTAL  SCULPTOR -ITT7 


SALMON  P.  CHASE. 


BARTOLOMMEO,FRArlTAL.PAINTER 

BARTON.BERNRAO-EN&.QUAK.POET-     _. 

BARTRAM,  JOHN-AMER.  BOTANIST-HOI 

BARTSCH,  JOHf.NN-6-ER.  EN&RAVf  R-n  S" 

BASSANO,HU&UES-FR.STATESMAIH16 

BAUME.ANTOINE-FH.CHEMIST-172 

TER,RlCHARO-ENG-.N"NISTER---l6l5 

AAD,PIERRE-FR.  WARRIOR 


BEACONSFiELD,BENJ.-EN&.NO«ELI5T-i804 
BEATON,DAVlD-SCOT.CARDmAU--l4-34 

BEATTIE.JAS.- SCOT.  POET 1735 

BEAUHAftNAIS}EU6.-FR.WNERAL-n 
BEAUMARCHAIS.P.-FR.DRAMATIST-I7 
BEAU  MONT, FRANCIS-FS&.DRANI>T-i5i 
BEAURE&ARD.P.G.-AMER.CON.GEN.-I8 
BFCKfT,THOS.A,-EN&.ARCHBISHOP-l  1 1 ' 
BEDE,THfVENERABLE-FNfr.MONK--  673 
BECHFR.E 


NAME.   OCCUPATION. 


RIOT 118 

BONAPA'RTEjCHAS.-FR. EMPEROR ---I80i 
BONAPARTE-JEROMEHMMfWESTNAUJHT* 

BONAPAHTE.JOS.-KIN&OFSPAIN 176? 

lONMWlTEJ.WIS-KllttOF  HOLLAND-  -1118 
BONAPARTf,LUCIEN-WNCE  OF  CAHINO- -HIS 
80NAPARTE.NAH>lE(m-FR.EMPEROR-  •  •  17  6« 
BONHEUR,  MMUE-nUMUDEI  •  •  1 822 


HENRY   CLAY. 


BENTON,THQS.H.-AMER.STATESMAN-n82 
BERAN«R,PIERRE-FR.1TRIC  POET-  n 80 
LCIAN  VIOLINIST-  -IQ02 


ERKE'LE\SEO.-:RISH  PHILOSOPHER- 168< 
IERLIOZ.LOUISH.-FR.  COMPOSER--  180! 
!ERNARD,ST.-FR. ECCLESIASTIC  ---109 
IERNARO.SIMON-FR.&ENERAL,---  779 
ARC' 


BONIFACE  11:  " 
BONIFACE  III.-  '  • 
BONIFACE  IV.-  »> 
BCNIFACEV.-  >• 
BONIFACE  Ml-  •• 

ONI  FACE  V1L-   •  • 

ONI  FACE  V11L- >  • 

ONIFACE  K.-  •  » 
BONN  EV I  LLE.BENJ.- AM.TRAVELER- IIS 

BOONE,OANIEl-AM.  PIONEER II: 

800TH,BARTON-ENft.TRAttOIAN- 
BOOTH.EDW.-AMEK.TRA5EDIAN  • 


-;;'. 


DT,$ARA-FR.TRA&EOIAN 


oERT.PAUL-FR.PHVSICIAN  ..... 
BERTHOUFI.CLAUDf-FR.  CHEMIST- 
BERWICK  .JAS.-FR.MAR5HAL-  -• 
BE55EL,FR1ED(1ICH-PRUS.ASTRON'I(- 


EUST.FRlEORICH-&ER.5TATESMAN- 
iOOLE,JOHN-EN6.tHfOLO&IAN-  •• 

BIERSTADT,ALBERT-AMER.PAINTER- 

8INNEY,( 

BIRO,P.O( 

BISMARCK,  PRINCE  VON-tER.STATS'N- 

BLACK  HAWK-AMERJMDIM  CHIEF-- 


850 


COPERNICUS. 


BOOTH-JUNIUS  B.-EN&.TRAC-EOIAN-n9 
BORDEN,SIMEON-kM.EN&lNEER-l79f 
BORSIA.CESARE-ITAL.CARDINAL-I4-" 
BORROMEO.CARLO-ITAL.CARDINAL-15 

BORROW.  6-EO.-EN6.AUTHOR. ISO; 

BOSCAWEN.EDW.-EN6.  ADMIRAL-- 1 7 1 
BOSSOET,JACQUES-FR.PRELATE-  •  162 

B05WELL,JAS.-5COT.  LAWYER 17* 

BOTHWELL.  JAS.K.-SCOT.CON5PIRATOR  - 1 521 
BOTTA,CARLO- ITAL. HISTORIAN  •••  - 1761 
BOTTCHER,JOHANN-&ER.INVENTOR-I"~ 
BOUClCAUCTjOlON-lRISH DRAMATIST   -I 
BOUOINOT,ELIAS-AM.PHILANTHMPIST-r 
BOUC-UER,PIERRE-FR.PHYS1CIST---I6» 
BOUiaON.£X)DFREY-LEADFI 
BOUITON,MATT.-ENS.INVENTOR-    ••  I72( 
BOURBAKI,CHAS.-  FR.  G-ENERAl I8lf 

BOURBON.CHAS.-FR.CENERAL 149 

BOURDON.SEBASTIEN-FR.PAINTER  —  -16  ' 
HHMuwH-auiMa 


BSI3B 


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BFTHOVEN,LUDWI&-«R.MUS.COMPOSri770  BLACKWOOD,WM.-SCOT.PU6LISHE 
,BEHRIN&,VITUS-DANI$H  NAVif  ATOR-1680  BLAINE.JAS.G  -AM.S^A^ESMA^ 


ELISSARIUS-BYZANTINE  6fNERAL 


NEtfNE 
PHYSIOL 


OL06ISTH774- 


JEAN-FR.JOURNAL1ST-- 
BLANCHARD,THOS.-AM.INVEN10R 
BLE5SI N6TON.  MAR&.- 1 BISH  COUNTESSHl  89 
BlOOMflElLw«r.- ENS.  POET    •• 

eLUCHER,E.EBHARD-PRUS.F-LDMAP.-  742 
BLUMENT>IAL.LEONABD-PRUS.e-EM.-l8IO 
BOCCACCIO,  tlllVANNI-ITAL.NflVELISI-13 1 3 
DE-JOHANN-  &ER.  ASTRONOMER  - 1 747 
BOERHAAVE,HERMAN-DUTCH  PHIIOS.-I6  ~  ' 

1  BOETHIUS,ANICIUS-ROM.  PHI  IDS. 

ALCOMPOSFR-IS02  BO&ARDUS,JAS.- AM.INVEN10R 


C  E  RO 


ELVEDERE,ANDREA-1TAL.PWNTER-I646  BOHN.H.f.-ENt. PUBLISHER 


BEMDEMANN.EOW.-tER.PAINTEF 
eN[DEK,LUO»lC--HUMC-»RlAN  6EN.-  180- 
:ENEDIC7,ST.-FCUNO.MONACHISM    -  48 

BENEDICT  1.-  ROM  AN  PONTiFF-OiSO,  518 
ENEDICI  n.     - 

BENEDICT  III.    •• 


NEOlCT  W 
BENEDICT  VII.-' 
BENEDICT  Vin.-' 
BENEDICT  IX.-  • 
BENEDICT  X.-  > 
BENEDICT  Yl.  ) 


BENEDICT  XIV.-»  •  »  «  HS8 
BENEDlCT,SIRJUUU5-feER.MUSICIAN-l804- 
8ENJAMIN,PARK-AMERJOURNAUSTH809 
ENNm,JAS.&ORD.-AME(l.JCURNA!'S1-n35 
EN1HAM,JER[MY-EN5.JURIST-  -  1748 


BLACKBURM,JOS.-AM.STATESMAN-I838 
-.ACKS(ONE,5IRWM.-EN6.  JURIST    -    1723 
776 

U&H-SCOT.RHFIORICIAN-     ' 
BLAKf,ROBT.-BRlTTiSH  ADMIRAL 


NAME.      OCCUPtTION.        BO»N 


JEFFERSON   DAVIS. 


BHI6HT,JOHN-ENB. STATESMAN-  >8  I 
BRISSOT,JEAN  P.-FR.PIRONOIST  --175 
BROf  LIE,CHAS.-FR.STATESMAN- 1  82 
8RONTE,CHARLOTTE-EN6.NOVELI5T-r8l( 
BROOKS,JAS.-AM.JOURNALIST"I8IO 
BROU&HM,HEN»YlLOMH«aAUTHOR-  -1 7  79 
BROWN,CHAS.-AM.  NOVELIST-  •  •  m  I 
BRO*N,JOHN-AM.ABOLITIONIS1-I800 
BnoWM,THOS.-  SCOIMETAPHYS1CIAN 

BROWNE,CHAS.F.-AM.HU»ARIST-  1835 
THOS.-EN6.PHYSICIAN-I605 

Lll.B.-£N6.POnESS--l809 
HROVYNlNf.R08T.-EN6.POET-  •  1812 
BRUCE,JAS.-SCOT.TRAVEIER--  1130 
BRUCE.ROBT.-KINfr  OF  SCOTLAND-  1274 
BRUTLIS.LUCIUS-ROM.PAT(1IOT-FUU.50 
BRUTUS.MARCUS-ROM.&ENERAl-B.C.  8 
8RYANT.WM.CUL.-AM.POET  •  --•  179 
BUCHANAN,CEO.-SCOT.HISTORIAN-IS06 
JAS.-I5TH  PRES.  U.S.- 1 
OUKE  OF-EN&.STS'MN-I 
T.-ENf.WRITER-  1822 
lUMMOite 


BULWERjHENRY-ENf.  AUTHOR- 


THOMAS  OE;  QUINCY. 


BOLEYN,ANNE-2NDW.HENR>r 


CHRISTOPHER  COLUMBUS. 


BBfrBFYyitffMPfrfflFFnCT 


BOZZARIS,MARCO-&R.EEK  PATRIOT    17 
BRAODOCK,EUW.-BRlT.&ENERAL       17,^ 
E.-EN&.  NOVELIST      1837 
WM.-GOV. PLYMOUTH  COL-   1590 
-  EN&.ASTRONOMER  1692 

•AM.-LAWYER 

,-CONFED.GENERAl-- 
CHO-MWSHKTMMDMEI 

,T.-E 

ERECHENRlDC-E,J.C.-CDNFE0.9fHERAL 
BREMER,FRED«IKA-SWEO.NOYEUS1  - 
8RENTANO,CLEMENS-e-ER.POET  • 

BSENe-HEL,JAN.-FlEMlSH  PAINTER- 
BREWSTER.DAIVID-EN&.PHYSICIST- 
BRIAN,BORU-KIN6  OF  IRELAND-  • 


BUR&OVNE,JOHN-fN6.6ENERAtn30 
8URKE^OMUN1)-EN6  STATESMAIH730 
8URUlGH,WNLC.-fN&.STAT5MAN-l520 
URNET,eiLBERT-BR|T.HISTORIAN-l64.3 
:URNS.ROBT.-SCOT.LrRIC  POET--I759 
8URNSIOE.AMBROSE-AM.&ENERAL-I824 
8URR,AAROI*-AM.STATESMAM  -  - 17  56 
BURRin,EUHU-AM.  JOURNALlSVl  8 1 0 
BURTON,RICHARO-lBISHTRAVELER-l82l 
BURTON,ROBT.-EN5.  AUTHOR  •  •  •  1 575 
BUTLER,BENJ.F.-AM. LAWYER  --I8I8 
BUTLER.SAM'L-ENCr.POEl  -  • 

BYRON,  LORD- eN&.POET 1788 

CABOT,JOHN-EN6.  NAVI&ATOR-0. 14.9£ 
;ABOT.SEBASTlAN-EN6.NAVI&ATOI-l477 
AtOlvfON-ANaO-SAXON  POH-0.  6^ 
'     ULIUS-ROM.&ENERAL-B.C.  I 
CA&LI  Mil,  PAOLO-  ITAL.  PAINTER 
CAILIE.NICHOIAS-FR.ASTROMOMERH7  I  3 
DERON,BARCO-5PAN.ORAMATIST- 

CALHOUN.JOHN  c.-AM.STATESMAN-n83 

CALIC-ULA.CAIUS-ROM.  EMPEROR--  12 
CALVERT,CEC1L-!ST  PROP8IETOR  OF  IYID.-B.I676 
CALVERT,SEO.-FOUNBER  OF  MARYLAND-  iS8! 
LEOfiARII-ISTGOV'R  OF  MD. 


CHARLES  DICKENS. 


NAME.      OCCUPATION.      BORN. 


CW.VIN,JOHH-FR.THFOL06IAN  -  -•  -1509 

GAMBAOTtS,JEAII-FB.STATESMAII-    ITS'" 

CAMBYSES-KINO  OF  PERSIA-DIED  ic.  522 

CAMEROn.RlCHARD-Sa)tCIWEIIAITEII-Tl6  80 

CAMERON.SIMON-AM.  POLITICIAN -- n  99 

CAMILLUS,KIARCUS-ROM.&EM»Al-ILU.  S64 
CAMOEHS,LUIS-PORTlJ6l)tSE  POET---lSn 
CAMP8ELl,ALEX.-mw«US  RERWum- 1 7  88 
CAMPBEtl,Sl«COUK-Wa6-ENE«AL  ••-  I  T92 

CAMPBEUjTMOS.- SCOT.  POET 1177 

CANBY.EDWAM-AM.&ENERAL  --I8I9 
CANISIUS,PETRUS-DUTCHTHtOU)6IAN--i  521 
CANNINfr,eEO.-EHt STATESMAN-  -  -  1770 
CANOVA.ANTONIO-nAL.SCUirTOft-  --I  757 
CANROBERT,FRANCOlS-FR.MA»SHAl--l809 

CANU7E  U.-KINB  OF  DENMARK 990 

CAPET.HUtH-KlNt  OF  FRANCE  94.0 

CAREIl  HENRY  C.-  AM.  POUT.  ECONOMlSH  7  9  3 
CA»LETON,m-lRlSH  NOVELIST---  H98 
CARLISLE,W0.5.-AM.  STATESMAN  ••  -1829 
ARLOS, DON-DUKE  OF  MADRID-  •  1848 

ARLYLE.THOS.-SCOT.AUTHOR 1195 

CARNOT,t«AR-FR.STATESMAN---     17  S3 
CHAS.-  AM.PATRIOT    -       \T_ 


'JOHN  DRYOEM. 


CARTlER  JAQ JES-FR.NAVI6ATOR-  -  14.94 
CARTWRf&HT,EDMUNI)-ENt.lNVEKTO«-n4  3 
CARY,ALICE-AM.POET$SS-  -  -  —  1820 
CARYjPHOEBE-AM.POETCSS----  1824 
CASIMIRL-HN6  OF  POlANO-pitO,  1058 
CASS,LEWIS-AM. STATESMAN-  •  •  1782 
CATHERINE,^-  ITALIAN  NUN  -  •  •  -I  347 
CATHERINE  I.-EMPRESS  OF  RUSSIA--I682 
CATHERINE  OfaM60H-WF!  JFKEH.VIII-  14-86 
CATHERINEOEMEI)ICl-«.HEN.n.OFa-l5lO 
CATHERINE  OF  MLOIS-Q.HEItV.  OF  ENfc- 
-  - 

CAT 0,OIORYSIUS- LATIN  PO£T-a.3dd 
CATO,MARCUSP.-ROM.STATESVIAN-g.C. 
CArULLUS.CAIUSV.-LATINPOn-B.C.  77 
CAVAI&NAC.LOUIS-FR.&ENERAI  ••  1802 
CAVENDISH  HENRY-ENG-.PHILOSOPHER-I73  I 
CAVflUR,CAMIUO-ITAL.STATESWAN-l8i8 
CAXTON,VYM.-EN6.  PRINTER  •  14-12 
CECIUA,ST.-ROM. PATRONESS  OF  WSC-R.2D  C. 

- '- ENUTO-ITALARTIST-I500 

E-FAMOUSWM.LAIIt--i583 
WEORA-SPAN.NOVtLST-1547 

CHALMERS.THOS.-SCOT. DIVINE  •-  nso 

CHAMBERLAIN.  JOS.-  EN6.STATE5MAN-1 836 
CHAMBERS,WM.-SCOT.  PUBLISHER  • 
CHAMPLAIN,SAM1-Fli.NAVifrATOR    1 570 


ELIZABETH. 


lER,N.A.t-FR.SENERAl 
^,n,.,,M,,WNi.E.-AM.OlVINf--- 
CHANTREY/SlR  FRANCIi-ENJ.SCULffH782 

CHAPIN.EOW.H.-AM.DIVINE-  — 181* 
CHARLEMA&NE-&ER.EMPEROR--  •  74-2 
CHARLES  IL-  ••  •>  -823 

CHARLES  Ul-       ••  ..  -832 

CHARlESrV.-        >•  ..  1316 

,,  ,,  -    ,500 

CHARLESVU-      »t  ».  --  1685 

CHARLES  VII.-      ».  »)  ••  1697 

CHARLES  D.-  KIN&Of  FRANCE  • 

CHARLFSIV.-     »»  t>  —1294 

CHARLESV.-     .»  ,,  •-  13J7 

CHARLES  VL-     »»  »»  ••  1368 

CHARLESVU.-    »»  »»  ---14.03 

CHAKLESIX."    »»  »«  -"1550 

CHARLES  X.-    »       »,     --1757 

CHARLES  I.-  HIN&OFEN6LMIM600 
CHARLES  n.-  ))  11  1630 

CHARLESl.-  KINC-OF  SPAIN-1500 
CHARLES  II:  »»  11  -1661 


79 


\IAME       OCCUPATION       BORN 


AME       OCCUPATION       BORN] 


OCCUPATION         BORN  NAME        OCCUPATION      BORE 


\IAME       OCCUPATION 


HARLES  K.-KINfr  OF  SPAIN--- IT  16 
HARLES  IV.-  >•>  »  »  ---1148 

HARLES  1X.-KIN&  OF  SWEDEN —I  SSO 
HARLES  X.-  »>  i  J  "-I622 

HARLES  *]!.-»» 
HARLES  Xm.-»» 

IARLE5  XIV.-  »  »  f  >       ---1164. 

ARLES  XV.-  »>  sj      ---1826 

HARLES  EOW.STUAJT-EN&.PRlNCE-nSO 
HAHIES  THl  BCiO-DUHE  OF  BURGUNDY -•  1 4  33 
HAHLES  MMUEL-KMSOFTItt  FRANKS--  694 
HARRON,PIES«-FR.MORAUST--I53 


HARTIER,ALAIN-FR.POET -1385 

:,SALMON  P.-. 
HATEAUBRIANDjF.A.-FR. AUTHOR  -- 1768 

.FITT-E      -  — 


BASE. 


:rW.STATESMAN--!108 

HATTERTON.THOS.-  ENG.POET 1752 

HAUCER,MOFFREKN(J.  POET-- -1328 

HEEVER.&EO.E.-AM.DIVINE 1807 

HENIER,AND«E  M.-FR.POET 1162 

HERUBINI,MARIA-ITAUOMPOSER--n60 
HESTERFIELO.EARLOF-ENG.  ORATOR- 1 694 
HEVALIER. \f!CHEL-FR.  POllT.EtflHW-1806 
HIIUYDIA  M.-AM.PHILM4TW8PBH80a 

HOATEjRUFUS- AM.  LAWYER. 11 99 

HOISEUL.ETIENNE-FR.STATESMAN-n  I  9 
HRISTIAN  l.-KWt  Of  DEMMARK-14-25 
HRISTIANll.-l)  »  »  -14-8 
HRISTIANI!].-!)  «  »  -1502 
HRISTIAN  IV.- >t  >  >  -1517 
HRISTIAN  V.-» '  >  -164-6 


MIILARD  FILMORE. 


LEMENT  Vni-ROMAN  PONTIFF  •  - 15 36 
LEMENT  XI.-  »  »  -"164-9 
LEMENT  XIV.-  »  «>  '-nOW 
LEMENTl.MUllCHTAL.PIANIST-- 1 1  52] 
LEON -ATHENIAN  GENERAL-D..B.C.  422 
LEOPATRA-QUEEN  OF  EGYPT- -B.C.  69 
LEVELAND,6ROVER-PRCS.U.S.---l837 
LINTON,DE  Win-AM.STHESMAN  --116  = 
LIN70N.S1R  HENRY-EKtGWERAL— 1136 

IVE.ROBT.-EN&.&ENERAL 11 2  5 1 

OOT2.JEAN-PRUS.7RAVELER--  1153 
.OUGft-ARlHUH  H.-EN6.  POET  -  -  - 1  820 

LOVI5- KINS  OF  THE  FRANKS 46S 

OBBnT,WM.-I«JWlV«|T|R- 1762 
OBDEN.RICHARO-EW.51ATESMAN-I804 

OKE.SlREDW.-EN&.JURIST 1552 

OLBER1.JEAN  B.-FR.STATESMAN  -  - 1  6 1 9 
OLBURrJ,WARREN-AM.MHHEM/fl'N- 11 9  3 1 
•9 1   OlE.THO'S.- AM.  PAINTER 1801 


-AM.SWESMAN-1808 


WILLIAM  E.GLftDSTONE. 


(DAVENPORT,  EOW.L.-  AM.  ACTOR—  1 816 

-KINfr  OF  ISRAEL B.C.  IQ90 

AVID.ST.-PATRON  OF  WALES 490 

AVID,JACfiUES  L.-FR.PAINTER  — 1748 
AVID.PIERRE  J.-FR.SCULPTOR---I789 
AVIESS.CHAS.-AM.MATHEMATICIAN- 1 798 
IDAVIESS.J05.H.- AM.  STATESMAN —  1187 
DAVIS.JEFFERSON-AM.5TMESMAN  — 1808 

DAYOUST,LOUIS  N.-FR.MAHSHAL 1110 

Y.SIR  HUMPHREY-EN6.CHEMIST  —  - 1 118 
..I  'RN,H£NRY-AM.GENERAL----I15I 
DECATUR,STEPHEN-AM.NAVI6ATOR--m9 

|DEFOE,DANIEL-EN&.NOVELIST 1661 

E  KALB.JOHN-GER.GENER.AL 1732 

ELACROIX.F.V.E.-FR.  PAI  NT  E  R  —  H99 

IDELAROCHE.PAUI-FR.PAINTER 1797 

ARE.LOKO-eoY.oF  VA.-DIED,  1618 

HO.ANOREA-FR.PAINTER-1488 
(DEMETRI  US,PHftL.-&R.PHIlOSOPHEIl-B.C.  345 
|DEMETan)S.POL.-MACEDON'N  GEN.-  B.C.  335 
IKMOCftlTUS-MEEK  PHIIOSOPHER-8.C.460 
I  DEMOSTHENES-ATHENIAN  ORATOR-  B.C.385 
IDE  QUINCEY.THOS.-EN&.AUTHOR--- 
OERBY,EDW.-EN5.STATESMAN-- 


ALEXANDER  HftMllTON 


lUNOONALD,THOS.-BRlT.AOMlRAl.-m5 
UN6LISON.KOB.-AM.  PHYSICIAN -1198 
UNQIS,  JEAN-FR.  HERO 1402 


1199 


ROBERT  FULTON. 


COX.S.S.-AM.  STATESMAN  -  —1 824 

COZ7E«,FREIWl-AM.POET 1818 

CRABB.GEO.-ENG.FMLOLOSIST  •  --1779 

CRABB'E,GEO.-EN&.POET 1154 

CRANMER,THOS.-EN&.REFORWER-I489 
CRASSUS,MARCUS-R(WI.Tr,IUMVill-B.t.l  0  8 
CREASY.SIR  EDVf.-ENt.HISTOHlAh  -1812 

CRICHTON.SCOT.  PRODIC-Y 1560 

CRISPIN.ST.- CHRISTIAN  MARTYR-B.287 
CRITTENOEN,J.J.-AM.ETATESMAN-I186 
CROCKETT.OAVIB-AM.BACKWOODSMAN- 1796 
CROESUS-KING  OF  LYDIA--  -B.C.590 
-1599 


CROMWELL-OLlVER-ENfr^ENERAL- 

:OLENSO,J.W.-EN&.THEOLO&IAN-I8I4  CRUDEN,Allx.-SCOT. AUTHOR- - 
OLERIDfrE.SAM'LT.-EN&.POET-  --I112  CRUIKSHANK.&EO.-ENe.CAHICATIIRIST 
OLFAX.stHUYLER-AM.POLITICIAN-1823  CURRANJOHN  P.-IRISH  ORATOR- 
OLI&NY,»SPARD-FR.AOMIRAL--|5n  CURTIS,  BENJ.R.-AM.  JURIST - 
OLUER,JEREMY-ENG.THEOLOeiAN   '" 
;OLLIN6WOOD,C.-EN&.  AOMI RAL  - 

'I  CUSTER,'?£bA~AM.frE'NERAL"- 
I.W.-EN&.NOVELIST-I824  CUVIER.SEO.-FR.NATURALIST  • 


ULYSSES  S.&R/VNT. 


BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN. 


CHRISTIAN  V1.-K1N&  OF  DENMAHM699 
CHRISTIAN  VII.-  »  »!      -174 

CHRISTIAN  VI1L-"  "      -I7B 

STIAIM  IX.-  »  »       -1818 

CHRISTINA-QUEEN  OF  SWEDEM--I62' 
CHRY5IPPUS-&R.STOICPHILOS.8.C.28 
CHRYSOSTOM.ST.-6B.FATH.OF  CH.--  i4' 
CHURCH.FREO.E.-AM.ARTIST---  1826 
CHURCHILL,  CHAS.-ENS.  POET  •  -  -  -  II 3 
CHURCHILL,RANDOLPH-EW.STS'WN-I84S 
CIBBER,COLLEY-EN&.3RAMATIST-I67 
CICE^O,MARCUST.-ROM.ORATOR-6.C.I06 
CIMABUE,G10VANNI-|TAL.PAmTER-n4i 
CINCINNATUS,LUCIUS9.-ROM.PAIRIOT-B.C.52 
CINQ-MARS,HENRI-FR.NOELE-I62 
CLARENDON,EDVV.H.-ENe.ST5'MAN-l608 
CLARKE.  ADAM-IRISH  THEOLOGIAN-  I7fi 
CLAUDE  LORRAINE-FR.  PAINTER-I  60 
CLAUOIUS-ROM.EMPFBOR--B.C.  II 
CLAUDIUS,MA«CUS-ROM.FMP'R--2  I- 
CLAY.HENRY-AM.  STATESMAN -ITT 
CLEMENiSAM'LL.-AM.HUM«BIST-l83 

CLEMENT L-ROM.  PONTIFF 31 

CLEMFNTV.-M     »  >      •  •  -12  64 
CLEMENT  VII.-1"     >  > 


BE.GEO.-ENG.PHRENOLOGIST- 1188 
OM  MO  DUS,ANTON.-ROM.EMPEIiOR  - 1 6 
COMTE.AUSUSTE-FR.PHILOSOPHER-I 

:ONOE,LOUI5I1.-FR.6ENERAL 1621 

:ONDIUAC,ETlENNE-FR.PHIlOSOP'R-m5 
:ONDORCET,MARIE-FR.SAVANT  -  -  1 143 
CONFUCIUS  -CHINESE  PHILOSOPHER-8.C.5SI 
CONWEVE.WM.-EN&.ORAMATIST-I670 
;ONKLINfr,BOSCOE-AM.STA1ESMAN- 1 829 
CON  RAD!.- EMPEROR  OF  &ERMAN-Y-D.  918 
CONRAD  L-  >'  '>  -0.1039 

CONRAD DI;    "  »»      --I093 

:ONRAD1V.-    »»  »>      --I228 

:ONRADV.-    »  ».      -1252 


CARTES.RWE-FR.PHILOSOPWER-  1596 
lES  MOULINS,CAMILIE-FR. JACOBIN  -  1162 
DESOTO.FERNAKt)0-SPAIi.E^PLORER-l500 

339  0EVI&NV.ALFRED-FR.NOVELIST--  1199 
169  DE  WITT. JOHN-DUTCH  STATESMAN  -- 1  625 
«IA1,PORFIRIO-PRES.OF  MEXICO-- 1 830 
PIBDIN.CHAS.-ENG.DRAMATIST  -- 114.5 
DlCK,TBOS.-SCffL AUTHOR  •--•  H72 
PICKENS.CHAS.-ENG.NOVELIST--  1812 
OICKINSON.ANNA-AM.  LECTOR  ER  ••  1 842 
OIOEDOT,  DENIS-FR.PHILOSOPHER- II 1 3 
DILKE.SIRCHAVEN&.STATESMAN-I843 
DIOCLETIAN-ROM.EMPEROR  --245 
DIO&ENES-M.CYN1CPHILOS.-B.C.  412 
1NYSI  US(ELDERVTYRAN1 5YHACUSE-1LU30 


UNSTA.N.ST.-ENG.PRELATE-—  925 
iUQUESNE,A8RA'l«-Fll.NAKCOM.-l6lO 
DURER,ALBRECHT-fER,ARTIST--l4l 
DWieHT,TlMOTHY-AM.OIVINE"l15a 
ARLY,J.A.-CONFEO.&ENERAL--I8I8 
EASTLALE,SIR  CHAS.-EN6.PAINTEM1 93 
EATON.AMOS-AM.NATURALIST- 117  6 

EDES.BENJ.-AM.  PATRIOT 1732 

;EIYORTH.lYlARIA-ENfr.NOVELIST-n61 
EDISON.THOS.A.-AM.1NVENTOR-I84.7 
EOMUK?DI.-AN6LO-SAXONKm»—  922 
EDMUND  H.-  11  11  "•9SC. 

EOMUNDS.&EO.F.-AM.LAWYER--I828 
DWARO  I.- ANGLO-SAXON  KINfr"  81 
DWARBH.-        »,      »»         96 
EDWARD  III-       »  »          » 5    -1004- 
tDWARO!.-KIN60F  EN6LANO-I23 
EDWARD  II.-     >» 
EDWARD  III."  » 
EDWARD  IV.-   > » 
EDWARD  V.-    ,1 
DWARDV1.-  5 » 

EDWARD,PRINCE  OF  WALES'  --J330 
EDWAROtCONFESSORV EN6.K1N&  •••  1004 


B.C.3 


OLIVER  GOLDSMITH. 


DIONY  , 

DIONVSIUS(T01)hfER 
DlSRAEU,BEIU.-ENfc  AUTHOR  — 180! 

DIXON,WM.H.-EN6.HISTORIAN-  162 
OOD&E.  MARY  A.-AM.  AUTHORESS- 1 838 
DOELLlN&ER,JOHN-&ER.HI510RIAN-n99 


BENJAMIN   HARRISON. 


JAMES  A.  &AR FIELD. 


'PR1AN.ST.-LATIN  FATHER 200 

CYRUS  THE  SREAT-KIN&  OF  PERSIA-D,BX5! 
DA&UERRE,LOUIS-FR.ARTlST----n8'_, 
DAHLBER&,ERIC-SWFD.&ENERAL- 1 625 
DAHLMAN,FRIED'K-6ER.HISTORlAN-n85 
DALLAS,  ALEX.J.-AM.STATESMAN-1 1 59 
OAILAS.6EO.M.-  AM.STATESMAN-1 792 
DALTON,JOHN-EN6.CHEMIST---  1166 
DANA.CHAS.A.-  AM.JOURNALIST-  I  8 1 9 
DANA',FRANCIS-AM.  LAWVfR  —  1143  | 
DANA,R|CH.HEN.-AM.POET--- 
DAWA,RlCH.HEN.-AM.LAWYER  —  1 8 1 5 
DANE ,  NATHAN-  AM.LAWYER--  1752 1 
DANIEL-HEBREW  PROPHET-FL.6TH  C 
DANIELL,JOHN  F.-EN&. SCIENTIST- 17 90 
DANTE,AUI&HlERI-frREATITAl.POET-|265 
DANTON,GEO.J.-FR.REVOLUTIONIST-n59 
D'ARBLAY,MME-ENC-.NOVELIST--n52f 


HORACE  GREELEY. 


FfiEDEBICH 


C-RFAT. 


CONSTANTINE THE&KAT-ROM.EMPFROR-272  OARIUS-KINC-  OF  PERSIA-DIED  B.C.485DOMINIC.ST.-SPAN. PREACHER- -I  I7C 
CONSTANTIUEI.-ROM.EMPEROR---250  DARLEY.FELIX-AM.ARTIST  -  ---1822  DOMITIAN-ROM.EMPEROR  ---  5 
CONTLFRANCOIS-FIUENERAL  — 1664  DARLINS.&RACE-EN5.HEROINE  --  I8l5  DONATl.&iOVANNl-iTAL.ASTRON>R-l82 

COOK,ELI7A-EN6. POETESS 1811   PARNLEY.HEN.S.-HUS.llFMA«y'SCOTS-l54.|    DONIZETTI ,W£TANO-ITW.COMPOSER-n9 

COOK.JAMES-ENC-.NAVI&ATOR---I728  DARWIN.CHAS.R.-ENS.NATURALIS1-1 809   DORE.PAUL  S.-FR.  ARTIST -1832 

COOPER-SHASTLEY-INfJUYSIClAN-nee  DAVENANT,SIR  WM.-ENE.DRAMATISM605  DOU&LAS,JAS.-SCOT.  PATRlOT-0.  1 3  30 

DOU&LAS,STEPHEN  A.-AMSTAT'MN-l  8 1 1 
DRACO-ATHENIAN  L/M&IVER-FL.B.C.624 
DRAKE,5lR  FRANCIS-EN&.  NAMIC-ATOJ--1 540 

DRAKE,JOS.R.-AM.POET 1195 

DRAPERJOHNW.-AM.SClF.Nl  1ST -1 8  I 
DRAYTON.MICHAEL-EN&.PCET---I56 

CORNELL,E2RA-AM.PHILANTH!iO'T-l801  I     ^^     W  pRUSUS,CLAUD.N.-ROM.&EN.-B.C.     31 

CORNWAl.US,CHAt,.-BRIl&tNERAL-n  t&jLdLnuJ  ORYDEN,JOHN-EN&.POET  -  -  - -163 

DUCANG-E,CHAS.-FR.HISTORIAN  -I  6  IL. 
OUDF.VANT.MME.-FR.  NOVELIST- 1 804 
OUFF£RIN,FREO.-ENC-.STATES'N-I826 
nuMAS,ALEX.-FR.NOVELl£T--  1803 
DUMOURIEZ,CHAS.-FR.GENERAL-  1739 

GEOR&E  111.        I  DUNCAN  i.- SCOT.  KINO- --DIED,  1 04( 


COOPEUte.FEN.-AM.  NOVELIST --H 

.PER',PETER-AM.PHILANTHRO?;S1-I1 
COPERN1CUS,NICHK.^-KR.ASTRON.-I4 
COPLEY.  JOHSS.-«lM.+ENfcPAINTER-n 

CORDAY,CHARLOTT[-rR.HEROIN!---l7 
CORNELIUS,PETER-C-ER.PAimER-l1 

CORNELL,EZ  RA-AM.  PHILANIHRD'T-1 8 

CORREGGIO,ANTONIO-ITAL.PAINTER-I. 
CORTEZ,HERNANDO-CONS.Of  MEX.-I 
COTTON,JOHH-PURlTAN  MINISTER  -  - 1 
COUSIN,VICTOR-FR.PHILOSOPHER  --I 
COWLEY,ABRAHAM-ENC-.POET---  1 6 
COWPER.VVUUAM-EMG.POET-  II 


MORAL 

L6lNjAS.e.-BR!T.STATESMAN--l8ll 
ELGIN,TH05.6.-BRIT.OiPLOMATiST-mi 
ELIOT,  JOHN-EN&.CLERGYM AN  -1 604 
ELIOT,S|RJOHN-ENG.ORATOR---I59C 
ELIZA  BETH.  QU.  OF  ENGLAND-  >533 
ELIZABETH  PfTROVNA-RUS.fMPRESS-17  I  0 

ElLERY.WM.-AM.PATRlOT 172' 

ELLIOT!FSENEZER-EN&J>OET----I78 
fLLSWORTH,OLIYEIi-AM.JURlST— 1745 
EMERSON,RAL.WAL.-AM.ESSAMST-l803 
EMMANUAL-KIN&OF  PORTUEAL-1469 
EMMET,ROBT.-|RISH  PATRIOT---I780 
FNCKE,JOHANN-tER.ASTRONOM£l!-n9 
ENDlCOn.jOHN-COLON.eOV.OFMASS.1589 
ENOCH-  FATHER  OF  METHOSELAH-B.C.3378 
EPAMINONDAS-THEBAN  ORATOR-B.C.4I2 
EPICTETUS-&R.  STOIC  PHILOS.---  « 

EPicuRus-c-REEK  PHILOSOPHER-BIJ* 

ERASMUS,OESIDERIUS-DUTCHSCHOI>R-I46S 
ERATOSTHENES-&R.ASTRONOMER-B.C.276 


WILLIAM  H.HARRISON. 


60RN|NA 


OCCUPATIO* 


GROT  E,6EO.-EN6.  HISTORIAN- 1794 
GROTIUS.HUM-OUTC11  JURIST--I583 
GROUCHY,  fMMANVFR.frENERAL-17  66 
GROVE.WM.R.-EN&.SCIENTIST-I8I  I 
&UOIN,JEAN-FR.PA1NTER---  1802 
IDO.RENHTALPAINTER  •  I&75 
<H)ISCARD,ROBT.-NONMANSOIDIE!HOI5 
SUISE.CHASrCAROn.  OF  LORRAINE H  525 
JUISE.CLAUDE-FR.GENERAL-  -  - 1496 
&UI20T.FRANCOIS-FR.HISTORIAN-n8'' 
GUNTER,EOM.-EN&.MATHEMAT»m58l 
&URNF.Y.J05.  ENkPHIlANTHR'ST-nSS 
WJSTAVUSL-HIN6  OF  SWEDEN  --I496 
&USTAVUSIL-"  n  -159+ 
GUSTAVIRffi.-'-.  si  -1746 
GUSTAVUSW.-"  "  -H78 
GUTENR[R&,J.-&ER.1NV.OF  PRIN'&-I400 
GUYNNE,ELEA.-ENG.ACTRESS  1650 
805  HADRIAN-ROMAN  EMPEROR  -  16 
AFIZ-PERSIAN  POET  —  •  1300 


<AME        OCCUPATIO 


EB|CSSON,JOHN-S*miWENTOR.- 

ERSKINE,THOS.-SCOT.LAWYER- 
ETELUttL-NWMKXONUNfr- 


n50' 


XMOLITH.E 

2tKiu-HEBR 


ZRA-WBREIV  LAW-MAKER-FL.  B.C.  536 
ABIUS  MAXIMUS-ROM.COHSUL-B.C.  ?03 
En.&.0.-fER.PH1lOSOPHFR-l636 


OFAIEXAN0RIA-6R.MATK.-FL.B.C.300  I 
NE.PRINGE-AUSTRIAN  GENERAL- 1663 
UGENIE.MARIE-FR.EMPRESS  -  —  1826 
UtENIOSL-ROMAN  PONTIFF-D.    6S7 
ENIUS  IJ.-    « »         »  »        -0.827 
rENIUSin;   »>        »•       -D.  1153 
U6ENIUSIV.-'  "         »  '       -D.  1447 
ULtRlEONMD-SWffi  MATHEMAT'N-ll  01 
URIPIOES-C-REEKTRAEIC  POET-B.C.  480 
USEBW5PAMPHILI-CAESAP.EAN  HIST'V  266 
VANS,AUfrUSTA-AM.  NOV  E  L  1ST  -I  836 
VANS,MAWAN-EN6.NOVELI5T  •-  1820 
VARTS.WM.M.-AM.LAWYER--  1816 


AW.STATfSMAN--n69 
EDW.-ENG.  ADMIRAL-  1  1  5 


RUTHERFORD  B.  HAYtS. 


AlRFAX,THOS.-EHG.tEnEAAl  —16  I 
ALCONER,WM.-SCOT.POET-    --I73 
ALIERI.MARINO-Dt&E  OF VENICE-1278 
FANEUrL,P£TER-AM.MERCHANT-n  00 
ARADAY,MiCrtAEL-E!(S.CHEMIST-l  7  9 
ARQOHAR..KO.-IRISH  DRAMATIST-!  618 
URAL 

CPOM'SrFL.  SCO 
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..CONSPIRATOR-D 

FEARNE.CHAS.-EN&.JORIST 

FECHTER.CHAS.A.-ENG.ACTOR-  - 1  824 

- -  1R-I65I 

-C-ER.EMPfRO(       " 

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:ERDINANOHI.-'i  )»  -1608 
:ERDINAND  IY.-KIN6  OF  NAPLES-n  5 1 
FERDINAND  I.-KIN&  OF  CASTILE-I  000 
"ERDINA.NDU1;"  " 
'ERDINANOW.-"  »« 
•EROINANDV.-KING  OF  SPAIN 


NATHANIEL  HAWTHORNE. 


FER&USON,ACAM-5CCrtPHILOS'R--n2 

•ERGUSONjjAS.-SCCT.ASWMR-n 


i  -  :-.:"6  &ALEN-MEEK 


FE5SENDF.:*,V/.P.-AM.STATf.SWAN-l806 
FlCHTE,JOHANN-&ER.PHILOSOPHlR-n62 
FIELD.CYRUS  H-AM.MERCHANT  •  •  •  18 19 

ELO.DAVIJS  D.-AM.JURIST  —  iso 
FIElBINtHEllRY-ENfcNWtUSl  -  •  no 
FIESOLE6IOVANNI-ITAL.  PAINTER- 13  8 
FlLLMORE,MIUARO-l3THPIiE5.U.S.-l800 
FI5H,HAMILTON-AM.STATESNAN-I808 

FITCH,JOHN-AM.INVENTOR 114; 

FLAMSTEFDJOHN-ENG.ASTRON.--I64 
FlAXMAN,JOHN-EN6.SCUU>TOR-n55 
:LETCHER,JOHN-ENE.DRAMATI51- 1576 
:LEURY,ANDRE  H.-FR.5TATESMAW653 
•ONTENELLF-,BERNARD-FR.AUTHOR-I657 
FMTEjANOREW  H.-AM.ADM1RAL-I806 
FOOTE,5AM'L-EN&.COMEDlAN--n2 
FORBrS.EDW.-EN&.NATURALI5T-l8l 
FORREST, EDW.-AM.TRA6EDIAN--I  806 
FORSTERJOHH-EM&.BIO&RAPHER-1 9 1 2 


PATRICK  HENRY. 


&ALLATIN.A.LBERT-AM.STATE5MAN-1 1 6 1 
GAU.AUDET,T.H.-AM.  CLERGYMAN-US! 

&ALLIENUS.PUBIIUS-ROM.EMP.-  233 
GALT,JOHN-  SCOT.  NOVELIST- 1 1 79 

&ALVANI,ALOISIO-nAL.IWSlOt06IST-n37 
&AMA,YASCO  SA-PORT.NAMIEATOR-1450 
&»MBETTA,LEON-FR.ORATOR  -  •  1 838 
GARDINER.STEPHEN-EN6.PREIATE  -1483 
&AREIELOJAS.A.-20TH  PRES.U.VI83I 
&ARIBAL6l,MISEPPE-ITAl.PATRIOT-l801 
&ARRI5K.DAYID-EN6.AC10R--  HI6 
6ARRISON,WM.L.-AIOBOLITIONIST  - 1 8  04 
&ASKELL.EU2A6ETH  G.-ENMMVEIIST-I8 1 0 
&ASSENDf,PIERRE-FR.SAVANT--  1592 
&ATES,HORATIO-AM.&ENERAl  - 1728 


FORSYTH.jOHS-AM.STATES'M--neo|&ATLIN&,RICH'DJ.-AM.INVF.N10R-l8l8   JEANNE  DARC(JOANOF  ARC). 
FOSCARl,F'RANCEStO-DIlEEOFVENlCE-l373  6AUSS.KARL  F.-SEMWEWTOAIHTnM^^ 


FOSCARLFRANCESW-MtEOF  VEf 

FOSTER JOHN-EN6.  ESSAYIST --1710 1  &AUTltR.THEOPHILE-FR.  POET  • 

FOUQUEXrilCOLA$-FR.STATESMAIH6 1 5  &AY,JOHN-EN6.POET 

FOURIER,FRANCOIS-FR.SOCIALIST-m2|&Ar-Ll)SSACrJOS.-FR.CHEMIST- 
FOX,CHAS^.-ENG.STATESMAN-n49[G-ENEVIEYE,ST.-FR.RELlGlQNIST 
FOX,GEO.-ENfr.FOUN.OFS.OFFRIENK-l6?4 
FOY,MAXlMILIANTFR.frENERAL    -  IT75 


GOU6H,JOHN  B.-AM.  TEM.LECT.- 1817 
68B|  &OULD,AU6USTl)5  A.-AM.NAT'ST 
1718  &OULD,JAY-AM.RAIUr  MANAGER- 1836 


RAMMA.JOSE-DICTATOR  OF  PAUB1MB-I15I 
FRANCIS  UKIN&  OF  FRANCE- -1494 

RANC1SI1.-"  «»  1543 

FRANDSI.-&ER.  EMPEROR- -1708 
FRANCIS  II.-  "  »»  -1168 
FRANCIS  JOSEPH-AUSTRIAN  EMP.-I830 
FRANCIS,ST.-FOUNO.FRANCISCANS-II82 
FRANCIS  XAVIER.ST.-FR.  JESUIT-!  506 
FRANKUN.BEtU-AM.PWLOa>PHER-n  06 
FWNKUN,SIRjOHN-EN6.EXPLOIIER-n86 
FREDERICK V1.-KIN6 OF  OFWMARK-1768 
FREDERICK  VII.- 

FREDERICKI.-G-ER.EMPEROR--II2 
FREDERICK  I].- 
FREDERICK  111;  n        i.         1415 


GOWERJOHN-E'Ne.POE' 1320 

&RACCHUS,  CAIUS  -ROM.  STAT5'N-BJU59 
GRAHAM.JOHN.-SCOT.C-ENESAL-I650 
GRANT, JAS.- SCOT. NOVELIST  -  •  1822 
6RANT.U.S.-I8TH  BRES.U.S.  1822 
GRANVIUE,JOHN  C.-ENf.STATS'N-l690 
GRATTAN,HENRY-IRISH  ORATOR-1746 
&RAY,  ASA-AM. BOTANIST ---1 810 

&RAY,THOS.-ENG.POET 1716 

GREELEY, HORACE-AM. JCliRN'ST-18 1 1 
&REEN,jOHN  R.-ENG.HISTORiAH-l831 
&REENE,NATHAN'L-AM.SENERAL-'142 
GREENLEAF.BENJ.-AM.AUTHOR- 1786 
CREENOUeH,HORATID-AM.SCULPT.-l80B 
GREWRY  I.-ROMA»  PONTIFF--D.,604 
946EN6HISKHAH-MOWLCONQUEMIHI63  GREtWYH.-  »>  »>  --D.,73- 


THOMAS  HOOD. 


FREDERICK  1.-KIN&  OF  PRUSSIA 


-n  > 


FREOIt'K    n  .  TIL- 
FREDR'K    M      IV.- 
FREEMAN.EDW.A.-ENE.  HI5TORIAN-I823 
FREUNtHUY5EN,TH(0.-AM.STSM'M-n'- 
FRELINtHUYSEN,F.T.-     M      ,,      18 
FREMONT.JOHN  C.-AM.  EXPLORER-1 8 
FROEBEL,FREO%K-«R.EDUCATOR  •  -1782 
FROISSART,JEAN-FR.HISTORIAN-  - 13  31 
FROUOE.JAS.A.-EN6.HISTORIAN    1818 
FULLER.5ARAH  M.-AM.AUTHORESS  -1810 
FULTON.ROfT.-AN.INVENTOR 
WD5DEN.CH(ilS.-AM.STATESMAN-n  2 
6ADSDEN.JAS. 


422 


&OUNOD,CHAS.F.-FR.  COMPOSER -1 818 


WASHINGTON  IRVIN&. 


OR. SAMUEL  JOHNSON. 


C-ENSERlC-KINfrOF  THE  VANDAL?  -  -  4-08  GREGORY 
•EOH6E,HENR>-AM.POLmCALWRITER-ie39 
EORK1.-«II»S  OFEN&',AND-I660 
•EOR6E1L-" 

EOR&EIT1-"  "          -"138 

&EORCEIV.-M  "        --I162 

&EOR&  E.ST.-BISHOP  OF  ALEXANDRIA-D.36 1 
&ERICAULT.JEAN-FR.  PAINTER ---I7901 
&EROME.JEALL.-FR.PAINTER--I824 
&ERRY.ELBRID6E-AM.STATESMAN-I744 
fESNER.WNRAD-SWISS  NATURALIST-IS  1 6 
6E55LER-AUS. BAILIFF  KILLED  BY  TElL-tt.1307 

&HIBERTI,LOREN20-ITAL.SCULPTOR-I318 
GIBBON,EDWARD-EN&.HISTORIAIH737 
GIBSON.JOHN-ENC.SCULPTOR-  --1790 

&IFFORb.WM.-EN6. WRITER  • -1757 
GILBERT.5IRHUMPHRY-ENG.NAVR-I539 


-0^74 


688  CILES,WM.B.-AM.STAT[5MAN  ••  1762 


ANDREW  JACKSON. 


I.THOVEN&.PAINTEIH727|GILLMORE,Q.A.-AM.&ENERAI.--ia25 


-  -  1 3  0  €)LLOTT,JOS.-ENG.PEN  MANUFAC'R-1800  '&RIMM,JACOB  L.-fER.PHlLOLOEIST 


HAHNEMANN,S.C.f.-&ER.PHYStH  755 
I  HAKLUYT,RICH'D-EN6.HISTOHAN- 1553 
HALE,EOW.EVT-AM.CLERGrMAN-l822 
HALE,SIR  MATTHEW-EN6.  JURIST- -1 609 
HALEVY,JACQUES-FR.COMPOSER-n99 
HAUBURTON,THOS.-l»OVASaTIAHJUIIl5T-n96 
HALIFAX.CHAS.M.-EN6.STATESMAN-166I 

HALL.JAS.-AM.&EOL06IST IS  1 1 

HALLAM,HENRY-EN6wHISTORIAN- 1777 
HAUECK.FIT7-HEENE-AM.  POET  -  - 1 7  90 
HALLEY.EDM.-ENG.ASTRONOMER- 1656 


HAMILTON.ALEX.-AM.STATESMAN-  \~fb~l 
HAMaTON.SIRWM.-SCOT.METAIWS.-n88 
HAMILTON.SIRWM.R.-IRISH  ASTKON.-I80S 
HAMUN,HANNIBAL-AM.STATE5MAN-|  809 
HAMPDEN.JOHN-ENfr.STATESMAN-1594 
REGORY  IV.-ROMAN  PONTIFF-D.,  844  HAMPTON,WADE-AM.CONFED.6EN.-I8I8 


THOMAS  JEFFERSON. 


REMRVV. 
GREGORY  VU- 

RE60RY  V1L- 
&RE60RY  VHIV 

REGORY  IX.- 
ME60RY  X.- 
GREGORY XL- 

:REGORYX1!.- 
&REGORYXI11.- 
GRE&ORYXIV'.- 
GREGORY- XV. 
GRESORY-YVI.- 


-D.,I24 
--D.,127 
-D..I37 

-o.,w-n 

-D.,1585 
•D.,I59 
-0.,I62 
-D..I84 

GRE60RY.SV&R.  ATH.OFTHECHUR.'- 332 
&REVY.FRANCOIS-PRES.  OF  FRANCE- 
GREY.CHAS.-EN6.STATE5MAN  -  -  - 
GBEY,LADY  JANE-tlFIEO  EN6.LADY- 


-D.,999 
-D.,104- 
••D.,1085 


&R,V1M,FRIEIIRICH  M.-EER,  AUTHOR 


&ALERIUS,CAIUS-ROM.GENERAL-  292'  &lR.ARD.STEPHEN-AM.MERCHANT-n50  GRISI,t'UHA-ITAl.SlNC-ER 
GALILEO-lTAL.ASTRONOMER--IS64)C-IRAROIN.EMILE-FR.JOURNALlST-ie06  GRiSWOLkRUFUSW.-AM.AUTHOR 
&ALL,FRANJ  JOS.-GER.PHYSIC1AN  -17  58  &IULIO,ROMANO-ITALPAINTER-l4-'32r 
&LADSTONE,WM.E.-EN&STATESMAN-I1 


PAUL  JONES. 


DAVID  HUME. 


&LAUBER,JOHANNR.-GER.CHE.MISTH60A 
5LENDOWER.OWEN-WELSHCHIEF1AIN-I350. 
JLUCK,CHRISTOPH-GER.  COMPOSER-17 
GODWIN,WM.-EN6.NOVELIST---n 
&OETHEJOHANN  W.-GCR.POET-  --I7 

&OLDSMITH,OLIVER-IRISH  pon- i7 

&OME2.SEBASTIANO-SPAN.PAINTEII-I6 16 
GONSALVO  DE  COROOVA-5PAN.6EN'L-I443 
&OODRICH,SAM'IG.-AM.AUTHOR--I793 
SOODYEAR,CHAS.-AM.INVENTOR-I800 
CWMIUaULHKMJIirmM  - 17  50 
&ORE,CATHARINE&.-EN6.NOVELISM799 
&OTTSCHAU,LOUI5M.-AM.PIANIST-I8?9 


ANDREW  JOHNSON. 


HANCOCK,JOHN-AM.STATESMAH-P37 
HANCOCK,WINFIELDS.-AM.GE»1-i824 
HANDEL,&EO.F.-GER.COMPOSER-I684 
HANNIBAL-CARTHA&INIAN  GEN.-BX.247 

HANS  SACHS-&ER.POET 1494 

HARDICANUTE-KIN&  OF  EN6.  --IOI8 
HARDINfE.HENRY-EN6.tENERIU.-n85 
HARDY.THOS.-fN&.NOVELIST--  1840 
HARIRI.ABU  MOHAM.-ARAB.POET-IOS4 
HARLEY,  ROBVENC.STATESMAN-1 6  6 1 
HAROLD  l.-K'N6  OF  ENGLAND-0.1040 
HAROLD  H.-  ..  11  -0.1066 

HAROUN-AL-RASCHID-CAIIPH  Of  IAEDAD-  7  66 
HARRISON.BENJ.-23  PRES.OF  U.S.-I833 
HARRISON,JOHN-EN6.INVENTOR-I693 
HARRIS01,WM.H.-9TH  PR£S.U.S.-I773 
HARTE/RANCISBRET-AM.HUMOR'H839 
HARYARO.JOHN-FOUND.HAIUOLL-1608 
HARYEY.WM.-ENC. PHYSICIAN--  - 1578 
HASDRUBAL-PUNIC  6EN£RAL-IX,Bi20- 


BORN. 


OCCUPATION         BORN 


NAME.       OCCUPATION 


NAME     OCCUPATION.     BORN 


BEN  JONSON. 


PPARCHlft-&RF.EHASTRONOMF.R-fUC.I50 
PPOCRATES-&RF.IK  PHYSICIAN  -B.C.  4-60 
OBBES,THOSrENG.  PHILOSOPHER- 1 588 
OCHEAWARE-FR.KNERAL  — 1768 
OE.RICH'D  M.-AM.  I NVENTOR.  -  - 1 8 1 2 
OFFMAN.CHAS.F.-AM.AUTHOR- 1 906 
OMRTH.WM.-ENG.ARTIST---I697 

HOGG.JAS.-SCOT.  POET 1 172 

OLBEIN.HANS-&ER.PAINTER.-I497 
OLLANO,J.&.-AIVUinHOR  — 1819 
OLMES,OLIVERW.-AM.I\U1HOR-I809 
OMF.R-GREEKPOET-FL.B.G.  875 
-  384 


JOHN  Xlll.-  ROM. 

XIV.-  M 
JOHN  XV.-  »5 
JOHN  XVI.-  » ' 
JOHN  XVII.-  '  > 

XVIII.-  s  •> 
JOHN  XIX.-  » <> 
JOHN  XXI.-  »» 
JOHN  XXII.-  n 
JOHNXXIll.- V 


LOUIS  Xlll. 


TURBlDE,AeUSTm-MEX.EMP'R-l7a4JOHNSTON;A.S,-CflNF[0. 


ONORIUS,FLAVIUS-ROM.EMP'R- 

OOD.TriOS.-ENG.POET 1798  SOCRATES-GREEK ORATOR-B.C.436 

OPK[NS,JOHNS-AM.PHlLANTH»ST-n95 
.WARREN-VICE ROr  OF  INDIA-I732  HORACE- LATIN  POET  -  -  B.C.  65 
"     OSM  E  R.HARR1EJ- AM.SCULFTOR-I 8  3  0 
804    OUSTON,SAM-AM.MNERAL--I793 
732  HOWARO.JOHN-EN&,PHILAN'PST-n26 


ASTINGS. 

AV£LOCK,HENR1-EN&.&ENERAL-|795 
AWTHORNE,NATHAN'L-AM.AUTHOR-I 
AYDN,JOS.-&ER.COMPOSER- 
AYES-ISAAVAM-ARCTIC  EXPLOR.-I83.2 
IAYES.R.B.-I9TH  PRES.OC  U.S.-I822 
AYNE.ROBT.Y.-AM.STATESMAN-I19I 
EC-IL,&EOR6  W.-&ER.PHILOS'R-I770 
EINE.HEINRICH-G-ER. POET-  -1199 
ELMHOLTZ,  H.-GER.PHYSIOL'SM 82  J 
EMANS-FELIClA  D.-EN&.POETESS-I794 
ENDRICKS,THOS.A.-AM.STAT'M'N-I8I9 
ENRYI.-KIN&  OF  FRANCE-IOCS 


ENRYll.-  j> 
ENRYnir." 


FNRY1.-  CER.  EMPEROR 
ENRYTJ.-  » 
ENRYIII.-M 
HENRY  IV.-  >  > 
ENRY  V.-  i  » 


1519 
1551 
-1553 

-  876 

-  972 
-1017 


ABRAHAM  LINCOLN. 


LA  FAYETTE. 


HENRY  V1.-GER.EMPEROR--- 1165 
HENRY  VI!.- J)  )  ?  •  ---126: 
HENRY  I.-  KING  OF  £NGIAND-|068 


;,EL1AS-AM.INVENTOR-  -1819 
HOWEjSAM'l  &.-AIYI.PHILANTH!SH  80 1 
HUDSON,HENRY-ENG.NJ«ll&ATOR-D.l  6 1 1 
HU&HES.THOS.-EN&.AUTHOR  --  - 1 823 

UM.VICTOR-FR.POET 1 802 

HUMDOLDT.F.H.A.-GER.SCIENTIST-I769 
HUME.DAVID-SCOT.HISTOR1AN--I71 1 
HUNT."LEIGH-ENG.POET-----n84 
HUNTER,JOHN-SCOT.SURSEON--n2.8 
HUSS,JOHN-BOHEMIANREFORMFR-I373 
HUXLEY.THOS.H.-ENE.SCIENTIST-1 825 
HITCENS-CHRIS'IHUICHSWANT-- 1  629 
HYOER-AU-HmOOOPRINCE---ni8 
BRAHIMPASHA-YICEROyOFE6rPT-l789 
&NATIUS,ST.-BI5HOPOFAfniOCH-D.  I  07 
&NATIUS  LOYOLA-SPAN.  JESUIT  - 14-9 ! 
N&ELOWJEAN-ENG.NOVELIST-  -1830 
N6ERSOLL.ROBT.S.-AM.LAWYER - 1 833 
N6RES,JEAN-FR.PAmTER---  178 1 


VAN  II1.-RUS.EMPEROR---I439 
VAN  IV.-  "  ' » 
IACKSON,ANDREW-7TH 
JACKSON,T.J.-CONFEO.G-EN'L--I82 
JACOBI,FRIEDRICH-&ER.PHILOS.-n43 
JACaUARD,JOS.M.-FR.INVENTOR-n52 
JAMES I.-KIN&  OF  SCOTLAND-1394 
AMESL-  i>  >>  -14-30 

JAMESUir  5?  "  -    -1453 

JAMES  IV.-"  '•>       -1473 

JAMES V.- J »  »i       -1512 

JAMES  I.-NNfrOFEN6k+SC01-1566 
JAMES  H.-  »  5)  -1633 
JAMESON,ANNA-BRIT.AUTHOR-n97 
JANSEN.CORNELIS-DU1CHDIVINE-I585 
JftNUARIUS,ST.-PAT.ST.OF  NAPLES-  272 
JASPER.WM.-BRWE  AM.SOIOIER-I7  50 
JAY,JOHN-AM.SfATESMAN---n45 
JEFFERSON,THOS.-3RD  PRES.U.S.-1743 
JEFFREY.FWNCIS-SCOT.JUD6E- - 1713 
JEFFREYS.HO.-BRIT.  JUDGE  -  -1 648 
JENNER,EOW.-ENG.PHYSICIAH  --1 749 
JEROME,ST.-IAT.FATH.OE  CHUR.-  340 


0., 

•0.,  996 
-D.,998 
•0.,I003 

tjH 

-D.,1277 
-D.,1334 
-D.,I4I9 
JOHN  THE  B&PW-PROPHET-B.C.        5 

JOHH,SI-APOSTIE 0..  100 

JOHNSON.ANOREVf  7TH  PRES.US.-I8W 
JOHNSON.SAM'L-EN&.LIXICOKR- 1109 
JOHNSTON,A.S,-CONf  ED.}ENr  •  1803 
JOHNSTONJ.E.-  'J      Ji      -1807 
1529  JONAH-HEBREW-PROPHET-FL.B.C.  800 
PRES.U.S.-I767  J  ONES,  JOHN  PAUL-AM.NAV.  COM.- 1 74 

JONES,SlRWM.-EN6.im&UIST--n46  LA  FONT 


JOHN  STUART  MILL. 


LORD  MACAULAY. 


LORD  LYTTON. 


-'1 1 33 
-!20 
-1366 
-1388 
1421 
-1456 
-149 
-1736 


HENRY  11.- 
HENRY  Ilk  ) 
HENRY  IV.-  3 
HENRY  V.-  : 
HENRY  VI- • 
HENRY  VI!.- ' 
HENRY  Vlll.-i 

£NRY,PATRICK-AW.ORA 
HERACLITUS-frREER  PHILOS.-  B.C.  535 
HERBERT.&EO.-ENG.POET  ---1593 
HERDER,JOHANN-&ER.AUTHOR-n44 
HEROD  THE  GREAT-KIN60FJUDEA-B.G.  73 
HERODOTUS-CTEEK  HISTORIAN- -B.C.484 
HERRICK.ROBT.-ENG.POET  -  -  -  1591 
HERSCHEL.SIRJ.F.M.-FN&.AS1RON.-I79 
HERSCHa,SIRWM.-D  J>  -1738 
HESIOD-&REEKPOET  FL..B.C.  850 
HE2EKIAH-KINGOFJUDEA---B.C.  750 
HILDRE1H,RICH'D-AM.HISTORIAN- 


JEROME  OF  PRAEUE-BOHEM.DIVINE- 
JERRCLD,DOUGLAS-EN5.AUTHOR- 
JOANOEARC-FR.HEROINE---I4I2 
JOEL-HEBREW  PROPHET-FL.B.C.l  75 
JOHN  I.-KIN&OF  FRANCE  — 1316 
n.-')  »»  -1319 

JOHN-KINS  OF  ENGLAND  — I  166 
JOHN  I.-KING-  OF  PORTUGAL-1357 
JOHNn.-KIN&OFPOLANO--l609 
JOHNfll.-"  »»  —1624 

JOHN  I- ROM.  PONTIFF- D.,  526 


JONSON.BEN-EN&.  DRAMATIC  POET- 1 574 
JOSEPH  l.-G-ER.  EMPEROR"  -1678 
JOSEPH  fli-n  u  ---1741 
JOSEPHINE-FR.EMPRESS--I763 
JOSEPHUS.FIW.-JEWISH  HISTORIWI-  37 
JOSHUA-i?EBREW  LEADER -B.C.  1 537 
JUARE2.B.P.-PRES. OF  MEXICO- 1806 
JUDSOtarjONIRAM-AM.M!$SIONARY--n88 
JULIAN THEAPOSTAIE-ROM.EMP'R--  331 
JULIAN  I.-  ROM.  PONT  I FF-0.,  352 
JULIAN!-  n  ')>  0.,I5I3 
JULIAN  111.- 5 »  »  j  Oyl555 
JUSTIN.ST.-CH.FATH.IN  PALESTINE-  103 
JUSTINIAN  1.-FJYZANTINE  EMP'R- 
JUVENAL.OECIMUS-LAT.POET-  -  ^ 
KALAKAUA.OWID-KIN6  OF  HAWAII-!  836 
KALB,JOHN-AM.GENERAL----I72 
KANE.ELISHAK.-AM.ARC.EXPLOR;I820 
KANT,IMMANUEI-&ER.PHILOS'R-I72.' 
1378  KEAN,EDM.~ENfr.TRAMWAN-l7e 
KEARNEY,PHILIP-AM.GEN'L-- 1815 


LABLANCHE.LUI&I-  ITAL.  SINGER  —  H  94 
LA  FAY[nf.MAR8UIS-FR. PATRIOT -H57 
_  AlllE.JEAN-FR.POET---i62l 
LA  GRANGUOS.-ER.MATHIMAT'N-I736 
LAMARTINF..ALPHONSE-ER.POET  -  •  1 790 
LAMBjCHAl-ENG-ESSAIIST-  -  •  -i  7'T.S 
LAMBERTJOHN.-ENUENERAL--I6I9 
LANOOR.WALT.S.-ENG.AUTHOR--I775 
LANDSE£R,SlREDW.-EN6.PAlNTER-ia02 
LAN&TRY.MRS.L.-AM.  ACTRESS--  1852 
LANNES.JEAN-FR.MARSHAL  -  -1769 
LAN5DOWNE,WM.-ENG.STATES'N- 1 7  3  7 
LAPLACE,P.5.-FR.ASTRONOMER--|149 
LA  ROCHE'FOUCAI1LO,F.-FR. AUTHOR- -1 6 1 3 
LASALLE.ROBT.C.-FR.EXPLORER-I643 
LAS  CASES,EMAN'L-FR.6fNERM.-ll66 
LATIMER.HUGH-ENG.REFORMER-14-90 
LATOUR  0'AUVERGNE-FR.OFFICER-n43 
LAUO.WM.-ENG. PRELATE  •••  1573 
LAURENS.HENRY-AM.STATES'N--I124 
LAVATER,JOHN  C.-SWISS  PHYSIOC'T-1 14 


JOHN  MILTON. 


HENRY  W.  LONG-FELLOW. 


INNOCENT  l.-ROM.PONTIFF-D.  417 


NNOCENT  II.- 
NNOCENTII1.- 
NNOCENTIV.- 
NNOCEMT  V.- 
NNOCENTV1.- 
NNOCENTV!!.- 
^NNOCENT  VI]I.- 
INNOCENT  IX.- 
NOCENT  X.- 
INNOCFNT  XI.- 
NNOCENTX!!.- 
I NNOCENT  Xlll.- 


ROBERTE.LEE. 


-D.I  27 
-D.I362 

-0.14 
-D.  1492 
-D.I  59 
-D.I6S; 
-D.I689 
-O.I70( 
-D.I  72^ 

RENA\US,ST.-BISHOP  OF  LYONS-  I4( 
IRENE-BYZANTINE  EMPRESS---  752 
RVINO,EOW. -SCOT.  DIVINE  1792 
IRVIN&,WASH'TON-AM.AUTHOFl-  -1783 
ISABELLA l.-QU.OF CASTILE ---145 

ISABELLA  TL-QU.OF  SPAIN 183 

SAIAH  -HEBREW  PROPHF.T-FL.B.U.74C 


JOHN  II.- 
JOHN  111.- 
JOHN  IV.- 
JOHN  V.- 
JOHN VI.- 
JOHN-VH.- 
JOHN  VII!.- 


-D.I2I6  JOHN  IX.- 


JOHN  XI.- 
JOHN  XII.- 


D.,  535 
0.,  573 
D.,  642 
D.,  686 
D.,  705 
D.,-  707 
D.,  882 

D.,  900  KEMPIS.THOS. 

D.    928    -  ' 

D.,  936 
D.,  964 


CARDINAL  MAZARiN. 


JAMES  MADISON. 


KEATS.JOHN-ENG.POET---- 1795 
KELLERMANN.F.C.-FR.GENERAL-I735 
KEMBLE.JOHNR-ENG.TRAGfDlAN-175 
;THOS.A.-GER.MONK^--1380 

KENT,  JAS.-AM.  JURIST 1763 

KEPLER,JOHANN-&ER.ASTRON.--I57 

KEY,  FRANCIS  S.-AM.POET 1779 

KIN&.RUFUS-AM.STATESMAN- 1 7  55 
KIN&,WM,R.-  »  » »  -H86 
KIN&SLEY,CHAS.-  EN&.  DIVINE- -1 819 
KlTTajJOHN-ENG-BIBn.  SCHOLAR-1 804 
KLEBER,JEAN  B.-FR.G-ENERAL-1 7  51 
KLOPSTOCK,F.b-.-&ER.POET-  -1724 
KNIGHT.CHAS.-ENG-. AUTHOR-  -I79l 
KNOWLES,JAS.S.-ENG.  ACTOR-  -1784 
KNOX.HENRY-AM.STATESMAN- 1750 
KNOX,JOHN-SCOT.  DIVINE ---1505 
kOSCIUSCO,THADOEUS-POLISHPATRIO>l746 
kOSSUTH,LOUIS-HUNGARIANPATRIOT-l802 
KOTZEBUE.AUGUST-G-ER.DRAMATIST-I76I 
KUTUSOFF,MIKHAIL-RUS.GENERAL-I745 


LAVOISIEFyu.-FR.CHEMIST---n43 
LAWJOHN-SCOT.  FINANCIER  — 167 
LAWRENCE,A.-AM.PHILANTHROn-l786 
LAWRENCE.JAS.-AM.NAYAL  HERO --I781 
LAWRENCE.THOS.-EN6.PAINTER- 1769 
LEBRUN.CHAS.-FR.PAINTER--I6I9 
LEOYARO.JOHN-AM.  TRAVELER-  1751 
LEE.ARTHUR-AM.STATESMAN  -  -1140 
LEE,CHASrAM.GENERAL----  1115 
LEE.FRANCISL.-AM.  PATRIOT  •••  H3< 

LEE,HENRY-AM.GENERAL H56 

LEE.RICH'DH.-AM.  ORATOR-- -1132 
LEE.ROBT.E.-CONFED.GENERAL-  1806 
LEECH.JOHN-ENG.CARICATURIST-I8I7 
LEFEBRE,FRftNCOIS-FR.MARSH^  •  1 1 55 
LEGARE  HU&HS.-AM.STATESMAN-I19" 
LEISNITZ.60TTEI(IEO-GER.PHIL(lS'R-l646 
LEICESTER,ROB.B.-ENt.EARL-  •  1 532 
LE01-  ROM.  PONTIFF-  D.,  46 
LEO II-  .1  »  .  - 0.,  684 
LEO  IH.-  >>  >  t  D.,  816 
LEO  IV.-  ,,  >  i  -0.,  855 


JAMES  MOMROL 


NAME:     OCCUPATION     BORN  NAME    OCCUPATION     BORN  NAME    OCCUPATION     BORN  NAME    OCCUPATION     BORN 


NAME       OCCUPATION       BORN 


l£0  V.-ROM.  PONT  FF-D.,  90? 
jo  vi.-   '  • 

LEO  VII.-   n 

LEO  VIII.-  « * 
110  IX.-  •>•> 
LEO  X.-  •>•> 
LEO  XI.-  v 

.[0  XII.-  •)  • 

LEO  MIL-   ^ 

UONiDAS-KING-  OF  SPAKTA-BI.-i' 

LEOPOLD  1.-G-ER.EMPEROR--    1640 

LEOPOLD  L-  " 

LEOPOLD  1.-KIN6  OF  BELGIUM-  1190 

LEOPOLD  Or  "  «i 

LE  5A6£,ALA!N  R.-FR.NOVEUST 

LESLIE,CHAS.R.-ENC.  PAINTlh 


PROF.S.F.B.  MORSL 


LEVER,CHAS.J.-IRISH  NOVELIST  -• 
.EVERRIER,U.JJ.-FR.ASTRONOMER- 
LEWES.GED.H.-ENG.  AUTHOR 


LOUIS  XVII.-KIN&  OF  FRANCE-IT  85 
LOUIS  Mi.-  •>»  tt  -1755 

LOUIS  PHIU.IPPE-"  »J  -1773 
I  LOUIS  W.-GER.  EMPEROR--  1285 
1  LOUVOIS,TRANCOIS-FR.STATES>N-t  641 
LOVER,SAM'L-IRISH  NOVELIST- 17  97 
LOWELL.JAS.RUS'L-AM.POET--I8  19 
LOYOLA.IGNATIUS-SPAN.JESUIT-I4.9I 
LUCAN.MARCUS-ROM.POET-  -  -  39 

IUCIAN-GREEK  SATIRIST 120 

LUCRETIUS-LATIN  POET-B.C.  95 
LUCULLUS.LUCIUS-ROM.GEN.-B.C.  I  I  0 
LUTHER.MARTIN-GER.REFORMERH463 
LUX£MBOURS,F.H.-FR.MARSHAL-|  628 
LYCURGUS-SPARTAIUW-SIVER-FL.8.G.850 
LYELL,SIR  GEO.-SCOT.GEOLOGIST- 1797 
iVNDHUR5T,J.SJ;.-ENG.CmNi;EUOR-l  772 


317 


LEWIS,MERIwnte-AM.EXPtORflH  7  74 

LEYOEN.LUCAS-DUTCH  PAINUR-14-9* 

UEBER.FRANClS-AM.PimLICISl--JBOO 

LiEB!C,JUSTUS-WR.CHEM!S1--l803 

LINCOLN.ABRAHAM-I6TH  PRES.tS.-l  809 

LINCOLN,BENJ.-AM.  GENERAL -- - 17  3  3 

.IND,JENNY-SWED.VOCAL1ST---I82I 

LINNtUS.CHAS.-SWED.BCTAMIST-- 17  07 

LIPPI,FIL1PPO-ITAL.  PAINTER  — 14-12 

LIS2T,FRANZ-HUN&. PIANIST  -  --1 8! I 

L!TTLETON,THOS.-ENG.JURIST-J420 

LIVERPOOL,ROB.-ENb.iT«£SMAN  i7  7  0 

LIVIN&STON.EDW.-AM.  JURIST  -  -  -  -1 7  64 

LIVINUSTONEjOAVID-SOn-CCPLORER  i  8 1 3 

LIW.TpBS-ttMJDSlORfMt  "B.C.     53  LYON,NATHANIEl-AM.6£NERAl  -  - 1 8 1 9 

LOCKE.jJOHN-E.Nfr.PHlLOSOPHER-  - 1  6  32  LYSANDER-SPARTAN SOlDlElt-D.,«.C.  395 

LOt»N,JOHNA.-AM.SlAT!$MAN-- 182 e'LYSlMACHUS-KIH&OF THRACE-  ---B.C.355 


COMMODORE  FERRY. 


LONfr,ROFEFI-ENG.ASTKONOMEIi-l6&0 


NAPOLEON. 


LONEFELLOW,H.\VAM.POf  T  -  -  - 1  80' 
LONGSTREET.JAS.-CON^FU.EEN.-I  82 


LYSIPPUS-WEEK  SCUIP10R-FI.,  B.C.  3  3  0 
MACAULAY.THOS.B.-ENE.ESSAYIST--I  800 
Mf  CARTBILJUSTIS-IRISI!  WRITER  -  -  -  1  8  3  0 
MACCHIAVELLI,N.-IIAL.STATf5MAN-l469 
MAC  CLEaAN.Hd.B.-AM.HNERAL-l  826 
*fC  COSH,JAS.-SCOT.TnEOLO&IAN  -•  I  8  I  I 
MACDONALD.ETlENNE-m.MftKKAl-1  7  65 
MACDONAlD.tfO.-SCflT.POET-  -  -  1  824 
MACOONALD,JNO.A.-CAN.STATES'N-I  8  14- 
MACKINTOSH.SIRJAS.-SCIIT.STATES'N-I  7  65 
MCCLOSKEYJNO.-I5TAMCARDINAI-I8 
MCMIVEU,IRVIN-AM.GENFRAI  -18 
MCKINLEY.WM.-AM.S1A1ESMAN-  1  8' 


MAC  MAHON,M.E.-PRES.OFFR.--|  806 


LOUIS,  1.-KIN&  OFF 
LOUIS  IL-  >» 
LOUIS  1)1-  » 
LOU  IS  IV.-  j) 
LOUIS  V.-  »* 
LOUIS' VI."  5> 
LOUIS  VU.-U 
LOUIS  VllL-ij 


FRANKLIN  PIERCE. 


MABELLANJER.-PORT.NAVIGATOR-I47  0 
MAHMOUD  L-SIHTAN  OF  TURKEY  -  - 1 69 
785 
6  35 

RUlUAlUUtt  F.-FR.VOCALIST  -  - 1 8  08 
MAIPIEHLMARCEUO-ITAL.SURHOM-- 1 6  28 
MALTHUS,TH(IS.I!.-[HE.i101II.WIllT[R-  1 766 
MANDEVIli£,SlltJOHN-ENC.TRAV[liR-  1300 
MANNINSJEN.  t,-EN6.  CARDINAL  -  -  - 1 8  08 
MANN,»CE-AM.fJUGATOR 1796 

MMsnavHUL-wuRBsr---  nos 

MANUTIUS,A.-VENETIAN  PRINTER""  1449 
MARAT,JEAN  R-FR.REVOLUTIONIST- 
MttCEUaSJUKHMLCWSttl-tC  268 

MARSARFT  OF  AWCU-WF.HEIt.Vl.  ENC.-  •  1 42 
MA8WRET-QU.DEN.  NOR,  SWED.-  -  - 1 3  53 
MAREARFT-QU.OFNAVARRE-  " 

MAREARFT-QU.  OF  FRANCE— -1553 
MARIAL-QU-OFPORTUEAI 


MORE,HAHflAH-ENf.AUTHORESS— 
MORE.SIR  THOS.-ENB.STATtSMAH- 1480 
MOREkjEAN- 
MOR6"    "I " 

—1802 
— -1734 


l-SCOUEKNT 153 

atMLSMBHMI— 182 

!  LAW-CIV  ER-B.C.  I57C 
AM.HISTORIAN— -1814 
E-ARSURKOH--I785 


SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH. 


MELBOURNE.WM.-ENG.STATES.-n79 


JAMES  K.  POLK. 


ELVILLE,AN'DREW-SCOUEFORMER-I  545 

MENDELSSOHN-SART.-frER.CilMPOS.-l  8  09 
MESMER,FRIED'K-&ER.ITCICIAN 
METTERNICH-C.W.-AUST.STATES'N-1 1 73 
MEYERBEER.lUER.COMPOSER-1 794 
MICHAEL-ANKLO-ITAL. ARTIST ---1474 
MIFTLIN.THOS.-AM.PATRIOT--  1744 
MILLJAS.-SCOT. HISTORIAN  -  —  1773 
MILL  JOHN  STUART-ENE.PHILOS.- 1  806 

MILLER,HUG«-SCOT.6EOL06ISM802 
MILLER'C.H.-AM.POET 
MILLS.CLARK-AM.SCULPTOR— IBIS 
MILTIADES-ATHEN,STATES.-FUB.C.500 

MILTON.JOHN-EN&.POET 1608 

MIRABEAU,&.H.-FR.  ORATOR  -  - 1 749 
MITCHEL,O.M.-AM.ASTRON'R-I8IO 
MITCHELL.D.G.-AM.  AUTHOR 
M I T  H  R 1 0  ATES-KIN&OF  PONTUS-BJ:.I32 


-m 

PAINTER---I6I8 
1733  MURRAYVJAS.S.-SC01.RE&ENT-  — 1533 


JOHN  RUSKIN. 


MARIA  DE'MEDlCl-QU.OFFRANCE-l  573  MOHAMMED-FOUNDEROF  ISLAM-  570  MUR 


MARIA  LOUISA-FR.EMPRESS  -  - 17  9 
MARIA  THERESA-ftU.  HUH.+BOH.-- 1  7  17 
MARIE  ANTOINEITE-WF. LOUIS  XVL-1 755 
MARlO,eHJSE(fE-ITAL.SIN&ER-- 
MARION.FRANCIS-AM.&ENERAL-  - 17  32 
MARIOTTE.EDME-FR.FHYCISIST-D.  I  684 
MARlUS,CAIUS-ROM.fENERAL-B.C.  157 
MARLBOROUfH,J.C.-ENWENERAL-l  6  50 
MARLOWE.CHRI5.-ENE.DRAMATISI-1  564 
MARMONT,AUWJSTE-FR.MARSHAL-I  774 
MAR«UETTE,JAC«UES-FR.EXPIORER-|  637 
MARRYAT.FRED'K-ENC.NOVELIST-1 7  92 
MARSH,HO.P.-AM.PHILOL06IST-  -1801 
MARTIAL,MARCUSV.- LATIN  POET-  43 
MATINEAU,HARI(IET-ENt.WRITERH  S02 
MARYI.-QUEEN  OF  EN6LAND--I  516 
MARYL-  »  »  1662 

MARY  STUART-QUEEN  OF  SCOTS 


RICHELIEU. 


MUMtBF-EKCMMMMl 

MUSSETT.LiA.-FR.POET 1810 

NADIR  SHAH-KINf  OF  PERSIA --•  1 688 
NAPIER,SIR  CHASJ.-ENG.&ENER.AL- •  17  82 
NAPIE R.JOHN-SCOTJUTHEMATICIAN-  1 5 50 
NAPOLEDN  BONAfAKTE-a EMPEROR  - 1769 
NEANDER.J.A.W.-KR.THEOLOCIAN- 1 789 
NE8UCHAONE2ZAR-KIH6  OF  BA6YLON-0.,BX^6I 
NEGKER,JACQUES-FR.STATESMAN  -  1732 
NEILSON.ADELAIDE-AM. ACTRESS  -  - 1 853 
NELSON,HCRATIO-ENt.AOMIRAL  -  •  17  58 

NERO-ROMAN  EMPEROR 37 

NESSELRODE.CHAS.R.-RUS.STATES'NneO 
NEV¥MAN.CARDINAL-ENe.DIVINE-l80l 

NEWTON.SIR  isAAC-EN 


ALEXANDER  POPE. 


MASONJAS.M.-AM.STATESMAN-I  797 


OHAMMEO  I.- TURKISH  SULTAN -•  1430 
542  MOHAMMED  HI.-  >?  »»  --I566 
MOHAMMED  IV  .»  »  --I642 
MOLIEREJEAN-FR.  DRAMATIST-!  622 
MOLTKE,COUNTVON-6ER.&ENEIiAL-l  800 
MONK.UEO.-EN&.&ENERAL--  1 608 
MONMOUTH,JAS£.-EN&.DUKE  -  - 1  649 
MONROE,JAS.-5TH  PRES.  U.S.-  - 17  58 
MONTACUE,LADVENE.AUTHORESS-1 690 
MONTAIGN£.MICHEL-FR.PHILOS'R-l533 
MONTALEMBERT.C.F.-FR.ORATOR-1 8 1 0 
MONTCALM,L.J.-FR.GENERAL-- 1712 
MONTESQUIEU,CHAS.-FR.AUTHOR-1 689 
MONTEZUMAfl.-MEX.A?.TECEMP.-l480 
MONTFORO,SIMON-NOR.CRUSADER-I  1 50 
MONT&OLFItR.J.E.FR,lNVENT01i-|745 
MONTGOMERY, JAS.-SCOT, POET-  -1771 


MASON,LOWEU-AM.MUS.COMP05.-1 7  92  MONTMORENCY,HEW-1> 
793  MASEENA.ANORE-FR.MARSHAL-I758  MONTMORENCY,MAT.-» 

MASSEY,GERALD-ENC.POET--    1828  MONTROSE,J.G.-SCOT.3ERERAL-I6I2 


MATHER.COTTON-AM. DIVINE  ••!  663 
MATHEVtTHEOBALD-IRlSH  PRIEST-I  7  90 
MAURICE  OF  NASSMI-&ER.CEMERAI  - 1  S  6  7 


SIR  WALTER  SCOTL 


MONTMORENC»,ANNE-FR.MAIiSHAl-l493 


MAURY.IYIAT.F.-AI»UIYDROeRAPHFR-|  806  MORALK,LUIS-SPAN-PAINTER--1 509 

MAXIMILIAN  I.-GER.EMPEROR-I4-59 

M/WIMHIAN.F.J.-MEX.EMPEROR-I832 

MA2ARIN,CAROINAL-FR.STATES3«-I  6  02 

MA2EPPA,IVAN-POL.NOBLEMAt)  - 1  644 

MEADE,&EO.f.-AM. GENERAL  -  - 1 8)5 

MEOICI,C.-MIEI  FUMtNTINE  REPU8.-1 3  89 

MEDICI,t.-fR.DUKE  OF  TUSCANY  -  - 1  5  !  9 

MEDICUL.-PRINCEOFFLORENCE-I4A8 

MEHE  M  ET  ALI-VICEROY  OF  E6YPT  - 1  7  6  9 

MElSSONIERJEAN-FR.PAINTER-1  8  1 1 

MELANCHTH6N,P.-KR.REFORMER-l4-97 


NEV.MICHEL-Ffl.MARSHAL-  ---1769 
NICHOLAS  I.-  HUS.EMPEROR  --I796 
534  NICHOLAS.ST.-?ISHQPOFMYRIA-0,  340 
"  M&HTINGALE.F[OR.-ENC-.PHILANTH'S?I820 
NILSSON,CHRlS^NE-SWtD.VOCALIST-l843 
NORTH,  FRED'H-EN&.STATESMANH  732 

,-,v»ntJJmgvn^Bn,»^,,i..>nu       .  .w.     NOTTINEHAM.H^EN6.jflRlST  -  -  -  I  62  I 

MOORE',THOS.-IRISH  POET  .....  1779  NOYES.&EO.R-AM.  THEOLOGIAN  -i  798 

0'BRIEN.WM.S.-  IRISH  PATRIOT-I803 
a'CONNELL.OAN'L-IRISH  ORATOW775 
ODOftCER-KINfrOFITAU--  —  0.,  493 
0'OONNEa,LEOP'0-SPAN.STATES,-|  809 


MOODY,D.L.-AM.  EVANGELIST  -  - 1 8  37 
MOORE.SIR  JOHN-BRIT.CENERAL- 17  6 


ROBESPIERRL 


0:RSTEO,HANs-DAN.NAT.PHILflS.-l  777 
OFFENBACH.JACQ.-BER.COMPOSER-I8I9 
06LnHORPE.JAS,-ENG.6£NERAL—  I  698 
OLOCASTLE.SIR  JNO-ENC-REFORMIH  3  60 
OLLENOORFF,HEHR!-6ER.EDUCftTOR;l803 
OLMSTEAO,OET(ISON-AM.ASTRON'SH  791 

OMAR  PASHA-TURKISH  SOLDIER-  igoe 


NAME      OCCUPATION       BORN  NAME     OCCUPATION      BORN 


AME    OCCUPATION    BORN 


NAME   OCCUPATION    BORNlNAME    OCCUPATION    BORN 


WILLIAM    SHAKSPEARE. 


O'MEARA.B.E.-IRISH  SUR&EON-I  780 

ORAN&E,VYM..PR.OF-DW«lEAe-l553 
RieEN-frREE'KTHEOLO&IAN  — 186 
SSOLI,MAR&.F.-AM.AUTHORESS-I8  I  0 

THOI.-&ER.EMPEROR. 912 

THOE.-  11  >j  955 

THOfflr  J>  5»  - 980 

TH01V.-55  11  1174 

TISJAMES-AM.  LAWYER-  - 1 725 
IVIO-ROMANPOET— -E.C.  4-31 

OWEN.RICHARKNC-.ANATOMIST-I804| 
WEN,ROBT.-ENG-.PHIUNTHRO'S7-I77I 

OXENSTIERN.A\EL-S\VED.STATES.-I583 
ADIILA.JUAN-SPAN.PATRIOT  — 1490 
AEANIN1,NICOlO-ITAL.VIOLINIST-n84j 
AINE.ROBT.T.-AM.LAWYER--- 1773  | 
AINE.THOS.-AM.FREE-THINKER-I737 
AIXHANS,HENRI-FR.INV£NTOR-I783 


PATI,ADELINA-SP.OPERMICSWM-I843 

PAULS!.-  APOSTLE D.,    .65 

PAUL].-  ROMAN  PONT1FF-D.,  767 
PAUL flr  11  '»  -D.,  14-7 1 
PAUL!.-  11  »»  -D.,1549 
PAUL IV.-  11  11  -D.,1559 
PAULV.-  11  5J  -D.,1621 
PAULI.- RUSSIAN  EMPEROR--I7 54 
PAULDINt.JAS.R.-AM.AUTHOR-n79 
PAUSANIAS-SPARTAN&EN.-D..B.C.468 
PAXTON,SIRJOS.-ENUR.ChTTEGT-|803 
PAYNE.JNO.H.-AM.DRAMATIST-1 792 
PEABOOY,&EO.-AM.PHILANTHROP.-!795 
PEALE.KMBRANDT-AM.PAINTER-1778 
PEDRO  L-EMPERORQF  BRAZIL-.- 1 798 
PEDRO II.-  >?  "  -1825 

PEEL,SIR  ROBT.-EN&.STATES'N-n  88 


TOBIAS  SMOLLETT. 


ISISTRATUS-TYRANTOFATHENS-B.C.6I2 
ITMAN.l9UU-EHbMVEIR.IIF  PHON06.-I  8 1 3 
~TT,WM.-ENG.STATESMAN--  " 


IUS  l.-ROMAN  PONT 


US  II.- 
US  III.- 
USIV.- 

PIUS  V.- 
US VI.- 

PIUS  VII.- 
US  VIII.- 
US  IX.- 


FF- 


CAPTAIN  JOHN  SMITH. 


&EN.P.H. SHERIDAN. 


?IERCE,KNJ.-AM.M»THEMATiaA»-l809 

ELLlCO,SILVIO-ITAL.PATRIOT---n8' 
PEMBEi^TON,J.C.-CONFED.&EM'L--l  8  U 

PENN.WM.-  ENS.QUAK  ER 1 644 

'EPINITHESHORT)-FR.K!N& 714 

PEPYS,SAM'L-EN&.AUTHOR---i632 

PERCIVAL.JAS.&.-AM.POET 1795 

PERCY, THOS.-EN&.  AUTHOR— 1728 
PE«&OLESI,C.B.-ITAL.COMPOSER-n  I  0 
PEiilCLES-ATHENIANSTATE5'N-B.C.495 
PER1Y.OLIVER  H.-AM.COMMODORE-I7  85 
PERSIIIS-ROMAN  SATIRIST —  34 
PESTALOZZI,»NN-S\I..$SEDUG«OR-I745 
PETER.ST.- APOSTLE D.,  66 

'ET[RI.(MC-itEAT)-C7AROFRUSSIA-l67 
PETEft(iHEKERM!T)-FR.MONK-D.  1 1 15 


PAIESTRINA.G.P.-ITAL.COMPOSER-I524 
PALFREVJOHN&.-AM.HISTORIAN---I796 
PALI5SY,BERNARD-FR.POTTER  -  - 1 5 1 0 
'ALMERSTONjH.U-ENfcSTATES'N-1784 
PAOLI,PA5QUALE-CORSICANPATRIOT-n26 
PAPIN,DENIS-FR.PHYSIC1AM-|647 
PARACELSUS-SWISS  ALCHEMIST- 1 493 
PARDOE.JULIA-ENG-.AUTHORESS-I806 
PARIS.LCUISA.P.-FR.PRINCE-I838 
PARK'.MUN&0-'SCOT.TRAVELER-1 77 
PARKERJKEOMRE-AM.THEOIOEIAN-I8 1 0 
PARKWA'N,FRAMCIS-AM.HISTOIilAI(-l623 
PARNELL.CHAS.S.-IRISH  A&ITATORI843 
PARR,CATKARINE-QU.  HEMRY  Vlltl  509 
PARROTT.ROBT.P.-AM.INVENTOR-I804 
PARRY.  SIR  WM.-EN&.EXPLORER-1 790 
PARSONS.THEOPJI.-AM.JURIST-I75- 
PARSONS,THEOPH.-JJ  -  »»  -179 
PARTONjJAS.- AM. AUTHOR  --  - 1 822 
PASCAL.BLAISE-ER.PHILOSOPHER-1623 
PATRICK.SL-APOSTLE  OF  IRELAND- 37 


WILLIAM  T.  SHERMAN. 


--D.,1 
-D.,1503 
-D.,1565 
-D.!l572 
-D.,1799 
-D.  1823 
-D.,1830 
-0.,I818 
PIZARRO.FRANCISCO-CON4.0FPFRU-I475 
PLATO-GREEK  PHILOSOPHER-B.C.  428 
PLINY(EIDER)-ROHA.NATURALIST-  23 
lINYltOUHKlO-RflM.  AUTHOR— 
PIUTARCH-&REEK  BIOGRAPHER-  50 
POE,EODARALLAN-AM.A'JTHOR--  I  809 
POLK,JAS.K.-IITH  PRES.U.S.--I795 
POLLOK,ROBT.-SCOT.  POET  -  -  -  -1198 
POLO.MARCO-VENETIAN  TRAVEIEU  254 
POMPADOUR,JEAN.-MISWS$LOUIsm72 
'OMPEY-ROMAN  6-ENERAL-B.C.  106 
PONCE  OE  LEON-5P.OI5COV.OF  FLOR10A-1  460 


lA8ELMS,FHMtC.-FR.bMIRIST---|49 
IACHEL,HGAB.F.-FR. ACTRESS--!  820' 
RACINE.JEAH-FR.DRAMATIST-  1  639 
RADCllfFE.ANN-ENC.Nffl/EUST- 1  764 
RA&LANJAS.H.-EN&.&ENERAL--I  788 
RALEISH.SIRWALTER-EN&.NA\IIG.-I552 
RAMEAU.JEAN  P.-FR.COMPOSER-I  583 
RAMSAY,ALLAN-SCOT.POET--I  685 
RAMSAY.DAVID-AM.HISTORIAN—  IT  49 
RANDOLPH,  JOHN- AM.  ORATOR  — 1773 

RAPHAEL-1TAL.PAINTER 1 493 

RAVMONO,H.J.-AM.  JOURNALIST--!  820 
READ.TH05.BUC.-AM.POET— — I  822 
READE,CHAS.-EN6.NOWLIST  -  -  -  -I  8 14 
REAUMUR.R.W.-FR.PHYSICIST-- 1  663 
RECAMIER.JEANNE-ER.BEAUTY -- 1177 
REEVES.SIMS-ENS.SIN&ER  -—1822 
.U5,MARC.A.-IWM.5EN.-D.,B.C.  250 
REIO,MAYNE-IRISH-AM.NOVELIST-I  818 
REID,THOS.-SCOXMETAPHYSICIAN--n  I  0 
REMBRANOT,PAUL-DUTCH  PAINTER-I  607 
565  RENAN,JOS.E.-FR.PHILOLOtlST-l  823 


ALFRED  TENNYSON. 


157 


JEREMYTAHOR. 


RUSSELL,WM.-EN6.PATRIOT—  I  639 
RUTLEO&E,JOHN-AM.-STATE$'N-|739 
TER,I?1CHAEL-DU1CH  AOMIRAL-1 6  07 
SACKVHLE,«0.-ENe. STATESMAN- 1  7 1  6 
SAINT  CLAIR,ARTHUR-AM.6EN»L-|73.' 
SAINTE-BEUVEjU.-FR.POET  — -I  804 
SAINT  PIERRE.JACQ.-F.R.AUTHOR--1 73" 
SAINTSIMON,C.H.-FR.PH1LOS'R-I760 
SALADIN-SULTAH  OF  EGYPT-- 1137 
SALISBURY,RO?T.A.T.-EN5.STATE.-1830 
SALLUST-TIOM.HISTORIAN-B.C.  8! 
SALVINI.SIG-NOR-ITAL.  ACTOR-- 1830 
SAMUEL-ISRAELITE  JUDC-E-B.C.I  170 
SANTA  ANNA-MEX.G-ENERAL-1 798 
SAPPHO -GREEK  POETESS-FL.B.C.600 
SAUL-FIRST  KING- OF ISRAEL-D..B.C.I055 
SAVONAROLA,S.-ITAL.REFORMER-I452 
SAXE.HERMANN  M.-FR.MARSHAL-I696 

L,JCHN&.-AM.POETi---l 
SCALf&ER.JULIUSC.-ITAL.tRlTIC-l484 
SCHELUN6,F.W.J.-&ER.PHILOS'R-m5 


ROBERTSOUTHEY. 


SYDNEY  SMITH. 


1750  PETRARCH,F.P.-ITAL.POET--I304 
lHELrS,ELEABETHS.-AM.MIffl!liESS-l8l 

PHIDIAS-&REEKSCULPTOR-B.C.  4° 
PHILIPn.-KW&OFMACECONIA-B.C.  38 
HILIPL-KING-  OFSPAIN----I52 

PHILIP  111.-  >?  »»    157 

PHILIP  IV.- >J  59     160 

PHILIP  V.- 11  11     IGQ 

PHILIP  II.- KING  OF  FRANCE--- 1 16 
PHILIP  I.-  11  11  ---124 

PHILIPIV.-  •>•>  •>•>       ---126 

PHILIPVI;-  11  11      ---129 

PHI  LUPS,WEND[LL-AM.ORATOR  -  - 1 8 1 
PHOCION-ATHENIANSTATESMAN-B.C.-40 
PICKERING.TIM'Y- AM.STATESMAN- 1 74 
PIERCE.FRANKLIN-I4TH  PRES.U.S.-  180 
PILATE.PONTIIK-&OV.OF  PALESTINE-Q.,  3 
PINCKNEY.CHAS.C.-AM.STATESMAN-I74 
PINDAR-C-REEK  LYRIC  POET--  B.C.  52 

NKNEY,WM.-AM.ORATOR™ 176 


POPE.ALEyANDER-EN6.POET- 1  68£ 
PORTER,DAVID-AM.COMMOBORE-I780 
PORTER.FITZJOHN-AM.&ENERAL-I823 
PCRTER.JANE-EN&.NOVELIST— 1.776 
POUSS1N.N1CHOLAS-FR.PAINTER-I594 
POWELL.MAJ.J.W.-AM.ETHNOL06IST-I834 
POWERS.HIRAM-AM.SCULPTOR--I  805 
PRAXITELES-&RLTK  SCULPTOR-D.,8A350 
PREHTICE.E-EO.O.-AM.JOURNALIST- 1  802 
PRESCOTf,WM.H.-AM.HISIORIAN-1796 
PRICHARD.JAS.C.-EN6.SCIENTIST-I786 
PRIESTLEYJOS.-ENC-.PHILOSOPHER-1733 

RIOR,MATTHEW-EN&;POET---I66. 

ROCTOR.BRYAN  W.-ENC-.POET-I790 
PROUT,  FATHER-IRISH  WRITER-!  80S 

TOLEMY  I.-KIN5  OF  E&YPT-B.C.   307 

TOLEMY-&!iFEKASTRONOM.-FL.,B.C.ISO 
FULASKIjCOUNT-POIISH  PATRIOT-1747 
PUTNAM,ISRAEL-ftlVI.CENERAL-n 
-'YRRHO-CREEKPHILOSOPHER-B.C.360 

'YTHACORAS-5?          5?     FU,B.C.550 
dlJiNCYjJOSIAH-AM.ORATOR--l  7 
QUINTILIAN-ROM.RHETORICIAN- 


RETZ.JEAN  F.-FR.CARDINAL— -I  614 
REVERE, PAUL-AM.PATRIOT---I  735 
REYNOLDS.SIR  JOSHUA-EN6.PAINTER-I  723 
RICHARD  I.-KIN& OF  ENGLAND--!  I  57 
RICHARD  II.-  11  11  --.1366 
RICHARD  m.-»»  it  ---145: 
RICHARDSON.SAM'L-EN&.NOVEUSH  689 
RICHELIEU,A,J.-FR.STATESMAN-I  585 
RICHTER.iP.F.-tER.  AUTHOR— -ITS 
RIENZI,NICOLAe.-ROM.ORATOR--l3l3 
RISTORI.ADELAIDE-ITAL.ACTRESS--I82 
R I TT  E  N  H  OUSE,D.-AM.ASTRONOMER- 1 7  3 
ROBERT  I.-DUKE  OF  NORMANDY-  D.,!  035 
ROBERT  I.-KING  OF  SCOTLAND  -  -1 274 
ROBERTL-5)  11  ---1316 
ROBERT,LOUISL.-FR.PAINTER-|79 
iESPIERRE,M.-FR.REVOLUTIONIST-n58 
HAMBEAU,J.B.O.-FR.MARSHAL  ~" 


WILLIAM  MAKEPEACE  THAMEIUW. 


^AGHARY  TAYLOR. 


RODNEY,S-EO.B.-ENG.AOMIRAL-I7 
ROEBLING,JOHN-A.-AM.ENGINEER-I806 


725  SCHILLER.JOHAKN-C-ER.POET-I  75! 
SCHLEtEl,AUGUSTW.-C-ER.POET-n  6' 
SCHLEGEL.KARLW.-BER.SCHOLAR.-I  772 
SCHLOSSER.FRIED'K-MR.HISTORIAN-n  7  6 
SCHOEFFER.PETER-GER.PRINTER  - 1 4  3 
SCHOFIELO,JOHN M.-AM.GENERAL- 1  83 
£CHOOLCRAFT.HEN.-AM.nHNOU6IST-n  9  3 
SCHOPENHAUER.AaTR-&ER.PHILOS'R-l78l 
ECHUBERT.FRANZ-C-ER.COMPOSER-1 7  9 
SCHUR2.CARL-&ERrAM.  STATES'N-I  829 
£CHUYLER,PHILlP-AM.6ENERAL-n33 
SCHWANTHALER,l.M.-6ER.SCI)LP'R-l  802 
SCHWARTZ.BERTH'L-CER.MOMK-a.l  34 
SCHWEINFURTH,&.A.-GER.TRAVELER-I83 
SCIPIO,PUBLIUSC.-ROM.G-EN'L-B.C.  23 
SCOTT.SIRWALTER-SCOT.NOVEIIST-177 
SCOTT.WINFIELO-AM.GENERAL--I786 
SEBA5T IAN.OOM.-KIN&  OF  PORTUGAL- 1  554 
SEOCWICK,CATHARINEM.-AM.AUIHOfi-|78e 


EDMUND  SPENSER. 


ROG-ERS.SAM'L-ENG.POET 1  76 

ROLANO,MARIE-FR.GIRONDIST-- 
ROLLIN.CHAS.-FR.HISTORIAN-I  66 
ROMULUS-FOUNDER  OF  ROME-FL.B.C.7J 
ROSA.SALVATOR-ITAL. PAINTER-I  615 
ROSCIUS,a.-ROM.ACTOR-D..B.C.  62 
ROSECRANS.WM.S.-AM.GEN'L-|  8 
ROS5,S1RJOHN-BRIT.ARC.EXPLOR,-I7T 
ROSSINI,&.-ITAL.COMPOSER  -  - 17  92 
ROTHSCHILD,M.A.-JEW.BANKER-I  743 
ROUSSEAU,JEANJ.-FR.AUTHOR'-I7I2 
RUBENS,PETER  P.-FIEM.PAIWER-I  577 
RUOOLPf il.-CER.  EMPEROR  — I  218 
RUDOLPH  II.-  11  11  —155: 
RUMFORD,BENJ.T.-AM.PHILOS'R-  I  75: 
RUSH.BENJ.-AM.  PHYSICIST --1745 
RUSKIN,JOHN-EN&.ARTWRITER-1  81 S 
RUSSEll,JOHN-EN&.STATESMAN-n9 


SENECA,LUCIUSA.-ROM.PHILOS»R-D.,65 
SENNACHERIB-ASSYRIAN  KIN6-FL.B.C.7  0 


754  SERC-IUSI.-ROM.PONTIFF---D.,  70 
SERGIUSL-  11       11    —  0.,  84 


JAMES  THOMSON. 


NAME  OCCUPATION  BORN 


NAME  OCCUPATION 


NAME  OCCUPATION  BORN  NAME  OCCUPATION  BORN  NAME  OCCUPATION  BORN 


SEROUS  1U.- ROM. POHTIFF-D.,  912 
SERHUSIV.-  >»  >»  D..IOI2 
SEVISNE,MAR!E,-FiUUTHORESS--l  626 
SEWAWLWM.H.-AVLSTATESMAN- 1 80 1 
S£YMOUR.HMATI6-»  »  j  |  8 1  I 

SHAFTES6URY-EN6.  55  IS2I 
SHAKSPE>RE,WM.-fNE.  DRAMATIST- 1  564 
SMHUBKTKrMLmMKT— 1818 
SHEOIWO  L.-IRISH  ORATOR--I79I 
SHELLEY, PERCY  B.-EN6.POET----I  792 
SHERIOAN,P.HMM.&ENERAL--  I  83  I 
SHERIDANjRlCH'D  B.-IRISH  ORATOR-I  751 
SHERMAN.JOHN-AM.STATESMAN- 1  823 
AN,KO«R-»  55  1721 

SNUMMUnUHULtOKMI.--  I  820 
S!OSONS,SARAKN6.ACTRESS--  - 1  7  55 
SIONEY,AL&ERNON-EN6.STATES'N-I  622 
SlDNfttlRPHIUP-EN&.AUTHOR--  I  554 
SIWSMUND- GERMAN  EMPEROR- 1  3 68 
SI&ISMUNB  L-KINf  OF  POLAND-1466 


JOHN  TYLER. 


STEPHEN V11.-ROM.PONTIFF-0,  897 
STEPHEN  VHU- )»       >»      0,931 
0?,  942 


STEPHEN  JX.- 
STEPHEN  X.-  » 


THOMAS  A.  EDISON. 


SIGOURNEY.MRS.-AM.POETESS  ---I  7  9 1 
SiaiMAN,BENi-AM.NATURAL15H  779 
SIMMS.WM.5.-AM. NOVELIST- --I  806 
SIMON.JULES-FR.  STATESMAN -I  814. 
Sinus  L-ROM.  PONTIFF-- 0~  128 
SIXTUSIL-  »5  »»  -0.,  258 
SIXTUSE.-  »»  )i  -D..  440 
SIXTUSK-jj  •>•>  -D.,1484 
SIXTUSV.-  j»  »i  -B.,1590 
SLOWACK!,JULIUS-POL1SH  POET- I  809 
SMITH.ADAM-SCOtPOUUCON'ST-n  2  3 
SMITH,GERRIT-AM.PHILANTH'ST- 1  797 
SMITH,JOHN,CAPTAIHN&.EXPLOfcl579 
SMITH,JOS.-  FOUND.  MORMONISM-1805 
SMITHjSEBA-AM.AUTHOR-  — 1792 
SIWimSrONEY-EN&.AUTHOR-l  77  I 
SMOUEyOBIAS  G.-SCOT  NOVELIST-IT  2 1 
SOCRATES-&REEK  PHILOSOPHER-B.IU70 
SOLIMAN  !L- SULTAN  OFTURKEY-1490 
SOLOMON-KING  OF  ISRAEL-B.C.I  033 
SOLON-ATHENIAN  LAW-&IVFR-R.G.  638 


STATES'!*-!  8 1 2 

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.ESSAYIST- -I  806 
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tt.-AM.6EIM.--n  30 
THAD.-AM.ABOL1TIONIST-I793 
.VAM.MERCHANT-1802 
KnirMLPOET— I82S 

STORY,  JOS.-AM.  JURIST 17  79 

STORY.WM.W.-AM.SCULPTOR-  -I  819 
TOWT.HARRIETB.-AM.NOVELISM  8  1 2 
STRABO-MEEK  GEOGRAPHER --B.G.  54 
STRAFFORO.THDS.K-ENkSTATES'N-l  593 
STUART,HLBT  C.-AM.  PAINTER- 1 7  56 
STUYVESANynER-GOtNEWHETH.-|  602 
SUE.EU6ENE-FR.  NOVELIST-  -1 804 
SULLA-ROM.  &ENERAL--B.C.  138 
SUMNER,CHAS.-AM.  STATESMAN-I  8 1  I 
SURREY,  HENRY  H.-  EN&.  POET  -  -  I  5 1  6 
5WEOENBOR6,EHWII'L-5WEB.PKILOS.-I  688 
SWIF^JOMATHAN-IRISH  DIVINE--I667 


TETZEL.JOHA»K-fraMONK  -  - 1 460 
THACKERAY.WM.M.-fNK.NOVEUST-l  8 1  I 
THf.i.BERC-,S!&ISM'D-SW1SSI>IAK!ST-l  81  2 
THALES-G-REEK  PHILOSOPHER- B.C.  635 
THEMISTOOES-ATHEMAH  6EIL- Bit  5 1 4 
THEOCRITUS-&R.PASTORALPOET-R.  27  5 
THEODOPJC-KINf  OF  OSTROGOTHS  —  455 
THEOCOSIUS,FLAV.-ROM.EMPER»R-  346 
7HEOPNRASTUS-&REEK  PHILOS'R-  37  2 
THIERRY,JACQ..N.A.-FR.HISTORIAN-I  795 
THIERS.101JI5A.-ER.  HISTORIAN  -I  797 
THOMEiaLH.-AM.CWBW.- 1816 
THOMSON. JAS.- SCOT. POET- 1  7  00 
THORWALfcN,A.B.-tAIKHSCDLP.-|  7  7  0 
S-WEX  HSTORIAN-B.C.  471 
D.,1058  TIBER.IUS-ROM.EMPEROR-B.C.  4-2 
TILDEfLSAMt  J.-AM.STATESMAIH  8  \  4 
TINTO  RETTO-  ITAL.PAINTtR 1512 


DANIEL  WEBSTER. 


WESLEY,  JOHN-ENt  DIVINE MO 

Wf.SUENJ.-AM.  PAINTER  — - 173€ 

WHEWELLWM.-EN&.PHILOS'R~  i  794 
WHITE,Ai3otlEW  D.-AM.  SCHOLAR-)  832 
IWngUBfl  &.-AM. AUTHOR  — -J  822 
WHITEFiELD,G£0.-EN&.  DIVI  NE  -—1714 

WHITMAN.WALT-AM.POET J8I9 

WHITNEY.EU-AM.INVENTOR J765 

WHITTIEILJOHNG.-AM.  POET 1807 

WIELAND,CHIII5.M.-&ER.  POET— J  7  3 
WLBEFOraLwM.-EN6.STATES'N-]  7  59 
WIIUAMI.-K1NGOFENGLAN11---I02 
WILLIAM  I.-GER.  EMPEROR 1797 


.rW.tr  :.':;-!  7  3i 
1593 

HENHY-ENtSTAIESMAN-l  6  1  2 
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COLU-ITM 
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.mL.MMPOSER-1814 
.tF.-ROHLEMPEROIl--  9 
VESPUCCl,ftiER160-ITAL.NAVtSHOR-  1451 
VICTOR  L-ROM.PONTIFF--&,  202 
VICTOR  1-  >»  »»  —  5^1057 

VICTOR  ra.-»    »>    —  nZio87 

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WUIS,NATH.P.-AM.  JOURNALIST— 1806 
WIIMr.DA¥ID-AM.STATESMAri-  - 1 8 1 4 
WILSON,HEHRY-AM.WLITICIAM  ~ 

WIRT.WM.-AM.AUTHOR 1772 

WOLCOT^JOHN-EN&.SATIRIST      1738 

WOLFE, CHAS.-IRI5H  POET 1791 

WOLFE,  JAS.-EN6.&ENERAL-  ---1726 


VICTORIA-&UEEN  Of  ENGLAND  -  -  1  8  1  9 
VINCENT  BE  PAUUSl-FILREFOttlER"  1576 
VINCENT,  JWMT.-/W.CLEIWMAN-1  8  3  2 
VIR6IL-1AT.  EPIC  POET  .....  B.C.  70 
V  OLTA,  ALESSAN  DdO-ITWJU.T.  PHIlOil  7  4  5 
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aUEEN  VICTORIA, 


JOHN  WYCLIFFE. 


WILLIAM  TYNDALE. 


TUR&OT. 


SONTA&,HENR1ETTE-HR.VOCALBT-|  806 
SOPHOCLES-tRE£KTRAfr.POET-B.C.  495 

SOUTHEY.ROBT.-EN6.POET 177 

SOUTHWORTILEMMA-AM.NOVa'T-1  8 1 8 
SPARKS,JAR£B-AM.HISTORIAN- 17  89 
SPEKE,JOHNH.-EN6.E>PLORER--I82 
SPEN«R,HERBEItT-ENfr.PHILOS.-l  820 
SPENSER,EOMUND-EN6..POET- 1  553 
SPINOZA.8ENEDICT-OUTCHPHILOS.-I  63" 
SPURGEON,CHAS.H.-EN&.DIVINE- 1  83 
SPURZHEfM.  J.C.-&ER.PHRENOL.- 1 7  7  6 
STAEL-HOLSTtlN,A.L.-FR.AirTHORES5-n66 
STANHOPE,  P.H.-EN6.HI5TORIAN-I805 
STAN  LEY.HENRY  M.-AM.-AF.fXPLOR.-l840 
STANTON.EDW.M.-AM.STATES.-I 
STEOMAN,£OM.C.-AM.  POET  -  - 1  833 
STEELE.SIR  RICH'D-EN&.ESSAYIST-I  6  7 
STEPHEN  I.-  ROM.  PONTIFF-LX,  257 


SWINBURNE,AL&ERC.-ENG;POET-|  837 
SYLVESTER  I.-ROM.PONTIFF-D.,  3  35 
SYLVESTER L- 51  >»  D.,1003 
TACITUS,CAIU5C.-ROM.HISTI)RIAN-  55 
TAINE,HIPP.A.-FR.AUTHOR--I  828 
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TALLEYRAND-fEHI60liD-FR.STATES.-l  7  54 
TALMA&E.TH05.D.-AM.DIVI  NE  -  - 1 8  3  2 
TAMERLANE-ASIATIC  CONQUEROR  - 1  3  3  6 
TANY,R06ER  B.-AM.JURIST  -  ~I7  7  7 
TARaulNIUS,L.-KIN&  OF  ROME-iL£U95 
TASMAN,A6EL  J.-OUTCH  NAVIMVI  6  0  0 
TASSOJORQUATO-ITAL.POET— -I  544 
TAYLOR,BAYARD-AM.AUTHOR  -  - 1  8  2  5 
TAKLOR.JEREMY-EN&.AUTHOR-I  6 1  3 
TAYLOR,THOS.-ENG-.SCHOLAR-|  758 
7AYLOR.2ACHARY-I2TH  PRES.U&I784 
TaL.VJILHELM-SWISS  HERO  -D.,13  54. 
TEMPIE.S1R  WM.-ENS.STATES'N- 1628 

TENNYSt)N,ALFREHN&.P9n-  1 809 
TERENCE-  ROM.MMICPOCT-B.C.   19^ 
TERRY,ALFREDH.-AM.tEHERAL-l82 
TERTULIIAN-LAT.CH.FATHER-   15 


TITIAH-rTAL.  PAINTER 1477 

TITUS- ROMAN  EMPEROR-  40 
T08IN.JOHH-ENG.DRAMATIST- 1 7  7  0 
TOCaDEVILLE^A.C.-FR.STATES.-l  805 
TOCKEJOHN  H.-Efit.PHILOLO&IST-l  736 
TORRICEUI,EVAN:-.-ITAl.PHILOS.-l  60  8 
TRAJAN-ROM.  EMPEROR- —  52 
TMUtfEJUnWF-afiJNBSHSIS 
TRUMBULLJOHN-AM.PAIN7ER-I756 
TRUMBUl74jOMAraK-AM.STATE5.-n40 
TimBLMffin  F.-ENE.AUTKOR- 1810 
TURRESNE,HENRI-atENERAL-l6l  I 
TURGOT.AJ..J.-FR.STATES'N-I727 
TURNEILJOS.W.M.-£N6.PAINTER-1 77  5 


WOLSaEY.SlR  &.K.-BWT.  &EN.  -  1 
WOLSEY,THOS.-ENC,CARDINAL-  147  1 
WOODWOitTH,SAM'l.-AM.POET--|  785 
WOKESTEILEMl&rlKJMaW  60  1 
WORCESTER.JflSJ.-AM.LEriCO&R'R-n  84 
WORDSWORTRJ«M.-ENG.POET-  -  1  7  7  0 


CARDINALWOLSEY. 


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EO.COMFOSBH8I3 

R.-AM.JUSIST---I8I6 
JOHH-ENtlB1016WPe-n32 
WM.-SCOT.PATRIOT-I270 
COMPOSER-I8I5 


WRIGHT-SILAS-flM.  STATESMAN-  1  795 
WYCLIFFE,JOKN-EN&.REFORMER-1  3  24 
XAVIER,  FRAKCIS  ST.-FR.JESUIT-  -  1  50  6 
XENOPHON-WEEK  HISTOWAN-B.C.  444 
XERXES-KIRS  OF  PERSIA  -•D-B.C.  465 
XIMINES,FRANCISCO-SPAN.PREUTE-|436 
YALEjELlHU-FOUND-YALE  COLL-I  648 
YANCEY.WM.L-AM.POLITICIAN  —1  8  14 
TEM.-EN&.WRITEfM823 
YORKE,CHAS.-EN&.STATESMAN-I722 
YOUN&'eRI&HAM-PRES.MOR.CH.-  1801 


STEPHEN  H.- 
STEPHEN  lit  ? 
STEPHEN  IV.-  •> 
STEPHEN  V.-  , 
STEPHEN  VI.-) 


0.,752 
D..  757 
0.',  772 

o.,  er 

D.,  89 


&EOR5EWASH1N&TON. 


TWEED,WM.M.-AM.POUTICIAM-1 823 
TYLER/JOHK-IOTH  PRES.U.S.--I790 
TYNOALE,WM.-ENf.BIBlETMIISlATO(H485 

TYNDALL!JOKN-IRISH  SCIENTIST-I  82  o 

URBAN  I.-ROM.  PONTIFF-D.,230 
-D.,1 


WARREN,  JOS.-AM.PATRIOT 
WARWItlRIWD  N.-EN6.WARRIORH  42  0 
WASHIMSTON.GEO.-IST  PRES.  LUS.-1 7  3  2 
WATT.  JAMES-SCOT.  INVENTOR- 1736 
WATrs,lSAAC-EN&.SAC!!EJPOET-l  674- 
WAYNE,ANTHONY-AM.«NERAL--1 745 
WEBERJMRLM.-&ER.COMPOSER--I786 
WEBSTER,  DANIEL-AM.STATESMAM  782 
WEBSTERiNOAH-AJLlf^OKWHER-l  758 
JST-1797 
-1769 


BRI&HAM  YOUN&. 


WE: 


LR.-AM.PHRENOL'T-|820 
5.-EN&.OIVINE— -1708 


MARTIN  VAN  BUREN. 


-D.,1370 
-D.,1389 
-D.,1590 
-D.,1644. 
USHER.JA5.-IRISH THEOLOGIAN-  1 580 
UTRECHLADRIAN-OUTCH  PAINTER- 1 599 
VALENS,aAVIUS-ROM.EMPfROR-  328 
VALENTINE-ROM. PONTIFF-D.,  827 
VALERIAN-RDM.  EMPEROR-0.,  260 
VAN  PU?.£N,MA( 


WIUIAM  WORDSWORTH. 


YOUN&,CHAS.A.-AM.SCIENTIST-I834- 
YOUN&,EDWARD-EN&.POET--I684 
YOUNG{THOS.-EN&.PHILOS'R-1 793 
ZECHARIAH-HEBREW  PROPHEr-FL.B.0529 
ZaOTTI.BAniSTA-ITALPAINTER- 1 532 
2ENO-FOUND.SCH.OFSTOICS-8.C.  355 
ZENO-GREEK  PHILOSOPHER-  495 
ZENO-EMPEROR  OFTHEEAST--0-49I 
ZEN08IA-QUEEN  OFPALMrRA-^275 
ZfPHANIAH-HEB.PROPHET-FL.8.(!.630 
ZEUXIS-GflEEK  PAINTER-—  450 
ZHUKOVSKY-RUSSIAN  POET—  1783 
ZIMMERMAN,J.e.-SWISS  PHILOS:I728 
ZINZENDORF,N.L.-GER.DIVINE~I700 
ZISKA,JOHN-BOHEMIAN  &EN.-I360 
ZOLA-FR.APOSTLE  OF  REALISM-1840 
ZOLLICOFFER.F.K.-AM.&EN»L- 1812 
ZORCAST£R-P£R.PHILOS.-  Fl.,B.C.I50 
ZUCCARO.FERD.-ITAL.PAINTER-I543 
ZWIN&LE.ULRICH-SWISS  REFORM.-I-' " ' 


85 


PHA;  P,BETA;  Y,C-AMMA;  S,DELTA; 
A;-n,ETA;e,TH£TA;  I,IOTA; 
;  LI,MU;  \,NU;  ^,XI;O,OMIC 


ND  ANY   CONSTELLATION    ON 
THE    MAPS,  LOOK  fN  THE    LIST 
'      BELOW    FOP.  THE  DECLINATION 
AND  RIGHT  ASCENSION,  IF  THE 
DECLINATION  BE  NORTH(lN- 
DICATEO  BY  NljLOOK  IN 
THE  NORTHERN  HEM- 
ISPHERE} IF  SOUTH, 

v  (INDICATED  BY s) 

^LOOMNTHt  SOUTH- 

;   \CULES  is 

ON30 


MERIOIAN.(S£ETHf  ME 
IOIAN  EXTENDIN&TO  THE 
IMT  FROM    EACH   POLE). 

THE  DIS- 
TANCE OF  A 

jMINUTES  ANOSECONDS, 
FROM  THE  FIRST  POINT  IN  A 
MEASURED  ON  THE   EftUINOC 
HE  INTERSECTION  OF  THE  ECLIPTIC 
QUINOCTIAL  AT  THE.  RIOHT  MARGIN  OF  E 
THE  S.U.VmC,ISTHE  APPARENT 


inY^™,,™;^^  v  ;v'%^r<-^v-  *:^Aw&;* 

SUN  M4INKT  THE  STARS.   ITS  APPARENT  MOTION  ,N  IT  S8^^-- ->.».._  .,  .A....  ~(  \X,  0nAt«  3       J       \r?P*U  YOU  TO  OETOTINE     *         ^>  ^-  <&.         4 

PATH  IS  FROM  THE  WEST  TOWARD  THE  EAST,  AND  YHE   ENTt  Rt   ^^-xJ^tjC  n  t'/agV  ':  **    /"  jt  *.'uL'aX ™A  j.Tt-^^1"  1>('SIT|t1N  OFTHE  ^'"^     \l^>      dig    *     JST 

CIRCUIT  OF  THE  HEAVENS  IS  COMPLETED  IN  A  YEAR.  THE  POSITiON   OP  THE^ta^^^04  •;  *'- //^Aii^-^TwouP  OF  STARS  IN  URSA  MAJOR)  AT      ».      #>  |z    \  1P 

SUN  AMONG-THE  STARS  15  SHOWN  ON  THE  ECLIPTIC  FOR  DIFFtRENT  PERIODS  IN  THE  YEAR.'         '  I — 1 *-*— '  TH£  DIFFERENT  SEASONS  OF  THE  YEAR.  *  * 


dlji 


Sila 


COHSTfLI-ATIONS. 


CONSTELLATIONS.   S5 


ANDROMEDA.  .. 


AURIGA 
A.VIS  PAR 
BOOTES 


Constellations  arc  divided  itito  thrte  belts  or  zones:  vii.,  The  Northern,  which  lie  be-tween  the  icdiac  and  the  nor-th 
pole  o/the  heavens;  the  Southern,  which  lie  between  *h«  zodiac  and  the  south  pol«  of  the  heavens;  and  *he  Zodiacal, 
'which  lie  about  8°  both  north  and  south  o/ the  ecliptic.  People  livinp  in  the  latitu.de  of  New  York  may  see 
the  constellations  in  the  sou-the-rn  hemispherc-,except  those  between  the  soiUh  pole  o/the  heavens  and  sou-th  declination  45! 


All  THE  STARS  VISIBLE  TO  THE  NAKEt  EYE  ARE  BlylKD  I 
CLASSES  OF  BRJ4HTNESS  CALLED  *MkWium.SV  A  VERY  BU 
IAIIT  ONE  BEING  OF  THE  FIRST  MAGNITUDE, AND  THE  FAIdT- 
fST  VISIBLE,  OF  THE  SIXTH  MAGNITUDE.  THE  WHOLE 
WIMIEK  OF  STARS  VISIBLE  TO  THE  NAXED  EYE 
It  ABOUT  GOOO-ABOUT  3000  AT 
TIMEjAS  ONLY  HALF  OF  THE  SKY  IS  SEE 


To  F'ND  ANY  ONE  OF  THE  STARS  6IVES  IM  THE  LIST  IT  Tut 
IOTTOM   OF  TMIJ  PAfrE,  FIND  ITS  CONSTELLATION  AS 
DIRECTED  ON  THE  OPPOSITE   PA»E,WHEN    IT  CAR 
BE  LOCATED  AT  ONCE.    TO  FIND  ANY  ONE  OF 
THEM  IN  THE  SHY,  FIND  ITS  CONSTE 


/^S§7v    v  *  A  »J  %? :'  ^4M-v  *\/Sr  « 

C  "--i-_->       /*\  5/        ^-f  _..  .X-^    5.      £j     •     .    J^A    ?*  x    M*          X  ^.:.  ' 


6Eux,  i  MORION;  ACH- 

ERNARjINERIDANUSJ 
ALDE8ABAN,  IN 
BETA,INCENT/«I»US;    AL- 
PHA, IN  CRUXJANTARES,!  N 
SCORPIO;  ALTAIR,  IN  AH  U I  LA', 

swcA,Tf«  VIRGO;  FOMAIHAUT,  i  N 

PlSClS  AUSTAALIS;  BETA,1N   CRUXJ 
POLLUXI«  GEMINI    RESVLUS,UI  LEO. 


THE  MILKY  WAY  IS 
BELT  OF  PALE  LIGHT  V 

ESTMIS 
AND  SPANNING  THE   SKY. 
IT  IS  COMPOSED  OF  STARS  S 
FAINT  AND  NEAR  TOGETHER 
THAT  THE  EYE  PERCEIVES 
CONTINUOUS  GLIMMER.  I' 
RESEHTEO  ON  THE  MAPS. 


A  FIRST  MAGNITUDE  STAR.  OF 
THE  SO«TH«N  HEMISPHEREjAND  ONEOFTM  NEAR- 
EST TO  THE  iARTH,IS,INROUNBNUMBERS,200000<0000 
MILES  FROM  VS-RE8UIRIN&  LIGHT  34  YEARS.  TO  TRAVERSE. 

SECOND  MAGNITUDE  STARS  REQUIRE  28  YEARS  FOR  uGrno PASS 

HEM  TO  THE  EMTH:  SIXTH  MAGNITUDE  STARS  REQIRE.120  YEARS. 


THE  BEAUTIFUL  GROUP  OF  THE    PLEIADES, 
IN  THE  CONSTELLATION  TAURUS, IS  THE  MOST  F 

MILIAR.  THE  6  oRy  STARS  VISIBLE  TO  THE  NAKED  EYE  B£ 

COME  60  OR 70  WHEN  VIEWED  THROUGH  THE  TELESCOPE.   T___ 
HYADES,IN  TAURUS',  AID  PR/E.SEPE  OH"BEE-HIVE>CWCE»,AM  OTHER  GROUPS, 


HANeto  IH  THf  o/rffFH  OF tt/eJtni/es$A."0  nfr HAVF ArrAcnea  TV/HIM /w  T/urotau  THficrrFfis  of  mvMMMMMMfll  os- 
IHS.  AFre>>  THt  trmas  THfcit/mvE  of  THE  LATIH  HAMF  OF  rue coHsrEUAr/ON;  r//t/s 

tt/STfOt  rt/f  ffOMAH AtPHAefT.  r#£##ff*tff#S.  AHFl/SFff/n  rHfSAMFWA 


87 


he  velocities  given  i-n  the  follow- 
ing list  have  been  compiled 
from  various  authorities,!™), 
while  it  cannot  be  said  what 
the  possibilities  of  many  of  the  mov- 
ing bodies  are,  such  as  steam  vessels, 
loco-motives, etc.,  yet  the  figures  giv- 
en will  convey  a  general  idea  of  such 
The  slow  coach  of  the  time  of  Wash- 
:gton  will  not  compare  with  the  lightning  e 
train  at  the  close  of  the  nineteenth  cent-uru.  Who 
say  what  are  the  possibilities  of  electricity  a,< 
a  motive  power! 

BLOOD,  circulates  through  the  system  iniwo  win 

utes.  If  allowed  to  wove  in  a  straight  line,  it 

would   move  at  the  rate  of  150  feet  per  minute. 

BICYCLE,  one  mile  may  be  attained  in  two  minutes,. 

CANNON  BALL,  U^lb)  ai  the  rate  of  1600  w.les  per 

CARRIER  PIGEON,43  wiles  per  hour. 

CARS,  an  express  train  attains  a  speed' of  60  miles 

per  hour.  82.7  miles  per  hour  has  been  attained. 
ILOUDS,  storm  clouds,  appare-ntl-y  movi-ng  slowly,  oft 

en  attain  a  velocity  of  100  miles  per  hour. 
COMET(Halleys),In  perihelion, I,l80,000ft.pe 
CROW,  files  at  the  rate  of  25  miles  per  hour. 
CYCLONE,  spiral  motion  of  wmd,l80  miles  pe-rhou 
DUCK,  90  miles  per  hour. 
EARTH,  point  on  equator  when  rota.ting  on  its  axis, 

1076  miles  per  hour.  In  its  orbit  while  revolving 

around  the  sun,  65,533  miles  per  hour. 
EARTHQUAKE  SHOCK,  13th  Aug.,  1868,  764  ft.  per 

second;  25th  July,  1885, 5,104  ft.  per  second. 
EIDER  DUCK,  90  miles  per  hour. 
ELECTRICITY,  submarine  wire,  13,128,000ft.  per 

second;    a.crlal  wire,  I  18, 152, OOOft.per  second. 
ELEVATOR,  in  Western  Union  Telegraph  Bulldlnj, 

N.Y.,  500ft.  per  minute. 
FALCON,  74  miles  per  hou-r. 
FALLING-  BODIES,  1st  second,  1 6i\ ft.;  2nd  second, 

64^ft.;  3rd  second,  I44S  ft.;  4th  secoT.d,257j 

ft.;  etc. 
G-LACI ERS,  for  those  of  the  first  rank  in  the  Alps, 

100  yatds  per  year;  of  the  second  rank, about 

25  yards  per  year. 

&ULF  STREAM,  4  to  5  miles  per  hour. 
HAWK,  150  miles  per  hour. 

HORSE,  trots, 7  wiles  per  hour;  r-uns,2  0  m  i  I  e  s 

per  hour.  In  Racing  the  following  records  Have  at 
different  times  been  wade:  running,  I  mile,  in  I 
minute  and  35i  seconds-,  trotting,  I  mile  in  2 
minutes  and  8i  seconds;  pacing,!  tnlle  in  2  min- 
utes and  13  seconds. 

HUMMING  BIRD,  a-t  the  rate  of  180  miles  per  hour. 

HURRICANE,  80  miles  per  hour. 

ICE  BOAT,  is  said  to  OuWvAl  all  other  modes 
of  locomotion,  it  running  at  the  rate  of  a  mile 
per  minute  with  ease. 

INSECTS,  the  wings  of  the  common  house-fly  flap 
at  the  rate  of  330  times  per  second;  of  the  bum- 
ble bee,  340;  of  the  honey  bee,  190;  of  the  wasp, 
110;  of  the  dragon  flu,  28;  of  the  gna.t,!5,000. 


second.  RUNNING-, 


e    rgn       ,  .,, 

JUPITER,  revolves  in  its  orbU  28,T74-  miles  pe 

hour. 
LIGHT,  192,000  miles  per  second;  pisses  horn  the 

sun  to  the  earth  In  8  minutes  and  13  seconds. 

from  the  nearest  fixed  star  io  the  earth  in  a- 

bout  3i  years. 
MAN,  walks  from  4  to  5  miles  per  hour.  I  mile 

has  been  attained  by  walking  in  6-mHutes  and 

23  seconds;  5  miles  in  35  minutes  and  10  seconds; 

100  miles  in  lOhours,  Sminutes  and  15 seconds. 


MARS, revolves  in  its  orbit  53,000 

MARTIN,  200  miles  per  hour. 

MERCURY,  revolves  in  its  orbit  105,000  miles 
per  hour. 

METEOR,  30  miles  per  second. 

MILL  STONES,  4ft.  in  diameter,  120  to  140  rev- 
olutions per  minute;  dressing  machines,!!  inch- 
es diam.,  450  to  500  revolutions  per-minute; 
screen,  16  inches  diam.,  300  to  350  revolutions 
per  minute. 

MOON,  In  its  orbit    iround  the  earth  236 miles 

MUSKET  BALL,  850  miles  per  hour. 

NEPTUNE,  revolves  in  its  orbit  1 1,958  miles 
per  hour. 

OCEAN  WAVE,  during  tempest, 50  miles  per 
hour. 

PENDULUM,  vibrates  seconds  at  the  equator 
when  39.0152  inches  in  length.  Either  north 
or  soutli  from  the  equator  the  pendulum  slight 
ly  lengthens  as  the  latitude  increases. 

PIANO  WIRES,  middle  C,  264  times  per  sec 

ond;  one.  octave  above, 528}  one  octave  be 

low,  132. 

RIFLE   BALL,  1000  miles  per  hour. 
RIVERS,  slow  when  3  miles  per  hour;  rapid 

when  7. 

ROWING-,  in  smqle  scull  I  mile  has  been  ittait 
In  5  minutes;  in  double  scull  I  ml  le 
5  minutes  and  55  seconds;  in  four-oared 

shell   I  mile   in  4  minutes  and  51  seconds, 
mile  has  been  attained  in  4  mi 

utes  and  I2i  seconds;  5  miles  in  24  minutes 

and  40  seconds;  100  miles  in  13  hours.26mln 

utes,  and  30  seconds. 
SAILING  VESSELS,  10  miles  per  hour. 
SATURN, in  its  orbit  21,221  miles  per  hour. 
SENSATIONS.  In  h-aman  nerves,  I08W.  per 

second. 

SIRIUS,  153,000ft.  per  second 
SKATIN&,  I  mile  In  2  minutes  and  12 seconds 

has  been  attained. 
SNOW  SHOES,  I  mile  in  5minutes  and  40  sec- 

SOLAR  ATMOSPHERE,  90,000  to  180,000ft 
per  second;  tempest,  1,200,000  ft. per  second 

SOUND,  in  dry  air  at  82°,  1,142/t.persecond. 
or  about  775  wiles  per  hour;  In  water, 
4,900ft.  per  second;  in  iron,  17,500ft 
in  copper,  10,378;  in  wood, from  12,000 
to  16,000ft.  per  second. 

SPARROW,  150  mites  per  hour. 

STEAM  BOAT,  18  miles  per  hour.  25  -miles 
per  hour  is  attainable. 

STORM,  36  miles  per  hour.  See  Wind. 
SUN,  point  on  eguator,6, 090ft.  per  second. 
SWIFTS,  150  miles  per  hour. 
SWIMMING-,  I00yds.in  I  mln.,5i  sec.;  300yds. 

I-n  4-min.,  8  sec.;  600yds.  in  8  min.,40  seconds, 

I  mile  In  26-min.,  52 sec.;  20  miles  in  Shout: 

51  minutes. 
TEMPEST,  60  to  70  -miles  per  hour.  On  t  h  e 

Sim,  940,580  miles  per  hour, 
TIDAL  WAVE,  in  open  ocean,as  great  as  90( 

miles  per  hour. 

TRICYCLE.tmlle  In  I  mm., 1 5  sec.;  I  mile  in 

2  mrn.,  28  sec.;  5  miles  in  I3mln.,50  sec. 

TROTTING,  see  Horse. 

URANUS,  revolves  in  Its  orbit  14,963  -miles  per 

VENUS,'  revolves  in  its  orbit  77,050  miles  pe 

hour. 
VULCAN, revolves  in  its  orbit  |74-,-000  mile 

per  hour. 

WALKING, see  Man. 
WAVES,  see  Ocean  Wave. 
WINGS,  the  wing  of  the  sparrow  flaps  IStnui 

per  xecomd;  of  the  wild  duck, 9;  of  the  pigeon,8 

of  the  osprey^fe-af  tk  luiuumijj..fajTd,  100. 


WIND, 

Miles    Pressure  per 
but  sq.ft.  m  I  bl. 


0.005 

0.020 

0.123 

0.492 

1.968 

3.075 

6.027 

9.963 

12.300 

17.715 

31.4-90 

49.200 


Characteristics. 


Not  perceptible. 
Hardly  perceptible. 
Just  perceptible. 
Gentle  breeze, 
risk  wind. 

Isk  wind. 


JVenjbr 


High  wind. 

Very  high  wind. 

Storm. 

Great  storm. 

Hurricane. 

G-reat  hurricane, 

Cyclone. 


agalhaens,  Portuguese,  who  n»mc$       Mo^aa^ 

agellan's  Straits 1 51 9 

'endana, Spaniard,  who  names  the. 

Ma-rq-a.esa.s,or  Mendana  Islands I  567 

Q.UIROS,Spanlard 1605 

SIR  FRANCIS  DRAKE, first  English  .  .  .  .1577 

CAVENDISH, first  voyage 1586 

LE  MAIRE,Dutch 1615 

TASMAN,  Dutch,  who  names  Tasmania.  .1642 

DAMPIER,  English 1679 

COOKE,EnglIsh 1708 

RO&GE  WEEN,  Dutch -. (T2J 

ANSON,  British ; 1140 

BYRON,  English 1764] 

WALLIS,BritIsh 1766 

BOUGAINVILLE,  French 1766 

CARTE  RET,  English  .. 1766 

JAMES  COOK '76( 

KING,  continued  after  Cook's  death 1779 

k  ING- AND  FlTZflOY,  British I  826-36 

BELCHER,  British 1836-42 

WILKES, American I  838-4: 

TRAIN,G.F.,  American,  completed,  May  4, 1890 

a  trip  around  the  world  In  67  days,  13  hours 

3  minutes,  3  secwids,  stopping  over  one  day 

in  New  York  City. 


The  following  is  the  compact  as  signed  on  boar 


the  Mayflower  just  before  latid 

"In  ye  name  of  God, Amen.  We  whose  i»«s  are  under 
written,  the  loyall  subjects  of  our  dread  soveriignf  Lord,  K  in 
James,  by  ye  grace  of  &od,  of  treat  Britain*,  Franc*  Irelin 
king, defender  of  ye  f4it-h,ic.,haveing  undertaken,  for  y 
glon'e  of  &od,and  advancement?  of  ye  Christian  faith,  art 
honour  of  OUT  king  fccountrie,  i  voyage  to  plant  yt  firs 
colonie  in  ye  Northern  part  of  Vn-ghii4,doe  by  these  promts 
emnlyimutualy  in  ye  presence  of  &oa>d  of  one  another,  cwew 
combine  our  selves  tojeither  into  icivill  body  politick,for  ow  better 
derinqt-preseTvationt.  rurttiera.™*  of  ye  ends  aforesaid;  and  b 
vertrut  hearof  to  enact,constihite,and  faMStthjtttMf 
liwes»ordmances,  atts,cmst;Wionst^icrt,rn7m  time  to  tmt, « 
In  thcugH  most  meetefc  convenient  for  ye  generill  good  of  yt  MMp 
which  wt  promise  ill  <J«  submission  ind  obedience.  In  wibw& 
whic'i  we  HIK  hereunder  subscribed  our  wonts  it  Cip-Coddye  I 
Novem6er.in  y<  year  of  jf  ijjjMcliwt  wwiigw'onMini)  Junrs,iifhuj 
Fra-ncefciTeiaKi  j(  i8U,lo»  SwUind  je  fWie  tourth  Ano:  Dom.  162.0 


Price,  1O  Cents. 


Compiled,  Published,  and  Pen-cupitten,  by  J.  Goodykoontz,  331  Jessie  St.,  San  praneiseo,  Cal. 


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AN  IIISTAIpANEOUl 
PERPEffUA&CALENDAR 


Pmm-e*c*,s    -        .,.--.. 


nuary  is  named  from  the  Roman  </a?ws,  who  was 
he  Porter  of  heaven,  he  presided  over  the  beginning  or 
pening  of  evenjthmq,  hence,  the  first  month  of  the 
iear  OT.S  -nmed  after  him.  Jwuiir;  was  added  to  the 
st  of  -months  tnj  Nurni  Poropilius,  672  B.C.  Among  the 
nwis,  on  the  first  of  this  -month  all  en-mitits  were 
pend«d,  presents  vwre  exchanged,  officers  were 
rtstalled,  etc.  Thus  amcientwK  Hie  0*9111  of  NewYetrWH 


Tiij  is  probabli)  derived  from  Ma.ia.,  a  femir.ine  d  i- 
nity  worshipped  at  Rome,  to  whom  sacrifices  were 
offered  on  the  first  day  of  May.  The  custom  of  ob- 
serving May- day,  or  the  first  day  of  May,  with  floral 
'  festive  ceremonies,  is  older  than  the  Middle  Ages. 
The  Mail-Pole  was  once  general  in  England,  the  young  peo- 
pic  going  out  before  sunrise  to  gather  flowers  to  adorn  H. 


is  derived  from  Fet>na,itit  Roman  f estottl 
of  general  expiation  and  lustration,  which  wascelebr* 
;ed  during  the  latter  part  of  this  month.  It  was  add- 
ed to  the  list  of  months  by  IYuma,672  B.C.  Evenj 
'ourth  -year  February  has  29  daus  instead  of  28, 
and  such  years  ire  called  'bissextile*  or'le»pyerrs'. 
n  this  month  the  Lupercalia  were  held  among  tht 
Romans.  It  is  the  month  of  harvest  in  Upper  Egypt. 


March  is  named  from  Ate  rj,  the  Roman  god 
of  war.  It  was  the  first  month  in  the  earfy  calen- 
dar, and  the  legal  -year  began  with  March 25th 
until  the  change  from.  Old  to  New  Style  inthev'ar 
1752.  The  value  of  March  weather  is  expressed 
in  the  sa-yings,"A  peck  of  March  dust  is  worth 
a  king's  ransom."  "Mi 


arch  comes  in  like  a  lion, 
and  goes  out  like  a  lamb1.' Harvest  month  in  India 


The  derivation  of  April  is  unknown,  -yet  there 
$  A  traditional  etumologv,  omma  aperit"^  opens 
ivery  thing',' as  spring  and  the  buds  generally  open 
ir  this  month.  All-Fools'  Dau  (Apr!  1 1)  is  traced 
through  tverij  country  of  Europe  to  the  Hindoos, 
and  even  farther  back-to  the  mistake  of  Noah  in 
sending  the  dove  out  of  the  ark  before  the  waterhad 
abated,  on  the  Hebrew  first  dai/  of  the  month. 


June  has  cmtrmonli)  been  traced  to  Juno,  worship- 
ed at  Rome  as  tht  queen  of  heaven.  The  connection 
s  found  in  the  fact  that  the  -month  of  June  was 
considered  the  -most  favorable  period  for  marry  ing, 
and  Juno  was  believed  to  preside  over  marriage. 
The  sunvmer  solstice  occurs  in  this  month, and 
hi  tht  -morth  temperate  zone  it  is  the  most  pleas- 
ant -month  of  the  year.  Harvest  month  in  South  U.S. 


JULY 


July  derives  Us  name  from  JuJius Caesar,  who 
was  bom  on  the  12th  of  the  month.  It  was  original- 
ly called  QaM'//s,Hom  its  having  been  thefiftti  month 
rn  the  original  Latin  year,  which  began  with  March. 
This  is  the  month  of  "doq  days"  reckoned  as  com- 
mencing on  the  3d,and  ending  on  the  llth  of 
August,  during  which  period  the  extreme  heat  of 
summer  prevails.  Harvest  month  in  most  countries'  "' 


M — AUGUST— 


August  owes  its  -name  to  Augustus  Caesar,  who 
followed  his  illustrious  predecessor  by  appropriating  a 
month  to  himself.  In  the  original  Latin  year  it  was 
ailed  Sextilis,  from  its  being  the  sixth  month.  It  orig- 
inally contained  30 days,  but  to  gratify  the  vanity 
of  Augustus,  one  day  was  taken  from  February  and 


added  to  August,  so  as -to  make  his  month  egual ! 
i  diqi 


e*tent  and  dignity  lothe  month  of  JuliusCaesiT-Julu. 


September  is  so  called  from  the  Latin  Septem,w- 
en,  because  it  was  the  7th  month  of  the  Roman  year. 
This  is  the  harwst  month  throughout  large  areas  of 
the  globe.  Harvest  moon  is  the  full  moon  nearest 
the  autumnal  equrnox(Sept.  21),  so  called  because  it 
enables  farmers  to  prolong  the  day's  work  during 
the  autuninal  harvest;  especially  favorable  m  the  north. 


October  was  the  eighth  month  of  the  Roman 
calendar,  which  has  given,  rise  to  the  following: 
"October  has  its  name  from  octo,  eight; 
Though  'tis  the  truth,  perhaps  'tis  well  to  state, 
Such  sixes  and  such  sevens  the  months  were  bockdto 
That  ten  became  translated  into  octo." 
The  changing  of  the  forests  to  the  gorgeous  and 
many-colored  hues  of  autumn  is  characteristic  of  Octotm 


November  was  formerly  the  ninth  month,  now 
the  eleventh.  From  novem,  nine.  This  month  is  re- 
deemed almost  every  year  from  its  cold  and  bluster- 
ing character,  by  the  delightful  weather  known  as 
Indian  Summer,  when  for  days  or  weeks  the  sun 
pours  its  nus  -mildly  through  a  haze,  rendering  the 
a'rr  soft  and  genial.  This  month  is  also  noted  for 
'ts  time-honored  festival  known  as  Thanksgiving. 


December  is  derived  from  otow^ten,  as 
it  was  formerly  the  tenth  -month.  The  lonqest 
nights  and  shortest  days  occur  during   this 
month,  the  whiter  solstice  falling  on  the  list. 
As  the  month  of  the  Christmas  holidays,  which  am 
tinue from  Decem. 24  to  Jan. 2,  its  cold  winds 
and  gloonry  atmosphere  are  enlivened  with  thejoy- 
usness  and  charity  ot  the  greatest  festival  in  the  year. 


The  Year  is  the  period  of  time  in  which  the 
earth  performs  a  revolution  in  its  orbit  around 
the  sun.  It  consists  of  365  days  5  hou7s48rnin- 
utes,  and  4-6  seconds  of  mean  solar  time.  The  Day 
is  the  interval  of  time  which  elapses  between  two 
consecutive  -returns  of  the  same  terrestrial  merid- 
ian to  the  sun.  The  Week  is  a  period  of  seven  daysi 
having  no  reference  to  the  celes-tial  motions-a  cir- 
cumstance to  which  it  owes  its  unalterable  uniformity. 


Ati   itistantancou-s    reference  eaten  d  ar fro-m    which 

the  complete  and  correct  calendar  /or  an  y   year,  either  old  or  new  style, 

before  or  after  Christ,  m  a  y  be  i-nstarmy    fo  uti  d. 


COPYRIGHT,  1892  AND  1893,  BT  JASPER  GOODYKOONTZ. 

EAR 


PHOTO-ENCHAVEO  FKOM  PfH  CTPY  MADE  Bf  M  AUTHOR. 

F    THE~DENTURIE"S7 


To  find  the  calendar  for  any  year, 
look  in  the  colunin  of  centuries  at*he 
left  for  the  required  century,  at  the 
rioht  of  which  is  the  Century  Letter 
fo-r  New  Style  (since  Sept.  3,l752),and 
at  the  left, the  Century  Letter  for  Old 
Style. These  letters  direct  to  corre- 
sponding letters  at  the  tops  of  the 
double  columns,  in  whicVi  are  $!ven 
the  years  of  the  centuries.  A*  t  he 
right  of  each  year  irtthe  double  col- 
umns is  the  Calendar  Number,direct- 
in9  to  the  corresponding  number  of 
the  calendars  which  follow.  All  the 
years  of  1800  are  given  in  the  second 
double  column  under  B;  all  the  years 
o(  1900,  in  the  third  double  column, etc. 


J.S.  I900*7A 


M.S.  2000 


72 


5  «7 


3.S.  1 700 


Exattiples. 

I. -Find  the  calendar  for  1894,-Look 
in  the  column  of  centuries  for  1 800;  at 
!ts  rlyht  !s  B,  directing  to  B  at  the  top 
of  the  second  double  column;  at  the 
ri9ht  of  94  in  this  column  is  3, direct- 
inato  Calendar  Number  2,  which  is 
the  correct  calendar  for  1894. 

Jl.-On  what  day  was  Washinpton 
inaugurated  President,  April  30,1189? 
At  the  rioht  of  1700  (in  century  colimrn) 
is  A:  under  A  in  the  first  double  col- 
urnn.at  the  riaht  of  89  is  5;  in  cal- 
endar number  5  April  30th  is  Thursday. 

3.-On  what,  day  did  Columbus  dis- 
cover America,  October  IX.  |49X?-At 
the  left  of  1400  (Old  Style)  is  A; under 
A  at  the  ripht  of  92  is  I  A;  in  calendar 
number  IA  the  13th  of  October  is  Friday. 


4-.- On  what  day  was  Christ  born, 
April  5th  of  the  year  4  8.C.?-T)ie  years 
B.C.bcin?  reckoned  backward.it  is  neces- 
sary to  take  the  year  of  the  century  from 
1 00,  and  use  the  century  letter  of  the  pr* 
ceding  century:  thus, 4 (year  ofcentu.ru) 
from  100  leaves  96;  century  lett*r  for  100 
(New  Style)  is  C  ;  under  C  in  the  third  doub 
le  column  at  the  right  of  96  is  2  A:  in 
calendar  number  2A  the  5th  of  April 
is  Friday. 

5. -Assuming  that  time  has  been  reok- 
bnel  according  to  the  present  system,0n 
what  day  did  Noah's  delude  beom.Oec.l, 
2348  B.C.? -48  from  100  leaves  52;  cen- 
tury letter  for  24  00  (preceding  century)  is 
D;  calendar  number  for  52  under  0  i  s 
2A;  the.lth  of  December  was  Saturday 

%«.»3.XVYc.ti 


NOTES  ON  THE  CALENDAR. 


he  century  letters,  it  the  right  of  the  col- 
umn of  centuries,  arc  given  both  A.D. 
ind  B.C.  ITT  New  Stule  in  order  to 
resent  regular  succession  of  time  f 
the  advenl  of  man  or  the  earth,4004 
B.C.,  until  the  present,  and  all  future 
•*    time. 

To  find  the  century  letter  for  in-y 
cent-ur-y  beijotid  those  given  in  the  col- 
if  centuries,  it  is  onlx)  necessary  to  re-mem 
ber  that  every  centesimal  leap- -year  (every  centes- 
imal -uear  divisible  by  400)  has  D  for  its  centu- 
ry letter;  then  the  next  century,  A$  then  B  a-nd 


u,  a-nd  so  on  forever;  thus,  8400  has  D;  8500,  A:  The  yea-r 
8600,  B;  8700,  C;  8800,  D;  etc. 

If  it  be  desirable  to  use  the  Old  Stule  century 
letters  beuond  those  given  at  the  left  of  the  column 
p-  of  centuries,  repeat  them  in  the  sime  order  as  ?iver 
Ther«  are  two  methods  of  reckoning  the  years B.C. 
known   as  the"Astronomers'  Method?'  and  the'thr 
nologers'  Method."   The  former  -method  is  used 
this  Calendar,  as  it  represents  regular  succession 
of  years  from  B.C.  to  A. D.,  while  the  latter  doe 
•not.  The  difference  between  the  two  methods 
-way  be  seen  from  the  following  illustration: 

0.C.     \    J.0. 

5432  I  0  I  234  5=Astronomers' Method. 
5432112345     =Chronologers'  Method. 


s  B.C.  and  A.D.  are  reckoned  from  the 
joint  O(O-year)  the  same  as  the  degrees  on  th< 
scale  of  a  thermometer  are  reckoned  above  and 

:low  0(0- degree). 

There  have  been  two  defects  in  Perpetual  Cal- 
endars that  dave  heretofore  rendered  I  hern 
'rnpracticable  for  9eneral  u-se;  viz.,  The  lia- 
l'''ty  to  find  the  incorrect  date,  and  the  time- 1 
required  to  point  out  any  given  date. 

Should  any  one  feel  disposed  to  discredit  the  ac-l 
:uracy  of  this  calendar,  if  he  will  furnish  proof  [ 
of  si*ch,  he  will  be  amply  rewarded  for  hi 
trouble.  - 

The  calendar  for  any  year  may  be  found 
n  the  limit  of  six  seconds. 


ERAS  COMPARED. 


§761 


US 

I 

-a 
£2 


302 


3  I  (X 


EH 

il  13 


£3 1* 
s«* 

Sli 


Sffi 


[600 

2  QO 


9CK 


NOTES  ON  THE  ERAS. 

The  Christian  Era  cowwenced 
onSiiuwljiurOia  Style),  January  I, 
of  thereat  I  A.D.  The  fust  Jul- 
ian Period  commenced  Januaru  1, 
4713  B.C.,  and  ends  January  I, 
3268  A.D.  THe  Mundane  Era. 
commenced  u>itti  October  4004 
B.C.  The  Jewish  Era  commenced 
willi  October  3761  B.C.  TV*  Era 
of  the  Declaration  of  Iv.deperdence 
commenced  Juhj  4,  1776  A.D. 

The CHristUn Eta  is  use** 
trie  nations  gf  the  civiUied 
and  Vhf  centuries  of  the  other  eras 
are  made  to  correspond  with  it. 

To  )ind  Ytu  ueir  0}  Vhe  century 
of  anu  oj  the  pYtver  eras  correspon- 
ding \o  anu  giuen  year  of  the  Chris- 
tian ext,  add  the  year  o$  the  cen- 
tury to  the  number  found  on  t  tie 
same  parallel::- thus. to  find  the 
veir  of  the  Oeclaralion  of  Independ- 
ence corresponding  to  1892,  add  92 
to  24;  for  the  Jeunsti  en,  add  92 
to  5561:  for  the  Mundane  eta,  add  92 
to  5804;  for  the  Julian  Period,  add 
92  to  6513. 

The  ijears  and  centuries  of  t  Vie 
Christian,  era.  are  reckoned  both  for- 
ward a.nd  bacVi/md  from  its  gin- 
ning A.D.I. 


MOVABLE  FESTIVALS. 


I  FIXED  FESTIVALS  AND  HOLIDAYS 


on  urhich  the  /c)towinyfesf>aa)s> 
our  for  any  year,  use  thefzste 


52'S.4*?  JANUARY 


I.NewYeir's 
cision;  6,  Epiphanij. 
FEBRUARY  2,  PurificiHon;  |4.St.Dilen 


Septuagesima  9th  Sunday  before  Easter. 
Sexagesirna      Qth,     »»       >»       »> 

ShroDe  Tuesday  7th  Tuesdau  "  » » 

AshWednesdau  7th  "Wed.       »•  >» 

First Sun.inLent6t>xSunaaij  »»  »> 

Second     »>       5tK     »»        »  » 

Third      "     4th.     »»        >  »» 

Fourth     »9      3rd      >9         »  »» 
Fitta      "     2nd      >9 
Palm  Sitnda-y    1st       »> 
"--aFrUai/    1st    Fridau 
.nduThuTS.    1st   Thursd 
EASTER,  see  table  below.   ' 

Suniau    1st  Sunday  after  Easter. 

0j.Uo»iSundav5rtt      »>         »  >9 

Ascension  Day   SthThur.       »?  >» 
Whit  Sanoai)  or 

Pentecost     7fh.Su.ttta     »  »> 

TrinU4  Sunday  8th.     >»         »»  >» 

Corpus  Christ!   9t"KThuT.        »»  »9 
FiT6tSuvi.inflauev.t  4t\  Sun.  kiore  Christmas. 

Second      »»  3td    »     »9  »» 

Thiti      "         2nd  "     »>  »» 

FouttK     99  1st     »9     >9  »» 

CHRISTMAS,  December  25.(Not monUc> 


2l4,$SK'Matt'hias' Dav  n 
MARCH  17,  St.PalricV's  Diu;25,Annun 

RC|lL"23^St.G\oTge^a  Oa^:  25,  St. 

Mark's  Dau. 
MAY  I,  St.  PHxUp't  and  St.  Janxw;  30,Me- 

moriat  Dau. 
JUNE  1 1,  St.  Barnabas'  Oau 5  24,  St.  JoVv 

Baptist's  Oau;  29,  St.  Peter's  Dau. 
JULY  4,  Independence  Oau; 25,St.  Jam 

AUGUST  24,  St. Bartholomew's  Dau. 
SEPTEMBER,first Monday.Labor  D au; 

21,  St.MaMew's  Oau;29,Mic>iielrnas. 
OCTOBER  l8,St.Luke's  t)au;28,St.Si 

won  anaSt.Jude;3l,HaUowe£n. 
NOVEMBER  I,  AU  SkWDaw  first Tuesdi 

after  first  Mondty,&enerat  Ekctioi 

Oaiji  last  ThuTsdiu,Thankstfwiritf;30 

St.  Andrew's  DM. 
DECEMBER  6,  St. Nicnotus'  Da\)t2L  St. 

Thomas'  Oav:  25, Christmas:  26,  St, 


Day;  28,  Innocents'  Dsij. 


4  :'  Qf 


EASTER  SUNDAY  TABLE  FOR  600  YEARS. 

Pff£W0#S7V  /752 


20449 


I  500   A  19 


1600  M23 


T  A 

2  A 

2  A 

4  A 

5  MS 

6  A 
7 


35T 


1700  M3I 


2000    A  23 


586  1410^ 


3761 


•*' 


i-  4 


a 


m 


M  29 
A  17 
3  A    2 
)4M  25 
55  A   14 

6  A     5 

7  A 


2  M  2752 

3  A   16 

4  A    7 

5  M23 

6  A   12 

7  A    4 

EA 
A 
0  M  3 

1  A 

2  A 

3  M  27 

4  A  1664  A 
15  A 


2358  A 
8  59  M  26 
50  A 

A  6 
52  M29 
3  A 


2061 


7  A   12 

8  A    468 


86J 

I 


ta 


36J 

26J 


--•' 
3  50 


m 


m 


30  A  r 
A  j 

M  3 

33  A   I; 

34  A    J 

35  M  2( 

36  A   It 

37  A 

38  A  2 

39  A    ( 

40  M  2( 

41  A  r 

42  A    < 

43  M  21 

44  A  i: 

45  A    I 

46  A  2 

47  A    H 

48  A 

49  A  2 

50  A    6 


452 
2453 


2056 

557 


M  2758 


9  A   I 
0  A 


659 
860 


865  A  22 
'  A  14 
57  M  30 
A  18 
,9  A  10 
'0  M  26 
71  A  15 

2  A    6 

3  M  22 

4  A   II 

5  A    3 
76  A  22 

7  A    7 


2  A 

3  A 

4  A  a 

5  A 

6  M  3 

7  A 

8  A    5 


262 


463 
2464 


20  A    8 

21  M  3 

22  A  2< 

23  A    5 

24  M  27 

25  A  16 

26  A     I 

27  A  21 

A  12  78  M  30 
A  19 
A  3 

91  M26 
A  15 

83  M  31 


20  A 

21  A 


670 


22  A  21  72 

23  A  13 

24  M  28 

25  A  17 

27M25 

28  A 

29  A 

30  M  2880 


1081 


84  A 


92  M26 
A  15 

94  M  31 

95  A  20 
A   I  I 
M27 

98  A  16 

99  A 


31 

32  A 

33  A  21  83  A 

34  A    684 

29  8S 


36  A 

37  A    9 


A   14 

40  A 

41  A 

42  A 

4;  A 


5  A 
-4-6  M 
AT  A 

48  A 

49  M  25 
50 


M  30 
A  18 
A  10 

854  M  26 
55  A 
A    6 
M  29 
A 

A  3 
A  22 
A  14 
M  30 
A  I 
A  I 

9  65  M  26 
A  15 
A  7 

568  M  22 
A 

\  3 
A  23 
A  7 

3  M  30 

4  A   19 
'5  A    4 
'6  M  26 
7  A  15 

78  M  3 

79  A  20 
A 

A     3 
I  82  A  16 

M  30 

5  A   19 
A    4 
M  2' 


A  20 

2  A     5 
3 

•1  A 
5  A 
6 
7   A 

3  A 
9   A 

0  A 

1  A 

2  A  20 

3  A    5 

14  M  2: 

15  A  I 

16  A 

17  A 
IS  A 

19  M 

20  A  17 

21  A    9 

22  M  25 

23  A  14 

24  A    5 

25  M  28 

26  A  10 

27  A    2 

28  A  2 

29  A    6 


52  M29 
M  28  53  A  22 
A  14 
55  M  30 
M  2456  A  18 
1357  A   10 
4  58  M  26 
A  15 
A     6 
M22 
62 

3  A    3 
64  A  2 

7 

66  M  30 
21  67  A  19 
368  A  3 


1053 


656 


..  M23 
M  29  57  A   12 


960 


2969 


M  26 
70  A  1 5 
'I  M  31 

2  A   19 

3  A  1 1 

4  A    3 

5  A  16 

76  A 

77  M  30 
'8  A  19 
9  A    4 


30  M  29  80  M  26 
881 


786, 


9971 


12  A    982 

13  M  2583 


A  2586 


M  2588  A   15 


259 


M  31 
A  20 
91   A  12 


,M  2991    A  244 


\   16 
\    8 
6  95  M  24 


A    4 

98  A  24 

99  A    9 


38  A 

39  A  22 

40  A    6 
41 

4-2  A 

43  A 

44  M 

45  A 

46  M  30 

47  A  19 

48  A   h 

49  M  2 

50  A   I 


A  15 
M3I 
A  20 

84  A   II 

85  M  27 
A  16 
A    8 

2  88  M  23 

89  A  12 

90  A    4 


A  22  60  A 


1863 


23  M  30  73 


26  M  26  76 


32  A  22  82  A 


783  M  25  33  A 
30  64  A 
1985  A 


37  M  26  87  A 


a  92 


O  do 

2594 


A    8 
93  M  3 
A  20 
5  A    5 
M  27 
97  A  16 
8 


7  94  M  25  44  A 
45M2395  A  14 
46A  12  96  A    5  46 

47  A 

48  A  23 


M  24  49  A    8  99  A 


eHOWINO       LOOAL      T  I  M  E 

FOR      EIAOH      OF      THE      2.4     HOURS. 


perpetual  Subset  ai?d  Sunrise  Sable. 


To  find  the  time  of  sunset  or  sunrise  tot  any  day  iti  any  year,  find  the  day  of  tha 
ition*h(oT  its  nearest  approximate)  as^iven  under  the  column  o(  months  at  the 
ngM  and  left;  the 

nearest  approximate)  where  will  be  found  the  time  of  sunset  and  su-rmse.  Bu  ap- 
tion  the  exact  time  tnau  befou.nd.To  find  the  leng*h  o/thc  day, 


\x\>\o  tha  time  of  su.nset;  thu-s,  May  20,  in  latitude  37  ,  is  14-hou.rs  16mm 
cs  long.  To  find  the  length  of  the  nigh*.  6io\n.\)\e.  the  time  of  su-nrisc;  titles, 
tlia  ibova  data,  the  night  is  9  hours  44  -minttteo  long.O^I  the  saree  day, 


is  shown  oy  the  colu.rnn"Sun  slow  or  fast,"  the  sun  is  4  minuses  tasic 
phan  mean  time,  fi^ta-i-  findi-ng  your  latitude,  draw  a  red  line  on  eacl-i 


35°  3T  39°  41°  43'  45 


/AS  SEEN\      The  Solar  System  consists  oi  thfl 
f      FROM      I  Sun,  the  eioht  large   ' 
\  MERCURY  /  names  of  which  are  jiven  a 
V  /  the  left,  one  hundred  and 

^ ^Q  forty  small  planets 

©Q  vast  number  o*  r 
2  teoric  bodies. an  u 
gj  known  nu/mbe-r  o/ 
^^     ui  comets,  and 
»«mf         1    ^  ri-noof  neb 
IHII\ y   ^  lousniattei 
^__  n  o  known  as  in- 


;  uJ  The  plan- 
,«/>  ets  which 
:g  move  di- 
:z  rectlu  a- 
[3  roundthe 
"uj  Sun  ai'e 
[S  called  ^rV 


SIZEOFTHE    around  the! 
»*„•«      primaries  are 


MARS    o  called  "tftOWA 

VENUS  o  v!L\«,\\\\«*.The Earth 

EARTH  o          ^as  '  sa*el'ite;Ju.p 

,^.          ter,4;  Saturn,8;Ui^-    x 
w  U          r:us,6;  Neptune,!.  Sat- 

Ourn  is  also  surrounded  by  a 
circular  belt.The  planets  move- 

round  the  Sun  /row  west  to  east. 

\f  A  Their  orbits  are  elliptical,  so  that 
I  )  they  are  nearer  the  Sun  at  cer- 
V — '  tain  times  than  at  others.  When 

O      nearest  the  Sun  they  are  in 
\v<v,  when  /arthest,  in      v 

.^TMEopcyoFTMe 


O/  the  Asteroids  or  small  plan- 
ts, there  are  about  140.  In 
"rnensions,  they  are  a 
reat  deal  smaller  than 
.  the  others,  the  I  ar?- 
not  bein9  230 
lilesindiatneter, 
any  are 


arcnioTBel- 

liptical  than 
those  o^  the 
r9eplan- 
ets,and  at  - 
many  pla- 
ces cross 
each  oth- 
er. They 
occupy  a 
belt  wore 
than  100, 
000,pOOwi!es. 
in  width,  be- 
tween the 
orbits  of  Ju- 
piter and  Mars, 
heirdistance 
frotn  the  Sun 
randino  /ro-tn 
,00,000,  000  to 
300,000,000  o/  wiles.. 


LENGTt 


MERCURY. 
VENUS... 


3,9)  : 
7^10 

7,936 

™«nv,....  4,920 
JUPITER..  87,770 
SATURN..  72,980 
URANUS 


NEPTUNE. 


33,014 
36,620 


The  wean  distance  o^the  Su. 
/rom  the  Earth  is  9l.noo,000imles. 
Its  diameter  is  852,584 mile 
Its  volume  is  1,200,000 
tiwes  areater  than  that  s* 
of  the  Earth.  It  -vo-    '  ' 
tates  on  its  axis 
once  in  about  25 
days.OfltheSu.Tfs 
disc  are  seen  va- 
rious cavities 
called'bvttvsv&s. 


Meteors  are 
also  called  \>c       _          

in*  ^ss^sTice  ^CI)P 

number  that  tra 
erse  the  atmosphere 
daily  is  upward  of  the 
number,400,000,OOO.The    ^ 
Zodiacal  Lift*  is  a  lenticular- 
shaped  blush  of  li^ht  visible  after  s 
set  in  early  spring,  and  be/ore  sunrise  in 
early  au^uwr..  It-  i;  supposed  *o  be  due  to  a. 
ring  of  metecvi^s;  revolving  ..ro^nd  the  Si 


There  are  -many  hundreds  o/  bp< 
ies  called  cowers, and  recogni^ 
belon9in9  tothe«>\ 
,vc-vc\.  They  contain  bu 
little  -matter, and  the!' 
orbits  ar«9reatly  e 
located.  Only   a 
part  o/  the  com 
ets  have  tails 
and  these  ar< 
often  (50,000,00 
o/miles  in 
length.  Hallcy" 
comet  revolve 
in  76  years;  Bie 
la's  in  6  years 
9wonths;Encke 
In  3/i  years;  an 
Faye's  inTiuears 


EQUl^°^ 

— ^^^  Its  period  of  revolution  (also  of  rotation 
is  3,7  days, 7  hours,  43  minutes,  and  5  seconds. 


The  Moon's  diameter  is  2 
160  miles;  its  mean  distanci 
from  the  Earth  is  237,5 19  wiles 
ts  volume  is  Xo  that  o/  the  Earth 


l-TIIVlE&T^BlE 

Sh owi -n p   ^  he  Number  o/  Daus  /row  -the  Bepinninp  and  £o  -the  End  o/  -the  Ye a^. 


The  table  applies  to  common  years 
•nly.  For  leap  years,  one  day  mus-t  be- 

added  after  passiny  February  2 8. The 
old-faced  type  represent  the  days  of  the 

month, and  the  small  type  above  and 
jclowthe  bold-faced  type  represent  the 
ays  from  the  be9innin9  and  to  the 
ind  of  the  year,  as  shown  by  the  dfrec- 
•ion  of  the  arrows. 


I.- To  find  the  difference  between  two 
ates  within  the  year,  take  the  difference 
:etween  the  days  from  the  be9'mnin9  and 
he  days  to  the  end  of  the  year:  thu5,from 
March  5  to  Oct.  27  is  (300-64)236  days. 
X.— If  one  date  fall  within  the  yearfol- 
owincj  the  current  year,  add  the  number 
f  day's  to  the  end  of  the  year  to  the  num- 
er  frorn  the  be9in*iin9:  th us,  from  J une 
">"J  to  February  16  in  the  followina  year 
11  +  47)258  days. 


3.— If  one  date  fall  within  the  year 
p-reccdin9  the  current  year,  add  thejfiittn- 
ber  of  days  /row  the  be9innin9  of  the 
year  to  the  number  *o  the  end  o^  the 
year:  thu-s,  f-rotn  May  4  to  Sept.  18. 
o-f  the  precedmo  year  (reckonina  back- 
ward) Is (124-  + 1 04-) aaa  days. 


There  being  a  table  for  each  the  com- 
mon and  the  leap  years,  select  the  table 
to  suit  the  year.  Select  the  month  from 
which  the  date  is  reckoned,  at  the  top  of 
the  table,  then  descend  the  column  to 
the  month  to  which  the  date  is  reckon- 
ed, where  will  be  found  the  exact  num- 
ber of  days.  The  small  figures, /row  I 
to  12,  show  the  number  of  months. 
Examples. 

I.— What  is  the  number  of  days  from  Ju- 
I-  ly  4  to  March  4  (common  year)  f  —  From 
July  at  -the  top  of  the  table,  descend  t  he 
column  to  March,  where  is  /ound  243,the|  Ma 
exact  number  of  days. 

Jl.— Find  the -numbet*  pf  days  from 
Feb.  14  to  Sept.  2  t  (Leap  year).— Frorn 


Feb.  at  the  top  descend  to  Sept.,  whert 


^  .  —  r^e^u-iTeo,  *nt:  Tiu^mD^r  Uf  yays  -frum 

June  I, to  Oct.  I  of  the  /ollowi«9  year.- 
Froni  June  at  the  top  descend  to  June, 
where  is  found  365;  thence  descend  to 
Oct. .where  is  found  122, which  added 
to  365, equals  487. 
4-.— A  note  maturing  Sept.  13,  is  dis- 
counted June  24  previous;  what  is  the 
t  ime  to  r un  ?  —  From  J  une  24  t  o  Se  pt. 
24,  by  the  table,  is  92  days:  the  13th  be- 
in9  II  days  before,  9  ives  (92-11)  81  days. 


The  table  applies  t 
ap  y 
28. 


common  years  on 
one  day  after  p2« 


ly.  For  leap  years,  a 
in?  Feb.  28. 

Example. 

Find  the  number  of  days  between 
rch  17  and  Feb.  4  in  the  /ollowinp 
year.  —The  /inures  opposite  the  17th  day  m 
the  first  March  colwn  are  76  ;  opposite  the 
4th  day  of  second  Feb.col.  are  400;dif.=324-. 


10 


2-TINIE  TABLE  N\JlVlBER-2. 

SViowitip  the  Numibei-  o/  Days  /TOW  atiy  Day  o^  atiij  OTIC  Mon^fch  •fco^he  sawe  Dai,)  o/atiy  other  Monfcf?. 


TOR  COMMON 


Jan.  Jan.  |Jan.  Jan.  Jan. 
334  306  275  245 


Feb.  Feb. 
365 


Mar.  |  Mar. 
59    28 


Jiwie  Jiwie  June  June  Jivw  Jwna 


Ju.li;  Ju.li/ 
150 


. 
2,73 


Feb.  Fel 
30627 


Ma 
334 


.„,.   Au.<).  Au-p, 
I8IJI53 


Oct. 
242  214 


Nov.  N 
273  245 


Dec.  Dec, 
334  303|275 


9Bi 


6! 


Ju.ly  Ju.li/  Ju.li 


Sap*. 
53 


Oct.  00.  Ocf. 


I  83 


Jan. Jan. 
84  153 


Mar.     „       _.. 
304273  24S 


245215 


Mar.  Mar.  Mar. 


3S5  335  304 


153 


92 


.        . 
1  84  1  53 


Dec.  1  Dec. 
214  183 


123 


365 


SP.OCT. 


Mar.  Mar.  Mar. 
51 


Au^>.  Aitp. 


SO 


G! 


May  May 


4  30427 


31 


!5S 


365 


Oc*. 
334  304- 


335 


. 
65 


FOf\  Le<\.P 


366 


Jan.Tja-n.  Jan. i  Jan. 
335306275245 


Mar.  Mar.  Mar.  Mar. 
60 


193 


305 


29 


366 


Vo" 


Ju4u 

151 


213 


3062 


Apr. 
3 66  336 


304-275  244 


30 


366 


214183 


. 
214 


245 


Mar.    _.. 
274244 


nau 

335 


July  July  Jul 
3 


5 


84 


WE 

-L- 


AI5 


, 
213 


5244213 


336 


184 


Mar.  Mar. 
82 


Apr. 


305  2,74  244  213 


366  335304 


A  it.  p. 
36S 


.  OCT.  NOV.  D^C. 


Apr. 


36t 


30 


61 


. 
92 


Apr 


274X43 
8 


366335 


. 
305 


30   366 


3-TIIVIEL  T/VBlE  N\JIVlBEIV-3. 

S  howm  9  the  N  u-rn  be-r  o/  Days  between  ai-iy  -bwo  Days  wifcHm  th^ec  Yea-rs 


est  on  any  sum  /or  any  time,  at  any  rate  per 

i    *"    given  in  the  table, /ind  the  interest(l)  on  the  siwi /or  the  years; 
(2)  for  the  months;  (,3)  /or  the  days,  and  then  add  the  several  results  to 


12 


To  /ind  the  interest  at   X^,  find  it  dt  4%  by  the  t.nble.atid  take  half  the  amount;  /or  3%,  *«.ke  hal  f  the.  atnqu.nt  /or 
6%;  /or  3L&9S,  take  hal/  o/  5%;  /or  35^^,  take  hal/  o/  7?»;  /or  8%,  take  twice  4%;  /or  10%,  take  twice  5  ' 
*ake  twice  6%.  The   table  is  so  constructed  as  to  be  the  most  possible  convenient  /or  co-mpH-ti-H^  interest  with  raj 
the  amount  and  the  interest  being  ^iven  together  in  the  same  rectan9w.lar  space,  so  *ha*  when  the  iirna  is  knovm, 
simply  descend  the  colu-rnn  to  the  requ-ired  amow.nt(the  back-hand  nu-mber)  where  will  be  /oitnd  the  interest  jits* 
beneath  it.  The  interest  at  a-ny  per  cent,  not  9iven  in  the  table  or  -mentioned  abovs,-may  be/ou-nd  readily  by  proportiotv 


J>iii 

^     ',V"I    .J*.     *      --T"  -«      .'  /     :'     •-^iXsO.^riuV.    >S -     ..:6lO*'>-pT*    '.^'S  3*a,  IS/-     .        £  ,.z>  IN  W  SKY 


11 


,which  lie  between  the  7odiao  and  the  -north 

pole  o/the  heavens;  the  Sow-thefn,  which  lie  between  *he  zodiac  and  the^ou-th  pole  ofthe  heavens;  and  the  Zodiacal, 
which  lie  abou-t  8°  both  north  and  south  of  the  ecliptic.  People/  livinp  in  the  latttiwie  of  NewYorU  niay  see 
e  constellations  in  the  southern  hewisphere,c*ccpt  those  betwee-n  the  south  pole  of  the  heavetis  and  sou-th  declination  45. 


UTHE  STARS  VISIBLE  TO  THE  NAUB  EYE  ARE  DIVIDED  I 
iS?5  OF  BRjtrlTNESS  CALLED  VNVW^SsViV  A  VERY  6 
OHE  JEIN&  or  THE  FIRST  MAGNITUDE, AND  THE  fAINT- 
VISIBie,  OF  THE  SIXTH  MAGNITUDE.  THE  WHOLE 
BEK  OF  STARS  VISIBLE  TO  THE  NAKED  E  YE 
BOOT  6000-ABOUT3000  AT  ANY 
E,AS  ONLY  HALF  OF  THE  SKY  15  SEE 
ONCE 


TO  FIND  ANY  ONE   OF  THE  STARS  C-IVEN  IN  THE  LIST  AT  THl 
•ONI   OF  THIS  PA&E,  FIND  ITS  CONSTELLATION  A* 
DIRECTED  ON  THE  OPPOSITE   PA«,WHEN    IT  CAN 
BE  LOCATED  AT  ONCE.    To  FIND  ANY  ONE  OF 
•M  IN  THE  SKY,  FIND  ITS  CONSTELLA- 
TION AS  ALREADY  DIRECTEO.WHEHTIIE 
STAR  WILL  BE   RECO&N'IEC  BYTHE  Dfr 

HAT  IN  LOOKING  FOR  A 
ISTFLLATIONINTHESK\ 
HE  MAP  MUST  BE  CONSID- 
ERED AS  HELD  BETWEEN 
0.*  \22  THE  NORTH  STAR  AND 

EW^WS\ 


V  S\K\A. 

\  THE  TWENTY 
,  i  BRIGHTEST  OR 
\23p. FIRST  MA&NI- 


r.us,MAR5,/    /      l*A/i        VW^  *  ,*• /^VVi:  ,& 


?  ofatmfntswtt  r»fy HAH ATACHeo  79M&H  w  THAT owui  rue  te 

Vf  OF  TH£  IATIN  HAMf  Of  rHt COHsrfilAT/Ofil;   THVS  ALPHA(tt)  LYRt,  DevOTffTt/£  BHIfJ/rfsr STAR 
'G-tleeK  AtPHASFT  /S  fJf#At/Srf0i  fHf  ftOM* 


>»;-BET,A(S/ 


k^t\\Vff  HKH\    MODERN  HAVE 


QCANISMINORIS.  .  . 
a'CAPRICORNI...' 


a&EMINORUM AK^O\k 


a  URSfc  MAjORIS 


a  Bod-tie. . 

B        "       . 
6      "      • 

I\      «'      , 

a  CANIS  M 


13 


Table  is  especially  valuable  *o  en9ravers,electrotypers,and  all  others  havmp  frequent 
'occasioti  to  ^i-nd  the  products  o/  numbers,  bo^h  in-fcepral  and  ^rac*ional,tio^  exceedmgxO. 
To  u-se  *he  *  able,  select  either  diwensioti  at  the  top  -margin,  then  descend  the  column  | 
to  the  other  (showti  by  the  small  tiu.-mbei'  above  the  lar^e),  where  is  ^iven  the  integral  prod-! 


16 


Showing  the  beginning  and  end  o/  twilight  /or  the  first, eleventh, and  twenty-first  days  of  every  month,  as  seen 
on  the  parallels  of  27°30°33°36°39,°425'45,  and  48  north  latitude,  and  by  estimation, will  serve  equally  well  /or  adjacent  point 


L      A 


U      D        E. 


Months, 


33 


4-8' 


Begins 


Ends 
P.M. 


Begins 
A.M. 


Ends 
P.M. 


Begins 
A.M. 


E-nds 
P.M. 


Begins 
A.M. 


Ends 
P.M. 


Begins 
A.M. 


Etids 
P.M. 


Begins 


Ends 
P.M. 


Begins  Ends 
A.M.     P.M. 


Begins   Ends 
A.  M.     P.  M 


Wt 


**,: 


5  28 
5  27 
5  24 
5  21 
5  20 
5  16 
5  8 
5  0 
4  50 
4  31 
4  25 
4  15 
4-  0 
3  45 


3 

3  21 

3  17 

3  15 

3  21 

3  30 

3  4-2. 


..   21 

OCT.  i 

1  1 


*!i 

>•  21 


4  as 

4  29 
4-  36 
4  40 
4  47 

4  52 

5  0 
5     5 
5    10 
5    15 
5  20 


6  45 
6  50 

6  54 

7  0 
7      8 
7    14 
7    18 
7  22 
7  27 
7  32 
740 

7  43 

8  0 
8    II 
8  21 
8   32 
8  41 
8  44 
8  41 
8   37 
8  27 
8    14 
8      0 
7  45 
7  31 
7  22 
7    15 
7     8 
7      0 
6  46 
6  37 
6  30 
6  28 

6  ae 

6  24 
6  23 


33 


5  30 
5  28 
5  26 
5  22 
5  16 
5  7 
4  57 
4  46 
4-  29 


18 


3  51 
3  37 
3  26 
3  17 
3  13 
3  I  I 
3  13 
3  19 
3  33 
3  47 

3  0 

4  6 
4   14 
4  20 
4  26 
4  33 
4  39 
4  46 

4  53 

5  I 
5     7 
5    13 
5   20 
5  26 


6  37 
6  45 
6  51 

6  59 

7  6 
7    13 
7    18 
7  24 
7   31 
7  37 
7  46 
7  57 


8  28 
8  37 
8  45 
8  49 
8  47 
8  44 
8  38 
8  2.1 
8  10 
7  57 
7  41 
7  30 
7  17 
7  9 
6  57 
645 
6  35 
6  28 
6  15 
6  23 
6  22 
6  20 


4  24 
4  10 
3  55 
3  42 
3  30 
3  21 
3  13 


3     8 

3  13 
3  20 
3  29 
3  40 
3  50 

3  59 

4  9 


4  31 
4  39 
4  46 


5  10 
5  17 
5  25 
5  31 


h  -m 
6  33 
6  40 
6  47 

6  57 

7  7 
7    13 
7    19 
7  27 
7  35 
7  43 

7  52 

8  2 
8    12 
8  22 
8  35 
8  43 
8  51 
8  54 
8  51 
8  48 
8  41 
8  30 
8    19 
8     7 
7  51 
7  36 
7  20 
7    10 
6  54 
6  43 


6  22 
6  21 
6  20 
6  19 


3  47 
3    31 


3    15 

3  27 
3  40 


6  28 
6  34 

6  43 
8  54 

7  4 
7  12 
7  20 
7  29 
7  38 
748 

7  59 

8  12 
8  22 

8  33 
844 

9  0 
9   I  I 
9  22 


8  51 
843 
8  29 
8  15 
7  58 
740 
725 
7  II 
@  55 
647 
6  31 
623 
6  19 
6  17 
6  IS 
6  13 


h  rn 
5  43 
5  42 
5  40 
5  35 
5  26 
5  15 
5  4 
4  49 
4  33 
4  14 
3  56 
3  37 
3  21 
3  5 
2.  52 
2.  41 
2.  36 
2.  38 
2.40 
2.  50 
3  0 
3  15 
3  29 
3  41 


4  17 
4  27 
4  37 
4  45 

4  57 

5  7 
5    16 
5  25 
5  33 
5  39 


h  m 
6  24 
6  32 
6  41 

6  52 

7  2 
7    II 
7  21 
7  31 
7  42 

7  54 

8  7 
8  00 
8  33 
8  45 

8  57 

9  14 
9   21 
9   18 
9  25 
9    19 
9     9 
8   57 
8  41 
8  22 
8    4 


28 

6  50 
6  35 
6  21 
6  16 
6  14 
6  12 
6  10 


5  48 
5  45 
5  41 
5  37 
5  27 
5  17 
5  2 
4  46 
4  27 
4  6 
3  46 
3  25 
3  6 
2.  47 

1  31 
2.   17 

2  13 
2.     8 
2    14 
1  24 

1  39 

2  57 


ill 

4  12 
4  24 
4  35 
4  44 

4  58 

5  9 
5  20 
5  29 
5  38 
5  44 


h  ni 
6  21 
6  30 
6  39 

6  50 

7  0 
7     9 
7  23 
7  35 

7  47 

8  2 
8    16 
8   32 

8  48 

9  6 
9  23 
9   38 
9   51 
9   55 
9   50 
9  42 
9  2.9 


53 


16 

8  57 
8  35 
8  14 


IS 

6  52 
6  39 
6  19 
6  12 
6  II 
6  10 


50 


h  rti 
6  10 
6  18 
6  31 
6  39 

6  45 

7  6 
7  25 
7  37 

7  50 

8  8 
8  29 

8  41 

9  7 
9  31 

9  52. 

10  18 
10  30 
10  50 
10  37 
10   16 


9  22 
9  0 
8  35 
8  10 
7  48 
7  30 
7  19 

7.4 

6  39 
6  30 
6  25 
6  20 
6  15 


h  m 
5  58 
5  52 
5  47 
5  42 
5  36 
5  15 
4  48 
4  22 
4  IS 
3  45 
3  18 
3  56 
2.  35 
X  6 
I  34 
I  9 
12.  24 
12.  10 
12.  18 
I  0 
I  05 

1  50 

2  12 


3  32 


50 

4  12. 
4-  26 

4  38 

5  2. 
5  16 
5  31 
5  44 
5  48 
5  53 


Weathef  is  the  condition  of  the  ai-  fo 
wosphere  at  any  time  and  place  with 
respect  chiefly  to  its  temperature,  hu- 
midity, clearness  or  cloudiness,  rain, 
fog,  or  s-now,  and  wind. 

Ba^otMe-fcr.— In  propnosticating 
the  weather  by  the  barometer,  notice 
whether^*  be  greatly  above  or  below  the 
wean  height,and  the  rapidity  of  its  rise 
or /all. Higher  and  steady,  foretells  cou 
tinued  /air  weather. Lower  andfalliiig, 
rain,  or  damp  cloudy  weather.  Rap  id 
'rise  or  /all,  continued  unsettled  weath 
er  a-nd  -much  wind. 

CJou.ds.-Clou.ds  are  distinguished  by 
their  textures,  -motions,  and  o  u.t  I  in  e  s. 
The  cXrms,  or  "Scare's  tails,"  appear  at 
a  greater  elevation  than  other  forms, 
and  are  marked  by  thei-r  light  texture, 
fi'brous  and  sundered,  or  interlacin9 
as  in  the  lar-spreading  white  cloud  which 
produces  the  halo.  S*M  all,  regular!  y 


rmed  groups  o/these  clouds  are  fre- 
quently seen  in  /air  and  settled  weath- 
er. The  cirri  are  also  the  clouds  on  the 
/oie-par*  o/  the  storm,  where  they  are  us- 
ually more  abundant,  very  ragged,  and 
generally  blend  into  a  white, /ar-reachitig 
cloud-batik.  The  c\v*\v\us,  "th  under- 
heads,"  or"cotton  bales,"  are  o/'  a 
hewispherical  /orm,with  fiorizonta.1 
base.  When  they  appear  in  the  heato/the 
day  and  pass  away  in  theevetiing,theg 
/0-retell  continued  /air  weather.  I/  they  i-n- 
crease  rapidly,  sink  into  the  lower  atmos- 
phere,and  re-main  aseveni-ng  approaches, 
rain  is  at  hand. Loose  patches  o-n  their 
sur/aces  predict  showers. The  SX««J&MC% 
appear  as  a  co-ntmuoas  layer  o/  widely  exten 
ded  sheet  of  cloud,  at  a  lower  level  than  the 
cumulus, and  o/teti  *ouchmg  the  earth. 

Co-rotia. -Circles  aroutid  the  moon  or 
sun.  Growitig  smaller  they  indicate 
rain; growing  larger,  /air  weather. 


Fogs.— Fogs  indicate  settled 
weather.  Morning  logs  seldom  last  till  -noon 

F-ros*.  —First  and  last  /rosts  arc  usual  (y 
preceded  by  a  temperature  much  above  mean 

Halo(sun-dogs).— Large  circles, or  parts 
o/ circles,  about  the  sun  or  moon.  A  halo 
after  fine  weather  indicates  a  storm. 

Rai-Mbows.-A  morning  rainbow  hi 
dicates  rain;  an  evening  one, /air  weatfie 

Sky  Color. -A  deep- blue  sky, even  i/ 
seen  through  clouds, indicates  fair  weath 
er;  a  growing  whiteness,  a  sto-rm. 

Sunsc* Colors. -A  gray, lowen'ng sun 
set,  or  one  where  the  sky  is  green  or 
yellowish  green,  indicates  rain.  A  red 
sunset^  fore  tells  /ine  weather. 

Sunrise  Colors. -A  red  sunrise,with 
lowering  clouds  later  in  the  morning,  in 
dicate  rain;  a  grey  sunrise,  dry  weather 

Visibility. -Unusual  clearness  o/th 
atmosphere,  unusual  brightness  ortwin 
ling  of  the  stars,  indicate  rain. 


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19 


he  Jewish  year  is  luni-solaT,  and  is  ordina- 
Ty  OT  embolisniic,  consisting  of  twelve  or 
thirteen  lunar  months,  each  of  which  has  19 
'OT30  days.  The  length  of  the  oidmaTy  year 
is  354  days,  and  of  the  enibolismic,  384  days; 
in  either  case,  it  is  sometimes  made  a  day 
moie  or  a  day  less,  in  order  that  certain 
festivals  may  fall  on  proper  daysof  the  week. 
The  distribution  of  the  embolistmc  years 

in  each  cycle  of  19  years,  is  determined  according 

to  the  f 

havi 

taine 

then  the  quotient  is  the  number  of  the  completed  cy- 

cle, and  the  remainder  is  the  year  of  the  current  cy- 

cle; if  the  remainder  be  3,  6,  8,11,  14,  17,  or  19(0), 

the  year  is  embollsmic;  if  any  other,  the  year  is  or- 

dinary. 
The  calendar  is  constructed  on  the  assump- 

tion that  the  mem  lunation  is  29  days  12  hours 


each  cycle  o    1    years,  s  determned  accordng 

the  following  rule:  The  number  of  aJewishyear 

aving  its  commencement  in  a  Sregorian  year  is  ob- 

ained by  iddinq  3761;  divide  the  Jewish  year  by  19; 


14  minutes  3i  seconds,  and  that  the  year  commen- 
ces on,  or  immediately  after, the  new  moon  fol- 
lowing the  autumnal  equinox.  The  mean  solar 
year  is  also  assumed  to  be  365 days  5houTs55 
minutes  25jf  seconds,  so  that  a  cycle  of  nineteen 
such  years,  is  the  exact  measure  of  235  of  the 
assumed  lunations. 

After  the  dates  of  the  commencement  of  the  sue 
cessive  years  are  adjusted,  an  estimation  of  the 
consecutive  intervals,  by  taking  the  difference'1" 
show  tht  duration  and  character  of  the  yeaisthat 
respectively  intervene.  According  to  the  number 
of  days  thus  found  to  be  contained  IT.  the  differ- 
ent years,  the  days  of  the  several  months  are  dis- 
tributed as  in  the  table  of  months.  The  signs 4- 
and  -  are  respectively  annexed  to  Hesvin  an  ' 
Kislev  to  indicate  that  the  former  of  these  months  SIVAN 
may  sometimes  require  to  have  one  day  more,  TAMUZ 
and  the  latter,  one  day  less,  than  the  number  of  AB 
days  shown  in  the  table,-  the  result,  in  every   ELUL 


case,  being  at  once  deti 
of  days  that  the  ye; 

JEWISH  MONTHS. 


HE8REVV  ORDIN*  EW80US- 
MONTHS  RVrfiWMlCVHR 


TISfil 

HESVAN 

KISLEV 

TEBAT 

SEBAT 

AOAR 

(VEAOARJ 

NISAN 


Ined  by  the  total  number 
may  happen  to  contain. 

PRINCIPAL  DAYS  OF  THE 
HEBREW   CALENDAR. 


ISfll    I,  NewYeiT,FeastofTnm|Kt5 

3,  Fast  of  fruedaliah. 

10,  Fast  of  Expiation. 

!5,Fea.st  of  Tabernacles. 

1  \,  Last  Day  of  the  Festival. 

2i,Feastoftlit80iOay. 

23,  Rejoicing  of  Ik  Liw. 
KISLEV  75,  Dedication  o 
FE  BET  10,  Fast,  Siege 
HOAR   l3,FutofEsth«T. 


MiSANI5,Passover. 
SWAN  6,  Pentecost. 


9,  Destruction  of  Tnnple. 


TABLE  OF 


HEBRB 

1HA/ICU     N 


W  YEARS.CFROM  WOOLHOUSE'S  WEI6-HTS.  MEASURES,  ETC.) 


YEAR.  DAYS 

5606  35T 

07  355 

08383 

09  354 

10  355 
I  I  385 

353 
U  384 
14355 
0  15355 
°  1 6  383 
,_  1 7  354 
f  18355 
2  19  385 
°*  20  354 
~  353 


COMMENCEMENT 
(iSTOF  TISRl). 


JEWISH 
YEAR. 


UM- 
BER OF 
)AYS. 


COMMENCEMENT 
(IST  OF   TISRl). 


,  COMMENCEMENT 
:-   (IST  OF   TISRl) 


JEWISH 

YEAR. 

0777 

78 

79 
80 


"83 
,,  84 


BEROF 
DAYS- 


COMMENCEMENT 
(IST  OF  TISRl). 


THUR. 
WON. 
AT. 
THUR. 
WON. 
JAT. 
SAT. 
TUES. 


THUR.  13 
TUES. 


5663 
64 
65 
66 
67 

-I! 


•"76 

77 

?f 

80 
81 


3 

354 
385 
355 
354 
383 
355 
383 
354 
355 
385 
354 
353 
385 
354 
355 
383 
354 
385 
135 
353 


fHURT 
TUES. 


AT. 
SAT. 
THUR.  20 
MON. 

AT. 


THUR. 


TUES. 

SAT.    23 

FHUR. 

FHUR. 

WON. 

THUR. 

THUR. 

MON. 

SAT. 


THUR. 
MON. 
MON7 


TUES.  I  I 


OCT.  190* 
SEPT.  1903 
SEPT.  1904 
SEPT.  1905 
SEPT.  1906 
SEPT.  1907 
SEPT.  1908 
SEPT.  1909 
OCT.  1910 
SEPT.  1911 
SEPT.  1912 
OCT.  1913 
SEPT.  1914 
SEPT.  1915 
SEPT.  1916 
SEPT.  1917 
SEPT.  1918 
SEPT.  1919 
SEPT.  1920 


SAi 
THL 


T 

HUR.|22 
MON. 
SAT. 
THUR. 
MON. 
MON. 
THUR. 
THUR. 


MON. 


MON. 

SAT. 

THUR. 

TUES. 

SAT. 

SAT. 


TUES.  13 


OCT.  1959 
SEPT.  I960 
SEPT.  196 
SEPT.  1962 
SEPT.  1963 
SEPT.  1964 
SEPT.  I  965 
SEPT.  1966 
OCT.  1 967 
SEPT.  1968 
SEPT.  I  969 
OCT.  1970 
SEPT.  1971 
SEPT.  1972 
SEPT.  1973 
SEPT.  1974 
SEPT.  1975 
SEPT.  1976 
SEPT. 


355 
354 
385 
355 
89  354- 


383 
355 
354 
383 
355 


354 
353 
385 
354 
355 
383 
354 
385 


MON. 
THUR. 
MON. 
MON. 

TUES. 

MON. 

SAT. 

THUR. 

TUES.  2 

SAT. 

SAT. 

THUR.2 

MON. 

SAT. 

THUR. 

MON. 

SAT. 

THUR. 


3  OCT.  2016 
21  SEPT.  2017 

0  SEPT.  20 1 8 
30  SEPT.  2019 

9  SEPT.  2020 

7  SEPT.  2021 
26  SEPT.  2022 

6  SEPT.  2023 
3  OCT.  2024 

3  SEPT.  2025 
SEPT.  2026 

2  OCT.    2027 
SEPT.  2028 
0  SEPT.  2029 
28  SEPT.  2030 

8  SEPT.  203 
6  SEPT.  2032 

24  SEPT.  2033 

4  SEPT.  2034 


4  OCT.    2035 


THUR. 
MON. 
THUR. 
THUR.  30 
MON. 
SAT. 
THUR.  26 
MON. 
MON. 

THUR.  22  SEPT. 
TUES. 
MON. 
SAT. 
TUES. 
MON. 
AT. 
THUR. 
TUES. 24  SEPT.  2052 


MON. 
THUR 
MON. 


SAT. 
THUR. 


THUR. 
TUES. 


SAT. 


SA1 
THl 


30 


*% 

64 


89 
90 

92 
93 
94 
85 
96 
97 
98 
99 
5700 


MON. 


29 


383 
354 
385 
J?J 
354 
385 
355 
354 
383 
353 


THUR. 
TUES.27 
SAT. 
JAT. 
TUES.  23 


353 

385 
354 
355 

383 


SAT. 
SAT. 


MON. 


THUR. 

MON. 

SAT. 

THUR. 

MON. 

SAT. 

THUR.  26 

MON. 


OCT.  1921 
SEPT.  1922 
SEPT.  1923 
SEPT.  1924 
SE-PT.  1925 
SEPT.  1926 
SEPT.  1927 
SEPT.  1928 
OCT.  1 929 
SEPT.  1930 
SEPT.  1931 
OCT.  1 932 
SEPT.  1933 
SEPT.  1934 
SEPT.  1935 
SEPT.  1936 
SEPT.  1937 
SEPT.  1938 
SEPT.  1939 


SAT, 

THUR. 

TUES. 

AT. 
THUR. 
THU.R. 
MON. 
SAT. 
THUR. 
MON. 
SAT. 
THUR. 
MON. 
MON. 
THUR. 
TUES. 
MON. 

AT. 


THUR: 

MON. 
AT. 
SAT. 
TUES. 
SAT. 
SAT. 
THUR. 
TUES. 
SAT, 


TUES.  30 


MON. 
THUR. 


OCT.  1 978 
SEPT.  1979 
SEPT.  I960 
SEPT.  1981 
SEPT.  1982 
SEPT.  1983 
SEPT.  1984 
'SEPT.  1985 
OCT.  1986 
SEPT.  1987 
SEPT.  1988 
SEPT.  1989 
SEPT.  1990 
SEPT.  1991 
SEPT.  1992 
SEPT.  1993 
SEPT.  1994 
SEPT.  1995 
SEPT.  1396 


97 


5800 
>  0  I 
J  02 
J,  03 


04  353 
355 

06  384 


07 
08 

«  °9 
I  0 


13 


353 
353 
384 

353 
353 
383 
354 
385 


TUEST 

SAT. 

THUR. 

THUR. 

MON. 

THUR. 

THUR. 

MON. 

SAT. 

THUR. 

MON. 

MON. 

THUR. 

TUES. 

MON. 

SAT. 


SAT. 


T5 


08 


12 


MON. 
SAT. 
TUES. 
MON. 
AT. 
THUR. 


TUES.  28 
SAT. 


. 
THUR.26 


MON. 


OCT.  1 940 
SEPT.  . 
SEPT.  1342 
SEPT.  1943 
SEPT.  1944 
SEPT.  1945 
SEPT.  1946 
SEPT.  1947 
OCT.  1 948 
SEPT.  1949 
SEPT.  1950 
OCT.  1951 
SEPT.  1952 
SEPT.  1953 
SEPT.  1954 
SEPT.  1955 
SEPT.  1956 
SEPT.  1957 
SEPT.  1958 


u3 

.  U*+-  O  w  ^ 

„  65  383 
"  66  354 
£  67  355 
°  68  383 

.  69  354 

2  70  3'55 

°  71  385 

72  354 

7  73  353 

174  385 
"i  75  354 

1  76  385 


58T5 
16 

lie7 

'  19 
20 
21 
22 
2.J 
24 
25 


JOD 
354 
383 
355 
354 
383 
355 
385 
354 
353 
385 
354 
355 
28383 


m 

383 
355 
384 


THUR.  23 
MON. 

AT. 
THUR. 
MON. 
SAT. 
THUR. 
THUR. 
MON. 
THUR. 
THUR. 

ON. 
SAT. 
THUR.  27  SEPT. 
MON. 
SAT. 
THUR. 
TUES. 


20 


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